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I need help with some microbiology questions. Please be strong on microbiology if you want to help! _quiz.docx Unformatted Attachment Preview QUESTION 1 1. Prokaryotes can respond to environmental changes more quickly than eukaryotes due to a) The slow degradation rate of their mRNA b) Their ability to transcribe and translate the genes simultaneously c) Their ability to replicate separate parts of the genome simultaneously d) The compactness of their genomes 2 points QUESTION 2 1. What abiotic environmental condition is changed when Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium sp. ferment milk into yogurt? a) Temperature b) Osmolarity c) Hydrostatic pressure d) pH 2 points QUESTION 3 1. What is another example where the metabolic by-product of a specific bacterium changed its abiotic environment? a) Bacillus producing a biofilm on sewage pipes b) Cyanobacteria producing oxygen in the sea c) E. coli producing vitamins in the human gut d) Geobacter producing electrons in soil 2 points QUESTION 4 1. Heterocysts are found in Cyanobacteria in the following environment a) Low nitrogen b) High temperature c) High pH d) Low temperature e) Low pH 2 points QUESTION 5 1. The Serial Endosymbiosis Theory identified that the bacterial ancestor of mitochondria derives from ancient a) fungi b) cyanobacteria c) proteobacteria d) archaea e) protists 2 points QUESTION 6 1. The bacterium, Epulopiscium, is 10,000 times larger than the average E. coli. As cell size increases, the rate of diffusion decreases. How does Epulopiscium exchange nutrients and waste quickly while being so large? a) Protein pumps in the cell membrane b) Extracellular digestion c) Increased surface area d) Porins and active transport 2 points QUESTION 7 1. What catabolic process do all microbes undergo at some point in their metabolic cycle? a) Glycolysis b) Fermentation c) Aerobic respiration d) Photosynthesis 2 points QUESTION 8 1. In 2017 Madagascar had an outbreak of the Black Plague caused by Yersinia pestis. Thankfully, the disease was identified quickly, reducing the spread. Y. pestis has two dispersal modes, one of which leads to massive outbreaks like those in London in the 1600’s. Which transmission mode leads to rapid spread of the Black Plague? a) Disease transmitted by body fluids b) Disease transmitted by rodents c) Disease transmitted by fleas biting rodents and then people d) Disease transmitted by respiratory droplets 2 points QUESTION 9 1. Why does biofilm formation increase the transmission of Y. pestis? a) Blocks flea’s gut effectively starving the flea, so the flea feeds more b) Helps the bacterium survive longer in the rat, so more fleas can transmit c) Helps the bacterium survive periods of desiccation in the environment d) Blocks blood flow in the victim resulting in tissue necrosis 2 points QUESTION 10 1. What unique trait of microbes makes it difficult to classify species a) Ability to transfer genes between unrelated microbes b) Ability to lose genes through transposon mutagenesis c) Binary division d) Conjugation between an F+ and F- bacterial cell 2 points QUESTION 11 1. Bubbles in swiss cheese, beer and kombucha are evidence of this bacterial waste product, ____, from fermentation. a. Oxygen b. Ethanol c. Carbon dioxide d. Methane 2 points QUESTION 12 1. A man develops frequent and watery diarrhea a week after taking antibiotics after having knee surgery. His doctor says the diarrhea is caused by Clostridium difficile that colonized the patient’s gut. What ecological event in this man’s gut microbiome is this C. diff. colonization an example of? a. Disturbance b. Conservation of biodiversity c. Population bottleneck d. Succession 2 points QUESTION 13 1. A patient who has been treated with one dose of antibiotics to cure C.diff has a relapse after stopping antibiotics. His doctor prescribes a second, different course of antibiotics. The diarrhea stops. As soon as the patient is done with the antibiotics, the C. diff associated diarrhea begins again. What allows for the C. diff to recolonize the gut so quickly? a. C. diff. endospores are not harmed by antibiotics and will grow b. Native gut microbes are present in protective biofilms and regrow c. The antibiotics did not kill off all of the vegetative C. diff. cells d. The doctor used the wrong antibiotic 2 points QUESTION 14 1. If bacterial cells are exposed to an antibiotic for the first time, they will: A. lack resistance because without previous exposure to the antibiotic they cannot develop resistance. B. have resistance because their ancestors were exposed to this antibiotic or a similar antibiotic. C. lack resistance because their immune system needs to see the antibiotic in order to develop resistance. D. have resistance if mutations or horizontal gene transfer provide some members of the population with resistance. 2 points QUESTION 15 1. BJs and ZoeJ are two bacteriophage that had a perfect match to the Mycobacterium absessens that was infecting a cyctic fibrosis patient’s lungs. HOWEVER, these phage do not instantly kill the bacterium when they colonize. Instead, the phage need to be triggered by an external cue. This bacteriophage lifestyle that lives within the bacterium for several generations before reproducing and killing the bacterium is called _________ a. Lytic b. Lysogenic c. Resting d. Transduction e. Transformation 2 points QUESTION 16 1. Viruses are classified as microbes, but are not considered to be “living cells” by some. Why? a. Viruses are identified by filtering out larger cells b. Some viruses are the size of amoeba c. Not all viruses have DNA as the nucleic acid d. Viruses need hosts in order to reproduce 2 points QUESTION 17 1. As a NASA microbiologist, you are given soil samples from Mars. Your supervisor wants you to determine if any microbes exist. You put a sample on a microscope slide and see many different shapes moving around. Are these alive? You do a serial dilution, plate the dilution on a nutrient-rich media and a minimal, salt media, and incubate at 37°C overnight. The next day, the nutrient-rich media has NO colonies. The minimal, salt media has ONE colony. >What might explain the difference in what you saw under the microscope with what grew on the media? the microbes need lots of nutrients to grow the microbes need sugars and human body temperatures to grow the microbes need light to grow the microbes need different culture conditions 2 points QUESTION 18 1. You use culture-independent techniques to determine if microbes are present or not in the Martian sample. What gene would you use to try to identify the microbes and compare them to Earth microbes? sigma factors Spo genes oriC 16S rRNA 2 points QUESTION 19 1. Your sequencing results of the Martian soil suggest that some of these microbes are closely related to Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, an iron-oxidizing bacterium here on Earth. You make up an iron-rich media, restreak the original dilution, and incubate at 20°C for several days. Many colonies grow! How would you classify the metabolism of this microbe? Chemoautotroph Chemoheterotroph Photoautotroph Photoheterotroph 2 points QUESTION 20 1. Now that the Martian bacteria are growing, you want to keep the culture growing as quickly as possible. What procedure gives the shortest lag period for the growing culture? transfer from complex medium to minimal medium transfer from minimal medium to minimal medium transfer to a higher temperature transfer to a lower pH transfer to a higher pH 2 points QUESTION 21 1. Unlike its distant Earthly cousin, Bacillus subtilis, the Martian bacterium Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans subsp martiana,(as well as the Earthly sister species Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans) cannot make endospores. What other structure might this Martian microbe have to survive the dry, cold Martian soil? Capsule Hopanoids Heterocyst Pili ... Purchase answer to see full attachment