Fluent Essays

EXAM 9 ((https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-018-0198-4)) This exam has a total of 8 points. Each point corresponds to a numbered question. The numbered question is to be answered. The correct answer to a numbered question will give you one point. If the answer is partially correct, partial credit will be given as a decimal value. If the answer is incorrect, no credit will be given. If the question is unanswered, no credit will be given so it is better to guess than to leave a question blank. The number of points earned will be divided by the total number of points on the exam and multiplied by 100 to get your grade. Good luck! 1. In the background section the authors wrote “… we hypothesize that it contains a diverse composition of typical colonizers of bark, moss, lichens, and water-filled tree holes …” Is this a null hypothesis or an alternate/alterative hypothesis? (1 point) 2. What one word is proof that your answer to question 1 is correct? (1 point) 3. Why did you choose this word, your answer to question 2? (1 point) 4. In the data collection section of the methods section the authors wrote “No other arthropod taxa were considered because their input in the stemflow collectors by active movement could not be excluded.” What is wrong with this statement? In other words, why is it conflicting? (1 point) 5. In the organisms transported by stemflow section of the results section the authors wrote “Both taxa were significantly less abundant in the stemflows of the oak trees (Fig. 2), as evidenced by mean abundances (±SD) of nematodes of 6.0 ± 12.7 ind. L. stemflow-1 and of rotifers of 13.5 ± 18.3 ind. L. stemflow -1. Which species in Fig. 2 is the oak tree? (1 point) 6. How do you know that your answer to question 5 is correct? (1 point) 7. In the organisms transported by stemflow section of the results section the authors wrote “A similar, but not significant, trend was documented for tardigrades.” Looking at Fig. 2, how do you know the abundance on the oak tree was not significant? (1 point) 8. In the organisms transported by stemflow section of the results section the authors wrote “The number of nematodes and rotifers present in the stemflow samples correlated strongly with the stemflow yield (Fig. 3).” What kind of correlation was there for C. betulus, F. sylvatica, and Q. robur? A positive correlation a negative correlation, or no correlation? (You must give three correct answers, one for C. betulus, F. sylvatica, and Q. robur, to receive full credit for this question) (1 point)EXAM 10 (( https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-018-0206-8)) This exam has a total of 7 points. Each point corresponds to a numbered question. The numbered question is to be answered. The correct answer to a numbered question will give you one point. If the answer is partially correct, partial credit will be given as a decimal value. If the answer is incorrect, no credit will be given. If the question is unanswered, no credit will be given so it is better to guess than to leave a question blank. The number of points earned will be divided by the total number of points on the exam and multiplied by 100 to get your grade. Good luck! 1. In the main text section the authors wrote “Both of these reported mating behaviors would appear to violate the most basic assumptions of mate choice and sexual selection theory as applied to marine fishes, and thus the study demanded further scrutiny” Why does the first mating behavior appear to violate the most basic assumptions of mate choice and sexual selection theory as applied to marine fishes? (1 point) 2. What did the authors say was exactly false about the (1) Fake observations of spawning events involving a single male with multiple females? Quote something from the article as evidence. (1 point) 3. What did the authors say was exactly (2) No empirical evidence of single male-multiple female spawning in P. areolatus, groupers, or any other coral reef fish? Quote something from the article as evidence. (1 point) 4. What did the authors say was exactly the (3) No theoretical support for single male-multiple female spawning in broadcast spawning fishes? Quote something from the article as evidence. (1 point) 5. In the (3) No theoretical support for single male-multiple female spawning in broadcast spawning fishes section of the main text section the authors wrote “Why would multiple females choose to risk their eggs on a single male’s sperm release wen numerous other males are present?” Why is this a risk to the eggs of females? (1 point) 6. What did the authors say was the (4) Insufficient evidence that observations were made during the actual spawning period? Quote something from the article as evidence. (1 point) 7. What did the authors say way the (5) No evidence of “inverse size-assortment” due to invalid methods used to estimate courtship rates? Quote something from the article as evidence. (1 point)EXAM 11 (( https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-018-0212-x )) This exam has a total of 9 points. Each point corresponds to a numbered question. The numbered question is to be answered. The correct answer to a numbered question will give you one point. If the answer is partially correct, partial credit will be given as a decimal value. If the answer is incorrect, no credit will be given. If the question is unanswered, no credit will be given so it is better to guess than to leave a question blank. The number of points earned will be divided by the total number of points on the exam and multiplied by 100 to get your grade. Good luck! 1. In the background section the authors wrote “Furthermore, fishing vessels make demersal fish available s a novel food source for seabirds, that would be unavailable otherwise [5, 6].” Why could demersal fish be unavailable otherwise? (1 point) 2. In the background section the authors wrote “Uncontrolled fishing can also cause a reduction of natural prey availability for seabirds [5], followed by population reduction in some species [13, 14].” Why would uncontrolled fishing cause a reduction of natural prey if the seabirds are eating discards? (1 point) 3. In the background section the authors wrote “In this study, we identified the interactions of Scopoli’s shearwaters (Calonectris diomedea) with fishing vessels and assessed the effects on the foraging ecology on these seabirds.” Why did the authors choose to study Scopoli’s shearwaters? (1 point) 4. In the results section the authors wrote “Birds spent most of their time sitting on the water within 1.28 ± 0.13 km from a fishing vessel (interaction distance). Beyond this “interaction distance” the time spent by birds sitting on the water sharply decreased followed by more constant, lower values when their distance from fishing vessels increased (Fig. 2).” Does this quote show interest by the birds in the vessels? Yes or no? (1 point) 5. How do you know that your answer to question 4 is correct? (1 point) 6. In the results section the authors wrote “Birds spent daily more energy (VeDBA) in trips with at least one interaction (INT-YES) compared with trips without interactions …” Does this quote show interest by the birds in the vessels? Yes or no? (1 point) 7. How do you know that your answer to question 6 is correct? (1 point) 8. In the discussion section the authors wrote “Moreover, non-scavengers spent less energy due to shorter flight times and distances covered per foraging trip. This result suggests that competitive exclusion might drive the foraging decision of birds to attend fishing vessels.” Based on this quote, why did non-scavengers attend fishing vessels? (1 point)EXAM 12 (( https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-018-0205-9 )) This exam has a total of 10 points. Each point corresponds to a numbered question. The numbered question is to be answered. The correct answer to a numbered question will give you one point. If the answer is partially correct, partial credit will be given as a decimal value. If the answer is incorrect, no credit will be given. If the question is unanswered, no credit will be given so it is better to guess than to leave a question blank. The number of points earned will be divided by the total number of points on the exam and multiplied by 100 to get your grade. Good luck! 1. In the background section the authors wrote “Identifying the factors that affect ranging behavior of animals is a central issue to ecology and an essential tool for designing effective conservation policies [1, 2].” Ecology deals with the interaction of living things with themselves and with the environment that controls the distribution and abundance of organisms. Does ranging behavior fall under distribution or does ranging behavior fall under abundance? (1 point) 2. How do you know that your answer to question 1 is correct? (1 point) 3. In the background section the authors wrote “Although habitat requirements during the breeding season have been the subject of much research [11, 37-41] , studies centered on the non-breeding period are scare 9but see [42-44]), even when the species spends around ¾ of its annual cycle 9from July to February) in non-breeding grounds [27].” Why have habitat requirements during the breeding season been the subject of much research? (1 point) 4. What was the habitat non-breeding range of females and what percent of the grid cells were they in? (1 point) 5. In the habitat models section of the results section the authors wrote “At a population level, models revealed a non-linear negative effect of terrain slope on females occurrence.” Do females like slopes? (1 point) 6. In the habitat models section of the results section the authors wrote “Female little bustard also showed a positive response to availability of roads and dry cereal stubble at the population level.” Do females like roads and dry cereal stubble? (1 point) 7. In the discussion section the authors wrote “”That is, female little bustards avoided the western parts of the study area, where irrigated arable land (suitable for females) appears interspersed in a more intensive farmland dominated by orchard crops (unsuitable for at least some females).” Looking at Fig. 3, how do you know that orchard crops are not the only reason little bustards avoided the western parts of the study area? (1 point) 8. In the discussion section the authors wrote “Positive effect of roads might be related to the fact that some roads are fenced and others have a high traffic intensity, which might hamper the crossing of predators or people, which otherwise may kill or simply flush the birds [76, 77].” If this quote is correct, and disease is excluded, would roads create a fundamental niche or a realized niche? (1 point) 9. How do you know that your answer to question 8 is correct? (1 point) 10. In the conclusion section the authors wrote “Our results also highlight the need to investigate further about the role of roads on the ranging behavior of this and other species occupying highly humanized landscapes.” Based on what the authors wrote about roads earlier in the article, why do they want to investigate other species occupying highly humanized landscapes due to roads? (1 point)EXAM 13 (( https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-018-0215-7 )) This exam has a total of 9 points. Each point corresponds to a numbered question. The numbered question is to be answered. The correct answer to a numbered question will give you one point. If the answer is partially correct, partial credit will be given as a decimal value. If the answer is incorrect, no credit will be given. If the question is unanswered, no credit will be given so it is better to guess than to leave a question blank. The number of points earned will be divided by the total number of points on the exam and multiplied by 100 to get your grade. Good luck! 1. In the background section the authors wrote “In the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, distribution of prey fishes were strongly related to risk of predation by grey seals (Halichoerus grypus), with distribution shifting into lower risk areas as predation risk increased over a 42-year period while non-prey species did not show similar changes in habitat use [3].” Is the response of prey fish a fundamental niche or a realized niche? (1 point) 2. How do you know that your answer to question 1 is correct? (1 point) 3. In the background section the authors wrote “Although the above behavioral adjustments to perceived predation risk are generally well understood, our global picture of behavioral management of fear by prey remains fragmentary.” How can you determine if these behavioral adjustments were genetic (automatic) or learned (taught to them over time)? (1 point) 4. Based on the prediction of the authors, what happens to vigilance, foraging and resting as predation risk goes up? You must give three correct answers, one for vigilance, one for foraging and one for resting to get full credit for this question. (1 point) 5. Does wind make open habitats attractive based on the predictions of the authors? (1 point) 6. Why does or why does wind not make open habitats attractive? (1 point) 7. In the factors related to cat presence section of the results section the authors wrote “In line with our personal observations, cats visited patches much more frequently at night (LR = 18.02, df = 1, p<0.0001). Our data also revealed that they visited closed patches much often than open patches …” What did the rabbits do in response to this? (1 point) 8. How did the wind cause the rabbits to behave? (1 point) 9. If the rabbits were in closed habitats at night, how did they behave? (1 point)EXAM 14 (( https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-018-0217-5 ))This exam has a total of 7 points. Each point corresponds to a numbered question. The numbered question is to be answered. The correct answer to a numbered question will give you one point. If the answer is partially correct, partial credit will be given as a decimal value. If the answer is incorrect, no credit will be given. If the question is unanswered, no credit will be given so it is better to guess than to leave a question blank. The number of points earned will be divided by the total number of points on the exam and multiplied by 100 to get your grade. Good luck! 1. In the background section the authors wrote “Zooplankton often experience periods of unfavorable conditions such as salinity changes, temperature changes, scarcity of food items and/or high predation pressure.” When do zooplankton experience salinity changes? (1 point) 2. In the background section the authors wrote “Zooplankton often experience periods of unfavorable conditions such as salinity changes, temperature changes, scarcity of food items and/or high predation pressure.” When do zooplankton experience temperature changes? (1 point) 3. In the background section the authors wrote “Because of this, a variety of coping strategies are being used to maintain a population when external conditions are not favorable. For the group Copepoda, these strategies include migration, morphological changes, and resting developmental stages [1-3].” What condition does migration help the Copepoda cope with? (1 point) 4. Why does migration help the Copepoda cope with the condition that you chose for question 3? (1 point) 5. In the background section the authors wrote “Because of this, a variety of coping strategies are being used to maintain a population when external conditions are not favorable. For the group Copepoda, these strategies include migration, morphological changes, and resting developmental stages [1-3].” What condition does morphological changes help the Copepoda cope with? (1 point) 6. Why do the morphological changes help the Copepoda cope with the condition that you chose for question 5? (1 point) 7. In the background section the authors wrote “Here, the species is almost absent in the water column during winter, after which the pelagic biomass increases in the spring and reaches a maximum in the summer [34]. During the late autumn months, the pelagic population of A. tonsa disappears.” What is this change in species abundance with a change in season called? (1 point)