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Its 4000 words and I only have 1 hour to submit it. you can use the paraphrase tool, you can only make the essay doesnt match the other. assignment_1.docx Unformatted Attachment Preview Engineering Design - Chapter Summaries Chapter 1 – Introduction According to Eggert in his book, Engineering Design, the numbers of students who are enrolling for engineering courses across campuses have been on the rise. This has largely been attributed to the favoritism that is associated with the course (Eggert chap 1). Over the years the course has been hard among students but with its introduction of different subunits it has resulted in many students comprehend the course and prefer to undertake. The engineering design process has been used for centuries to develop the form of the best solutions by engineers. The other type of problem, that is faced often by the engineers is the design problem. Unlike the analysis problem, it doesn’t have a well-defined solution. More details into these types of problems with reference to engineering design are explained below: 1. Analysis problem – in this type of problem, the behavior of the product is determined based on the form of the product. The steps to solve an analysis type problem are to formulate the problem, analyses it and evaluate the solution. An example of analysis type problem is to determine the maximum acceleration of a motorbike using the attributes of the bike such as engine power and others. 2. Design problem – in the design type problem, the form of a product is determined based on the function that it is required to perform. The design problem is an open-ended, ill-structured problem, that has no fixed right or wrong solution. There can be multiple distinct forms that satisfy the needs of the designer as a result for performing the same function. The method of solving a design problem is different from that of the analysis problem. The steps involved are formulating the problem, generating alternatives, analyzing them on various parameters and evaluating them to choose the best alternative for production. Form and function of a product are interrelated. In generic terms, form relates to the appearance of the product whereas function is related to the performance. Basic functions of a product include hold, move, protect, store, etc. According to the famous architect Luis Sullivan, “Form ever follows function.” The form of a product depends on the function it performs. The form of a knife consists of a sharp edge because it must fulfil the function of piercing through a surface. Design is the set of decision-making processes used to determine the form and the function of an object. Several engineering design researchers have proposed models of the design phases. One of the commonly used models, also known as the five-phase model, consists of the following 5 phases. These phases are rarely used in a linear manner and often require revisions at one or more stages. These phases are: a. Formulation – At the start of the problem the designer aims to understand the needs of the customer and develop a list of objective design specifications. The aim of the engineer in this phase is not to solve the problem but rather to solve it. b. Concept design – In this phase the designer generates a variety of candidate working principles and their abstract embodiments. One of the concepts is selected for further development at the end of this phase. c. Configuration design – For the working principle selected above, a few different configurations are synthesized. The configurations are how the components that make up a product are arranged in space. d. Parametric design – From the configuration alternatives, one is chosen for further development and design variables such as shape, size, material and manufacturing processes are selected. The designer analyses the performance of the alternatives using different design variables and choses the best among them. e. Detail design – During this phase, the job is to determine the remaining product specifications such as surface finish, pad bonding resin, assembly procedures, etc. Several researches approach these phases differently. The phases of concept design, configuration design and parametric design are together called as preliminary design. Product realization process is a larger process of which engineering design is a small part. For a product to cover a long journey from being an idea to a real product, a lot of decisions regarding the manufacturability need to be taken. Products that are common and are needed in large numbers should be manufactured on assembly lines for mass production and unique products such as nuclear reactors need to be manufactured differently. Apart from physical resources, human resources such as various engineers and designers play a key role in the realization of the product. Some of them along with their roles are- industrial designer for establishing essential product appearance, design engineer for deciding part or product form, manufacturing engineer for developing manufacturing tools and fixtures, plant engineer for designing and maintaining processing plant facilities. These engineers come from all kinds of departments such as sales and marketing, research and development, manufacturing, processing and operations. The coordination between the various departments and the stakeholders is critical for the success of the company and its projects. At the top of the hierarchy are the stockholders who fund the organization. They elect a board of directors to oversee a president to takes the responsibility and authority for the day-to-day decisions on committing the resources. The members of an organization work in different departments and for the purpose of development of a product, a modern, cross-functional approach called concurrent engineering is used. Unlike the traditional “over-the-wall” approach, in concurrent engineering, members of different departments work together as a team in order to achieve superior product designs. Just like the physical life cycle, the product also has an economic life cycle. Generally, it is much longer than an annual operating period because of which resources spent on product development is considered a long-term investment rather than an annual expense. Products live and die because of changing conditions, change of customer preference and many other changes such as variation in the cost of material, availability of material and regulations. The phases in the economic life cycle of a product are introduction, growth, maturity, saturation and decline. Various engineers play different roles in the product realization process. Some of them are: 1. Sales engineer – the role of a sales engineer is to meet customers and determine their needs, offer them products and negotiate terms of sale. 2. Applications engineer – the role is to assist the sales and marketing activities in solving the technical issues with respect to the use of product. 3. Design engineer – this engineer decides the product form including shape, size, configuration, materials and manufacturing processes. 4. Industrial engineer – designs fabrication, assembly and warehousing systems. Chapter 2 Engineering plays a key role in ensuring the different sectors of the economy are capable to operate smoothly in the development. Over time there has been an overreliance on agricultural evolution (Eggert chap 2). But with the advancement in technology more governments are considering the possibilities of reinventing mechanics to be the key players in the country’s development. Developed countries have taken a key interest to improve their manufacturing sections and ensure they deliver the best in their respective fields. According to the book, engineers are trained on following the engineering design process when developing a solution to ensure they make the correct modifications when needed. Advancement of technology allows the engineers to make correct modifications without heavily altering the development of the system and the running of the company. Modifications can be very expensive, and this is one of the ways the engineers must ensure they used the best resources that are also available for the companies in the event of further modifications. Additionally, the development of engineering has allowed the development of more parts that can easily be fixed by an individual from the homes, there is more option of DIY compared to the past where there had to be a professional engineer who had to be called to make a fix. The aim for engineers to fix an identified problem within the least time and ensure they are as economical as much as possible for the current company. Formulating of a problem is concerned with the understanding of the problem rather than solving it. From the study of various examples of problems, it can be inferred that design problems can be of two types: • Problems involving improvements of existing products or a product deficiency that needs to be resolved. • Problem requiring development of a new product Other classifications include problems involving products that consist of a single part or a product that constitutes thousands of components. Some design problems deal with knowing the difference between the customer and consumer. Satisfying one’s desire for another is a decision to be made and is a part of the formulation of the problem. Quantities of production are also an important consideration – whether the product is one-of-a-kind, or mass produced. Product is an item that is purchased and used as a unit. Some products are simple while others are complex. They are made of parts and assemblies that can either be standard or special purpose. The process of categorization of a product into parts and assemblies is called productcomponent decomposition. A product-component decomposition diagram illustrates the product anatomy which can be useful for studying the implications of manufacturing processes, inventories, material handling, etc. They are also useful for reverse engineering, a method in which a development team disassembles an existing product to learn about a competitor’s product. A product may consist of a standard part, a special purpose part, a standard assembly, a special purpose assembly, some or all of them. Apart from products, design engineers are responsible for designing process plants. It is a combination of systems used to process energy or materials. A plant includes systems, which is two or more pieces of equipment used to perform a set of processes. To process means to treat matter, either mechanically or chemically, to change its properties. The examples of processes are refrigerating, heating, distilling, spraying, cleaning, etc. The various types of designs are variant design, adaptive design, original design, selection design, part, assembly, product design, redesign, etc. There is not one perfect strategy that can be used for design. Design problems vary in terms of the urgency or in terms of the solutions that need to be employed. Since companies have limited time and resources, the key to success is in selecting the right initial solution strategy. Losing too much time would give the competitors a chance to pass by. In order to get to the right strategy in the first time, it is important to gather the right information through the process of formulation. Chapter 3 As narrated by the author in this chapter, there is enough evidence to indicate engineering has been evolving but there is a need to indicate the skills that are needed by the engineers never change (Eggert chap 3). The engineers are required to have the needed ability to solve the different problems that are presented at work and they must be team players. I have discovered there is always a need to have enough knowledge in physics and mathematics for an engineer to make the best of the team. Additionally, it is paramount for a great engineer to have the ability to learn as much from the work he or she has been stationed and able to initiate solutions for the imminent problem. Engineering is no longer being an industrious and manufacturing world as noted by Eggert in his book. The industry has evolved and there is much focus that is placed on the impact engineering is having on the current environment that is in contact. Therefore, engineering has proposed the preference to use adoptive technologies that are designed to help the eminent issue that is current, and this allows the problem to be sorted with much ease. Across other industries, engineering is now identified to be a complementary skill that is very key for the developers to have for the best delivery of their services to the respective industry (Eggert chap 3). Across all the sectors different problems are being identified and the best individual who can highlight a problem and offer the best solution is an engineer that they often make the best decision on a solution to be used on a respective problem (Eggert chap 3). Once the preferred solution is tested then it is up to the other teams to ensure they communicate on the relevant solution to be used to eliminate the problem and this is one of the ways companies have modified their workplace based on the solutions identified by the engineers. The preference to work more with the environment has resulted in an increase in the number of students who prefer to enroll for civil engineering now compared to the past years. The number of students who are identified to prefer to solve environmental challenges that are eminent in the communities has been on the rise and there is a need for different campuses to embrace this move and prefer to enroll more students into their campuses. Customer satisfaction is the most important thing that the company must understand and quantify. This is done using terms such as unsatisfactory, poor, fair, good or excellent. Another method is through rating on the scale of 0 to 1 with 0 representing not satisfied and 1 representing most satisfying. Other varying degrees of satisfaction can be achieved using decimals. The third method is using graphs by providing satisfaction values as a function of a performance variable. These are known as the customer satisfaction curves and fall into three categories – more is better, target value is better and less is better. Product planning is done with the help of tools known as the House of Quality (HoQ) and quality function deployment (QFD). QFD is essentially a team-based method in which a group member integrates the opinion of the customers. Their discussion is summarized in four house of quality diagrams that structure part, product, process and production information. At the end of the formulation, an Engineering Design Specification is obtained. It is a single document that consists of the customer requirements, company requirements, engineering characteristics, constraints and customer satisfaction. A template of the EDS consists of the cover page, introduction, customer requirements, company requirements and appendices. The consensus must be built among the stakeholders and involves certain steps such as, • Obtaining a detailed understanding • Preparing engineering design specification • Preparing the house of quality • Developing a project plan Chapter 4 Engineering is not only being affected by the changes in technology that are currently underway across different sectors of the economy, but engineering is being identified to be more data driven. The R&D is now thriving as a result of the much-availed data into their laboratories (Eggert chap 4). Therefore, the researchers get the opportunity to have more innovations done at their respective departments to deliver the best innovations options for the companies with ease. There have been more engineering works that are done in the form of computing engineering where writing codes are preferred to solve an imminent problem and there are more approaches that are done in engineering by using systems thinking to allow the students to be more insightful of an issue at all times. An increase in demand for smart consumer tech gadgets has been on the rise as earlier identified consumers prefer fewer gadgets that can multi-task in comparison to having numerous gadgets that are identified to perform only singular roles. Therefore, engineering as a career is now being considered in a new light where more consumer solutions are likely to be encountered compared to the past (Eggert chap 4). There has been a witnessed shift in the job evolving that pertains to data intelligence and surveillance. With complexities identified in the analyst and logic-driven, more engineers are being preferred in these sectors to deliver the best services for the consumers with ease. For example, the defense sector heavily releases on both technology and engineering for the delivery of the best services in the industry. As a result, different governments have taken keen interest to ensure they invest heavily in the sectors to ensure their borders are always well-protected. Millions of dollars are now being invested in the defense departments to offer the latest surveillance and the best equipment among other gadgets that are being used by different governments. Chapter 14 To undertake a product development project, it is essential that there is effective teamwork. It is a project that needs resources, time and collaborative effort. There is a belief that surrounds engineering by design is the ingenuity of the different scholars that enroll to undertake the engineering course by being untapped; there is a lot of potential that is unutilized (Eggert chap 14). However, with the proper kind of motivation put in place then the individuals can result in the best next engineers, technologists, designers, and innovators. Therefore, it is up to the different courses that are offered on campuses to ensure they unleash the potential that is hidden in the students who enroll to undertake engineering courses. There are different designed methods that the students can utilize when they opt to undertake the engineering course and based on the proposed programs it is easier for the students then to learn on different concepts that promote them to be problem solvers. The preference to use the latest technology is one of the best ways to allow the engineering students to unless their potential and have the opportunity to use the best technology that is in the market to deliver the best solutions to different issues that are being experienced in the community. The preference to undertake advanced technological applications is identified as one of the best ways to give the students the best chance to unearth their best potential in respective fields. The preference to have high enrolment in civil engineering as earlier identified across engineering programs is to offer the students an opportunity to be more connected with their environment and many of the students are willing to deliver the best solutions to their eminent market problems. The preference to undertake students through the STEM environment allows them to have a full comprehension of the issues that are currently being experienced (Eggert chap 14). The students must get the idea of the complexities of tomorrow’s issues. Indeed, technology development is allowing the engineers to have the best resources for development, but the same technology is resulting in a lot of complications when dealing with different items in the engineering industry. Therefore, tomorrows engineers are expected to consider the field to be more complicated in comparison to the older engineers who have been in the industry for some time. Technological literacy has a pivotal role to play when it comes to engineering development and this is one of the greatest ways to unleash the potential that is locked on engineering students. There are many stages to the formation of a team which begin from the transition of the participants from being individuals to team members, the arising of conflict due to dif ... Purchase answer to see full attachment