Fluent Essays

minimum 200 words for each question = about 500 words totalAnswer 2 questions based on given materials.Please read the given material and emphasize your answer closely following up with the given reading. (dont talk too much about outside source).Instruction see the file: Anthropology week8 diss anthro_41a_remote_lesson__8.pdf the_protestant_ethic_and_the_spirit_of_capitalism_by_max_weber.pdf james_m._blaut__the_colonizer_s_model_of_the_worl_z_lib.org_.pdf anthropology_week8_diss.docx brief_summary_of_key_points_from_the_protestant_ethic_by_max_weber.pdf Unformatted Attachment Preview Anthro 41a/ IS 11: Global Cultures & Society Lesson Eight: May 18, 2020 The Six Wives of Henry VIII In last week’s lesson we reviewed the fact that Martin Luther was placed on trial before the young Emperor Charles for his religious views at the Diet of Worms (April 15 – 16, 1521). We learned that after the trial Mare meantime, in Englad,tin Luther was “kidnapped” by Duke Frederick of Saxony and hidden from the emperor so that the emperor would not be able to punish Luther. We also learned that while Luther was in hiding from the emperor, the first Protestant war erupted in Europe which was known as the Peasants’ War (1524 – 1525). But Luther did not support this war which involved the peasants rebelling against the nobility, because Luther believed that the peasants should respect the authority of the nobility even though Luther was against the authority of the pope and the Church. (Luther still considered the nobility to have their authority from God and believed that they must be obeyed). In the meantime, the English King Henry VIII is hoping to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, who was the widow of his older brother. He and his first wife have produced no sons, only a daughter named Mary (the future queen of England who would become notoriously known as “Bloody” Mary). His wife is older than he is and has reached a point in her life where she is unlikely to produce any more children. Because Henry VIII is Catholic at this time, he sends a letter to the pope asking him to annul his marriage to his first wife (Catherine of Aragon) on the grounds that he should have never married her in the first place since she was the widow of his older brother. While Henry VIII is writing to the pope seeking an annulment, his wife, Catherine, is sending letter to Emperor Charles (who happens to be her nephew, the son of her sister) asking him to help prevent an annulment between Henry VIII and herself. Some of Emperor Charles’ men attack Rome and take the pope as a hostage (The Sack of Rome in 1527). Although the pope is later released after he pays a ransom, the pope understands that he is not going to be granting Henry any type of annulment or divorce. (Emperor Charles seems to have never directly ordered his men to attack the pope or Rome, but the men responsible for attacking the pope and the city of Rome are never punished for doing so by the emperor). Anne Boleyn – 2nd wife of Henry VIII The pope had refused to grant Henry VIII an annulment from Catherine, but in 1532 Henry’s mistress, Anne Boleyn was pregnant with Henry’s child. Anne Boleyn was a Protestant and she seems to have been instrumental in convincing Henry that he should become a Protestant, break the pope’s religious authority over England and declare himself the supreme head of the Church of England (the Anglican Church) instead of the pope. Furthermore, as the supreme head of his own church he would be free to divorce his wife and marry Anne Boleyn. Henry VIII had himself declared supreme head of the English Church by the English Parliament in 1532. (Henry’s close friend and advisor, Thomas More, refused to recognize Henry as the supreme head of the English church so Henry had him executed)! England no longer recognized the pope as the its religious authority. Furthermore, Henry VIII confiscated all Catholic Church property and wealth in England and added it to the royal treasury for his own use. The English Parliament officially recognized Henry as being divorced from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon and Henry then married his pregnant mistress, Anne Boleyn, on January 25, 1533. Anne give birth to a baby girl who is names Elizabeth on Sept. 7. 1533. Of course, Henry had hoped the child was going to be a boy. Anne became pregnant again but miscarried the child. During this same time. Henry VIII had already become interested in another woman, Jane Seymour. Jane Seymour – 3rd wife of Henry VIII Henry VIII became infatuated with Jane Seymour, and Anne Boleyn, unable to produce a son, fell out of favor with Henry. Henry VIII’s advise, Thomas Cromwell, charged Anne Boleyn with having committed adultery and high treason. She was accused of sleeping with several member of the royal court (the charges were almost certainly false). Anne is found guilty and executed on May 19, 1536. She had only been married to Henry for a little over three years. One day after the execution of Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII becomes engaged to Jane Seymour Henry and Jane were married just 10 days later, on May 30, 1536. Jane Seymour was able to provide Henry with a male heir. She gave birth to a boy, Prince Edward, on Oct. 12, 1537. But Jane died nine days after giving birth due to infection. Henry VIII would marry three more time after the death of Jane, but he would have no more children. When Henry VIII died in 1547 at the age of 55. He left behind three children, Mary, Elizabeth and Edward. Even though Edward was the youngest child, since he was male he became the new ruler of England in 1547. King Edward VI – the boy king of England When Edward VI became king of England, he was only nine years old. Under his rule, England would remain a Protestant country and Edward was considered the Supreme Head of the Church of England. But Edward would die at the age of 15 years. Edward’s advisors, fearing that his older sister Mary would force England to become Catholic if she succeeded him on the throne, convinced Edward on his deathbed to name his Protestant cousin, Lady Jane Grey, to be his heir. Lady Jane Grey – The Nine Days Queen of England When King Edward VI died, his cousin, Lady Jane Grey, was declared to be the new ruler of England. But Edward’s oldest sister, Mary, refused to accept Jane Grey as the rightful queen. Mary brought an army into London, imprisoned and later executed Lady Jane Grey and placed herself on the throne of England. Queen Mary I also demanded that all of England become Catholic again and killed English protestants who refused to convert to Catholicism. Hence, she became known as “Bloody Mary.” She married the sone of Emperor Charles, King Philip II of Spain, and together Mary and her husband forced the English back under the authority of the pope. England is once again paying taxes to the pope. Mary’s younger sister, Elizabeth, was a Protestant and was in danger of being executed by Mary. Please watch the video clip from “Elizabeth” posted on our Canvas website under “Week 8.” “Bloody Mary” would only rule England for five years. She died of cancer in 1558. Since Mary and her husband, Philip II of Spain, had no children, the throne was passed to Mary’s younger sister Elizabeth. Philip II of Spain proposed marriage to Elizabeth, but Elizabeth rejected his proposal. Elizabeth ruled England as Queen Elizabeth I and forced England to leave Catholicism and return to Anglicanism, positioning herself as the supreme head of the Church of England. Queen Elizabeth I of England The pope was unhappy that Elizabeth I had taken the throne of England and restored Anglicanism as the state religion of England. The pope issued a papal bull that “excommunicated” her from the church. The pope ordered the English population to not obey Elizabeth, however the majority of the English population supported her rule. There were also various plots to assassinate Elizabeth which were supported by the Catholic Church. But these assassination attempts were never successful. Elizabeth I would rule England for 44 years. John Calvin – Protestant Reformer Although England was a Protestant kingdom, not all Protestants were happy with Elizabeth I’s rule. A more radical form of Protestantism had emerged with the teachings of a French protestant named John Calvin (or Jean Cauvin). And John Calvin not only challenged the authority of the pope, but he also challenged the authority of Europe’s “ungodly” kings. John Calvin was born in France in 1509. He converted to Protestant beliefs as a young adult. Although he initially followed the teaching of Martin Luther and the Lutheran Church, he eventually developed his own set of Protestant beliefs that became known as Calvinism. Calvinism promoted the following ideas which were not completely shared by the Lutherans: 1. Predestination – the “elect” of God – God has preordained who will get into Heaven. God has already decided who will and will not enter heaven. Whether a person goes to heaven or hell is God’s decision and there is nothing a human can do to change His decision. 2. Wealth is a sign of God’s approval. Those who work hard and become economically successful through their hard work are pleasing to God. This idea, promoted by Calvin, becomes very popular with the rising middle classes (bourgeoisie) across Europe. Being successful could be considered a sign that you were going to go to heaven. 3. Wealth should not be spent and wasted on luxuries. Instead, God expects people to use money wisely and ultimately turn it into even more money. Money should be accumulated, not spent. 4. The poor are lazy, and God is displeased with their behavior. Poverty is generally the result of laziness. Unlike Catholics and Lutherans who viewed poverty as a form of suffering that was often unavoidable, the Calvinists viewed poverty as the result of laziness. For Calvinists, poverty was a sign of not being pleasing to God. 5. To work hard it to serve God. Working hard is pleasing to God. 6. Loaning money and charging interest is not sinful. Although Lutherans and Catholics considered charging interest for loaning money to be morally wrong, Calvin argued that God did not regard this to be a sin. This basic capitalist practice is morally acceptable to Calvinists. Calvin eventually settled in Geneva, Switzerland and became known as the major leader of the Protestant reformation while living in that city. Followers of Calvin’s teaching become known in England as “Puritans,” but in France his followers were known as Huguenots. In Scotland his followers were known as “Presbyterians” and in the Netherlands his followers were known as “Dutch Calvinists.” But in Swizerland they were generally referred to as Swiss Calvinists. The “Parable of the Talents,” a moral story from the Bible (found in both Matthew 25 and Luke 19) was used by Calvin as a moral justification for claiming that God expects Christians to work hard and accumulate large sums of wealth, He also used this parable to claim that God does not disapprove of the charging of interest. According to Calvin, hard work and the accumulation of wealth was viewed as a sign of God’s approval (the “Protestant Ethic”). Calvin was NOT against the charging of interest (usury) which had been considered sinful by most Catholics and Lutherans. Calvin also claimed that “ungodly kings” should not be obeyed. (This viewpoint would lead to the popular Protestant and Enlightenment view of “sovereignty by the people.”) Calvinism spread rapidly across western Europe among the newly rising middle classes and, according to the readings by Weber, Calvinism was a key force in shaping modern nation-states and their relationship to capitalism. Calvinists were more radical than Lutherans or Anglicans. They often viewed themselves as God’s “elect” (God’s chosen ones) and many of them wanted to gain political power. Although Lutherans and Anglicans did not respect the authority of the pope, they did respect the authority of kings. However, many Calvinists respected neither pope nor king. And some Calvinists began to rebel against political authorities in Europe. And a majority of Calvinists were members of the growing European Middle classes. (Calvinism was not popular with the poor since Calvin viewed the poor as immoral and lazy and Calvinism was generally not popular with the nobility since Calvin generally argued that the nobility did not have a divine right to rule). In the Holy Roman Empire, Emperor Charles was faced by a series of rebellions led by Protestants. After suffering a defeat in 1555, Emperor Charles was force to sign the Treaty of Augsburg in which he agreed to grant religious tolerance to Lutherans. However, this religious tolerance was not extended to Calvinists since Calvinists did not respect the authority of the emperor or other nobility. In France, the religious wars between Catholics and Huguenots (French Calvinists) were especially severe between the 1560s and 1590s. The Catholics supported the French Monarchy but the Huguenots wished to overthrow the monarchy. In order to try to close the rift between Catholics and Huguenots, a wedding was arranged between a Huguenot prince, Henri of Navarre, to Princess Marguerite de Valois (also known as Princess Margot), who was a Catholic and the sister of the king of France, Charles IX. This marriage was arranged by Catherine of Medici, the mother of the French king. It was hoped that this wedding would end the bloodshed between Catholics and Huguenots. Prince Henri of Navarre and Princess Margot of France Please watch the Video Clip Entitled “Princess Margot – The Wedding for Peace” posted on Canvas under “Week 8.” Unfortunately, the wedding did not go well and what was supposed to bring about peace actually resulted in tremendous bloodshed in the streets or Paris. Please watch the Video Clip Entitled “Princess Margot – The Massacre after the Wedding” posted on Canvas under “Week 8.” Tragically, the wedding that was supposed to bring about peace actually resulted in the “St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre” beginning on August 22, 1572. Surviving Huguenots would flee France after thousands of them became victims of a series of massacres known as the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacres which was approved by the French monarchy. This series of massacres began on Aug. 22, 1572 (St. Bartholomew’s Day) one day after the wedding between Henri of Navarre (a Huguenot) and Princess Margot, the sister of the king of France (a Catholic). Fearing an uprising the day after the wedding took place, the young King Charles IX of France, approved of the massacre of thousands of Huguenots who had come to Paris for the wedding. This massacre resulted in the death of thousands of Huguenots in Paris as well as throughout France. The killing of Huguenots continued until October 3. The pope sent a golden rose as sign of his approval to the French and ordered that a “Te Deum” or hymn of thanksgiving be performed in honor of the massacre. On hearing of the Huguenot slaughter in France, King Philip II of Spain, son of Emperor Charles, was said to have “laughed for the only time on record.” Many of the surviving French Huguenots fled to The Netherlands where they would later help create the Dutch Republic. The Creation of the Dutch Republic (1581): The area of Europe once known as the “Low Countries” (largely consisting of today’s Netherlands and Belgium) had become dominated by Calvinists in the 1570s. And after the St. Bartholomew’s Massacre in France in 1572, many French Huguenots fled France and also settled in this region. The low countries were ruled by the Catholic ruler, Philip II of Spain, but they Calvinists often fought to overthrow Philip’s hold on the region. After years of warfare, the Calvinists in the “Low Countries” declared their independence from the Spanish King Philip II (son of Emperor Charles) with the Act of Abjuration which the Dutch declared on June 14, 1581. For the next six years, the Dutch searched for an alternative monarch, even asking Elizabeth I of England to take the position as their sovereign, but she declined (fearing Spanish retaliation). Eventually, the ruling body of the Dutch Republic known as the States-General set up their own system of governance without having any king or monarch in 1587, and this confederation of states became known as a republic. But this republic was NOT a democracy. Only wealthy, property-owning, Protestant, white males could vote in this new republic. They voted for representatives who would serve on new Dutch ruling body known as the States-General. The ruling body was made up of Protestants (no Catholics). The republic was NOT a democracy but instead was a meritocracy since only the wealthy could vote. The government passed laws promoting trade and business which favored the interest of the wealthy middle classes, and only those with money and property were allowed to vote. The poorer classes, Catholics, Jews, women and people of color were excluded from holding any political power at all in this republic. The first full-time stock exchange in Europe was opened in the Dutch Republic. This republic was clearly a modern capitalist system and marked the decline of feudalism in Europe, but it should not be mistaken for being a democracy. Next time we will examine how Philip II sent the Spanish Armada to attack the Dutch Republic in 1588. We will also examine the Thirty Years War, the bloodiest of all the Protestant Wars which is generally considered to mark the end of feudalism in western Europe. And finally, we will examine how the English ultimately create a capitalist system where the monarchy is retained, but stripped of most of its power. King Philip II of Spain The Protestant Ethic And The Spirit of Capitalism Max Weber Translated by Talcott Parsons, Anthony Giddens. London ; Boston : Unwin Hyman, 1930. Scanned, tagged, copy-edited and published by The University of Virginia American Studies Program 2001. American Studies The University of Virginia. Charlottesville, Va. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Page 1 of 1 Weber, Max, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism | Table of Contents for this work | | American studies hypertexts | American studies homepage | Another Hypertext from AS@UVA About the electronic version The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Weber, Max Scanned, tagged, copy-edited and published by the University of Virginia American Studies Program 2001. This version available from American Studies at the University of Virginia. Charlottesville, Va. Freely available for non-commercial use provided that this header is included in its entirety with any copy distributed About the print version The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Max Weber Trans. Talcott Parsons, Anthony Giddens. London ; Boston : Unwin Hyman, 1930. http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/weber/header.html 3/12/2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION AND SOCIAL STRATIFICATION Chapter 2: THE SPIRIT OF CAPITALISM Chapter 3: LUTHERS CONCEPTION OF THE CALLING Chapter 4: THE RELIGIOUS FOUNDATIONS OF WORLDLY ASCETICISM Chapter 5: ASCETICISM AND THE SPIRIT OF CAPITALISM CHAPTER 1 RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION AND SOCIAL STRATIFICATION A glance at the occupational statistics of any country of mixed religious composition brings to light with remarkable frequency a situation which has several times provoked discussion in the Catholic press and literature, and in Catholic congresses in Germany, namely, the fact that business leaders and owners of capital, as well as the higher grades of skilled labor, and even more the higher technically and commercially trained personnel of modern enterprises, are overwhelmingly Protestant. This is true not only in cases where the difference in religion coincides with one of nationality, and thus of cultural development, as in Eastern Germany between Germans and Poles. The same thing is shown in the figures of religious affiliation almost wherever capitalism, at the time of its great expansion, has had a free hand to alter the social distribution of the population in accordance with its needs, and to determine its occupational structure. The more freedom it has had, the more clearly is the effect shown. It is true that the greater relativ ... Purchase answer to see full attachment