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Hi,Please help me correct grammar mistakes in this doc! This correction doesn’t need to be too detailed, just help me correct all the obvious grammar mistakes.Thank you! journal_2.docx Unformatted Attachment Preview Journal 2 Reading: ● Tatum, B. D. (2003). Why are all the Black kids sitting together in the cafeteria? and other conversations about race. New York: Basic Books. ○ Chapter 8- Critical Issues in Latinx, Native, Asian and Pacific Islander, and Middle Eastern /North Africa Identity Development ○ Chapter 9-Identity Development in Multiracial Families Summary: When talking about race, racism and racial identity, people tend to focus on Black-White relations. Chapter 8 is important as it discusses other ethnic groups in the U.S. like the Latinos, American Indian, and Asian Pacific American. This chapter brought readers attention from the traditional tension between black and white to other ethnic groups’ struggles on racial identity development. Dr. Tatum mentioned three stages of racial consciousness in minority groups that were identified by Jean Phinney - unexamined ethnic identity, ethnic identity search and achieved ethnic identity.(Tatum, 2003, P425) These three steps are something that ethnic groups may encounter in their path to identify identity creation. All ethnic groups achieved identity development over time. Dr. Tatum indicates that “Phinney’s model shares with both Cross’ and Helms’ models the idea that an achieved identity develops over time and that race-related encounters often lead to the exploration, examination, and eventual internalization of a positive, self-defined sense of one’s own racial or ethnic identity.” (Tatum, 2003, 426) Latinos/Hispanics are the largest minority group in the U.S. Due to the Mexcian American War in 1848, mexican ancestry became subject to White domination. Many Hispanics at that time were forced to become American. Though Mexican American come from many areas other than Mexico, things in common between them are that they all speak Spanish and the affirmation of familism. The research shows that Latinx teens considered achieving in school and at work is important since success would allow them to take care of family members. (Tatum, 2003, P439) Language is an important part of identity. Latinx children are bilingual as they grow up. They speak English at school and Spanish at home. If Latinx children speak more and more English at home, they may become more and more alienated from their Spanishspeaking parents. Hispanic communities often see themselves as losing their language and thereby losing their culture. Dr. Tatum emphasizes the importance of not suppressing native language speaking. It is important to be proficient in English but this is often aided, not hindered, by bilingual education. Native Americans are losing their own culture because of white settlers with individualistic and capitalistic values. Tatum emphasizes that Native American should fight against the cultural disruption and become more self self-determining and anchored in their cultural identity. Schools and educators also should add cultural studies to school curricula for American Indians to resist forced assimilation. Asian is defined as “a person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent, including for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand and Vietnam.” (Tatum, 2003, P 484) Asian America now is the fastest- growing ethnic group in the United States. Tatum noticed that there are many stereotypes towards Asians, like Asian people always get good grades, Asian people generally look quiet and so on. It has pitted Asians against other groups targeted by racism, although the stereotypes that Asian American received are mostly positive. Finally, Tatum turns to Middle Eastern and North Africans (MENAs). The group of people whose families originate from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) are among those who are not neatly categorized. Muslims suffer a lot of misunderstandings because others do not understand Muslim culture and traditions. Dr. Tatum shared some examples about Muslims denial and resistance to their religious and ethnic identity during adolescence. Tatum mentioned that “The 9/11 attacks brought a heightened salience to the Muslim aspect of their identities that has been hard for young people to carry.” (Tatum, 2003, P524) In order to support Middle Eastern, North African, and/or Muslim students, Dr. Tatum appeals educators to: 1.Acknowledge their presence institutionally. 2. Educate yourself 3.Speak up against Islamophobia. Chapter 9 talks about biracial development.Typically with White-Black mixing the onedrop rule is critical.“One drop rule” Anyone with any known African ancestry was considered Black. The “One drop rule” resulted from the desire for white purity. No other ethnic population in the US is defined and counted according to the “one drop rule”. Black-White biracial children have a harder time gaining acceptance in White communities. Tatum thinks it important for biracial children to develop a race consciousness. Tatum suggests including biracial discussion in school curriculum. Significant Takeaways: 1. An achieved identity develops over time and that race-related encounters often lead to the exploration, examination, and eventual internalization of a positive, self-defined sense of one’s own racial or ethnic identity. 2. For ethnic groups’ children who are bilingual, it is important to speak English, but it is also important not to suppress native language speaking. 3. In order to eliminate misunderstanding and prejudice about race, religion and culture, education plays a crucial role. Questions: After reading Chapter 8 and Chapter 9, I have a better understanding about other ethnic groups in the United States and what difficulties they are facing regarding racial identity. Since Dr. Tatum keeps mentioning the importance of education about race identity. The question that I have after reading these two chapters is why is there still a dearth of education about race identity in the United States? ... Purchase answer to see full attachment