Fluent Essays

6 Student Posts to respond no refs needed 125 words each post I will include sources and information needed. Thanks. week_4_6_student_posts_to_reply.docx week_4_ojectives_and_sources.docx source_week_4_usingresearchevidencebasednursingpractice.pptx general_course_sources.docx Unformatted Attachment Preview DQ1 Elizabeth Rowland 1 posts Re: Topic 4 DQ 1 Variables in a study, like the term is something that “varies”. They are factors that can change and/or have more than one value. Variables can vary from one person to another and have different values along a continuum. Such variables can include income, weight, height, and anxiety level (Kaur, 2013). There are different types of variables that can influence a study differently. Three types of variables include independent, dependent and extraneous. Independent variables is the intervention that takes place in a study and the researcher controls. Dependent variable is the outcome by the intervention or independent variable. Extraneous variables influence the outcome of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. They are not foreseen or known at the beginning of the study (Kaur, 2013). Ways a researcher attempts to control extraneous variables is through research design or statistical procedures. Using a randomized control trial helps to remove extraneous variables for the researcher without much effort to guarantee validity. Controlling the conceptual variables or what needs to be measured is needed to decrease extraneous variables. The instrument used for measurement must be precise, accurate, and sensitive to define, report and discriminate what is being measured (Brink and Wood,1998). Kaur. (2013). Variables in Research. Indian Journal of research and Reports in Medical Sciences, 3, 36-37. Retrieved from: http://rnc.fmrp.usp.br/wp-content/uploads/complemento-aula-1.pdf Brink, P., Wood, M,. (1998). Advanced Design In Nursing Research (2nd. ed) California: Sage Publications. Retrieved form: https://books.google.com/books?id=hDRwaJwmdcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=+controlling+extraneous+variables+in+nursing+research&lr=&source=gbs_book_o ther_versions#v=onepage&q=controlling\%20ex DQ2 Taneisha Dawkins-Samuels 5 posts Re: Topic 4 DQ 1 Variable is something that can change and or can have more than one value. A variable, as the name implies, is something that varies. It may for example be weight, height, anxiety levels, income, or body temperature. Each of these properties varies from one person to another and has different values along a continuum. It could be demographic, physical, or social and include religion, income, occupation, temperature, humidity, language, food, fashion, etc. Some variables can be quite concrete and clear, such as gender, birth order, types of blood group etc. while others can be considerably more abstract and vaguer. There are different types of variables such as independent variables, dependent variables, and extraneous variables. Independent variables are variables that stand on their own and are not affected by anything that you, as a researcher, do. The researcher has complete control over which independent variables is chosen. During an experiment, the researcher usually choose independent variables that he/she think will affect dependent variables which are those variables that can be changed by outside factors. A dependent variable is what you measure in the experiment and what is affected during the experiment. It is called dependent because it depends on the independent variable. In a scientific experiment, you cannot have a dependent variable without an independent variable. Example: you want to know how calorie intake affects weight. Calorie intake is your independent variable and weight is your dependent variable. You can choose the calories given to participants, and you see how that independent variable affects the weights. While extraneous variables are any variables that you are not intentionally studying in your experiment or test (or cannot study, perhaps because of reasons of cost or difficulty) but they can affect the results of the experiment (Mcleod, 2019). Two ways a researcher attempts to control extraneous variables is through randomization and the use of experimental designs. In randomization treatments are randomly assigned to the experimental groups. It is assumed that the extraneous factors are present equally in all the groups. This technique is only workable when the sample size is very large. In certain studies, the experimental designs may play a crucial role in reducing or completely removing the role and impact of the extraneous variables. Matching is another important technique that researcher may use to match the different groups of confounding variables. Different confounding variables like gender, age, income etc. could be distributed equally amongst the group. It sometimes does become difficult to extend matching within all the groups and another drawback of the same is that, sometime the matched characteristics may be irrelevant to the dependent variable. (Dissertation Canada, 2013). Reference Dissertation Canada (2013). Methods to control extraneous variables. Retrieved from http://www.dissertationcanada.com/blog/methods-to-control-extraneous-variables/ McLeod, S. A. (2019). Extraneous variable. Simply Psychology. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/extraneous-variable.html DQ3 Linus Neba 1 posts Re: Topic 4 DQ 1 The two main variables in an experiment are the independent and dependent variable. An independent variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable. A dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment. The dependent variable is dependent on the independent variable. As the experimenter changes the independent variable, the effect on the dependent variable is observed and recorded. For example, a scientist wants to see if the brightness of light has any effect on a moth being attracted to the light. The brightness of the light is controlled by the scientist. This would be the independent variable. How the moth reacts to the different light levels (distance to light source) would be the dependent variable (ThoughtCo, 2019). Extraneous variables are any variables that you are not intentionally studying in your experiment or test. When you run an experiment, you are looking to see if one variable (the independent variable) influences another variable (the dependent variable). In an ideal world you had run the experiment, check the results, and voila. Extraneous variables could include prior knowledge of statistics; you would have to make sure that group A roughly matched group B with prior knowledge before starting the study. Other extraneous variables could include amount of support in the home, socio-economic income, or temperature of the testing room (Statistics How To, 2019). Extraneous variables should be controlled if possible. One way to control extraneous variables is with random sampling. Random sampling does not eliminate any extraneous variable, it only ensures it is equal between all groups. If random sampling isn’t used, the effect that an extraneous variable can have on the study results become a lot more of a concern. If these extraneous variables are not controlled, they may become confounding variables, because they could go on to affect the results of the experiment. References Statistics How To. (2019). Extraneous Variable Simple Definition - Statistics How To. [online] Available at: https://www.statisticshowto.datasciencecentral.com/extraneous-variable/ [Accessed 5 Jun. 2019]. ThoughtCo. (2019). Understand the Difference Between Independent and Dependent Variables. [online] Available at: https://www.thoughtco.com/independent-and-dependent-variables-differences-606115 [Accessed 5 Jun. 2019]. McLeod, S. A. (2018, Aug 10). Independent, dependent, and extraneous variables. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/variables.html DQ4 Francis Njinga Njinga 2 posts Re: Topic 4 DQ 1 The dependent variable is the response or outcome that the researcher wants to understand. It is the outcome variable that “takes on different values in response to the independent variable” (Grand Canyon University, 2018). According to Grand Canyon University (2018), an independent variable is the predictor variable. This variable “is manipulated in the research to observe the effect on the dependent variable” (Grand Canyon University, 2018). For example, someone may want to find out which soil makes a particular plant grow tallest. The independent variable would be the soil the plant is in, while the dependent variable would be how tall the plant grows. The plant height is dependent on the soil used. An extraneous variable is a potentially confounding variable that is not of any particular interest to the researcher but should be controlled if the results of the study are to be interpreted properly. One way to control extraneous variables is with random sampling. Random sampling does not eliminate any extraneous variable, it only ensures it is equal between all groups. If random sampling is not used, the effect that an extraneous variable can have on the study results become a lot more of a concern. Another form of control is the physical control. It is achieved by choosing the experimental groups so that they are homogeneous on the variables to be controlled. As the behavior being studied, or the environment in which the behavior is studied becomes more complex, the use of physical control becomes more difficult and less useful. Grand Canyon University (Ed). (2018). Applied statistics for health care. Retrieved from https://lc.gcumedia.com/hlt362v/applied-statistics-for-health-care/v1.1/ McLeod, S. A. (2019). Extraneous variable. Simply Psychology. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/extraneous-variable.html DQ5 Moses Etemesi 3 posts Re: Topic 4 DQ 1 We can describe variables as data articles which can be quantified or tallied. For example, quantities or specific characteristics or properties can be deemed a variable. These variables might not always have a statistical value. The three forms of variables present in research are: dependent, independent, and extraneous. Independent variables are the ones manipulated to “ascertain the dependent variables’ worth” while the dependent variables are “what is being quantified” in research. (Helbig, 2018) For example, if a research study wants to establish the efficacy of a drug or treatment, the independent variable is that drug or treatment. While the independent variable can exist isolated, the dependent variable cannot. It varies on the independent variable and it can only shift if the independent variable shifts. While these two variables are interrelated, the extraneous variables are undetermined at the beginning of the research process. At the same time, the extraneous variable can impact the correlation between dependent and independent variables. The researcher needs to distinguish the extraneous variables first before he/she attempts to control them. Two approaches of trying to control the extraneous variables are randomization and statistical control. In one study found in the GCU library, the researcher utilized random assignment “to control extraneous variables that cannot be precisely regulated by the experimenter, thereby reinforcing the assumption of a pivotal relationship between the independent and dependent variables. “(Pusateri, 2017) Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) is a statistical instrument that lessens the impact of the extraneous variables on the study by attaining statistical control. (Dissertation Canada, 2014). Reference. Dissertation Canada. (2014, July 7). Methods to control extraneous variables. Retrieved from https://www.dissertationcanada.com/blog/methods-to-control-extraneous-variables/ Helbig, J. (2018). History and Process of Nursing Research, Evidence-Based Nursing Practice, and Quantitative and Qualitative Research Process. Nursing Research: Understanding Methods for Best Practice. Retrieved from https://Ic.gcumedia.com/nrs433v/nursing-research-understanding-methods-for-best-practice/v1#/chapter/1 DQ6 Elizabeth Rowland 1 posts Re: Topic 4 DQ 2 When one is searching for evidence based practice information, there is a level of evidence one should consider in determining the content used. Studies are assigned a level of evidence based on the methodological quality of design, applicability to patient care and validity of the results. When searching for information, one should start at the top of the chain and if none is available then proceed to the next level (NVCC, 2020). Systematic reviews, meta- analysis and critically appraised topics/ articles have gone through an evaluation process and so is considered “filtered”, being at the highest level, whereas, those that have not been critically appraised is “unfiltered” (NVCC, 2020). Systematic reviews and meta-analysis can be used for all practice changes. Randomized control trials, cohort and case control studies are appropriate for practice changes in therapy, etiology, diagnosis, prevention and prognosis. Background information/expert opinion are at the bottom of the pyramid and are usually good for providing an introduction or generalized information on a topic (NVCC, 2020). Northern Virginia Community College. (2020). Evidence- Based Practice For Health Professionals: Levels of Evidence. Retrieved from: https://libguides.nvcc.edu/c.php?g=361218&p=2439383 Objectives: 1. Describe measurement theory and levels of measurement. 2. Describe the influence levels of evidence have on practice changes. I want to make sure you are aware of resources that should not be used in this weeks assignment. Systematic Reviews, Literature Reviews, and Metanalysis articles are useful resources and provide a strong level of evidence but are not considered primary research articles and should not be included in this weeks assignment. All studies should be current (within 5-10 years Sources Read Chapter 4 in Nursing Research: Understanding Methods for Best Practice. URL: https://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/grand-canyon-university/2018/nursing-research_understandingmethods-for-best-practice_1e.php Read Evidence-Based Practice, located on the Nurse.com website. URL: https://www.nurse.com/evidence-based-practice Read Evidence-Based Practice for Nursing: Levels of Evidence, located on the Northern Virginia Community College website. URL: https://libguides.nvcc.edu/c.php?g=361218&p=2439383 Read Fundamentals of Statistics 1: Basic Concepts: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio, located on the Usable Stats website. URL: http://www.usablestats.com/lessons/noir Read Nominal, Ordinal, Interval Ration: Examples, located on the Statistics How To website. URL: https://www.statisticshowto.datasciencecentral.com/nominal-ordinal-interval-ratio/ Read The Impact of Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing and the Next Big Ideas, by Stevens, from The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing (2013). URL: http://ojin.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol-182013/No2-May-2013/Impact-of-Evidence-Based-Practice.html Read Translation in Research Practice: An Introduction, by Titler, from The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing (2018). URL: http://ojin.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol-232018/No2-May-2018/Translational-Research-in-Practice.html NRS-433V CHAPTER 18 Using Research in Evidence-Based Nursing Practice Research Utilization Versus Evidence-Based Practice • Research utilization (RU) • The use of study findings in a practical application unrelated to the original research • Evidence-based practice (EBP) • Basing clinical decisions on best possible evidence—especially high-quality research Schema of How RU and EBP Are Interrelated Figure 18-1 Types of Research Utilization • Instrumental (direct) utilization • Conceptual (indirect) utilization • Persuasive utilization Stages of Adoption of an Innovation • Awareness • Persuasion • Occasional use • Regular use Key Proponents of the Evidence-based Practice Movement • Archie Cochrane • Efforts led to development of Cochrane Center in Oxford and the Cochrane Collaboration • Proposed an evidence hierarchy for weighing evidence • David Sackett • EBP pioneer at McMaster Medical School Six-Level Evidence Hierarchy (Stetler) Levels of evidence (from strongest to weakest): • Meta-analyses of controlled studies • Individual experimental studies • Quasi-experimental studies • Nonexperimental studies • Program evaluations, RU studies, quality improvement projects, case reports • Opinions of respected authorities and expert committees Barriers to RU and EBP in Nursing • Research-related barriers • Nurse-related barriers • Organizational barriers • Barriers related to the nursing profession Strategies for Nurses to Play a Role in RU/EBP • Read widely and critically • Attend professional conferences • Learn to expect evidence indicating that a procedure is effective • Become involved in a journal club • Pursue and participate in RU/EBP projects Three Models for Evidence-Based Nursing Practice • The Stetler Model of research utilization to promote evidence-based practice • The IOWA Model of evidence-based practice to promote quality care • The Ottawa Model of Research Use (OMRU) Major Activities/Steps in Using Research in Nursing Practice • Select a topic or problem • Knowledge-focused triggers • Problem-focused triggers • Assemble and evaluate evidence • Use integrative reviews • Search for other evidence • Evaluate evidence Major Activities/Steps in Using Research in Nursing Practice (cont’d) • Assess implementation potential • Assess transferability of innovation • Evaluate feasibility of adopting innovation in new setting • Assess costs and benefits of innovation • Develop, implement, and evaluate the innovation Research Integration and Synthesis Forms of integrative reviews: • Narrative, qualitative integration (traditional review of quantitative or qualitative results) • Meta-analysis (statistical integration of results) • Meta-synthesis (theoretical integration of qualitative findings) Steps in Conducting an Integrative Review • Define research problem or hypotheses to be tested • Select sample of studies to be included in the review • Extract and record data from research reports Steps in Conducting an Integrative Review (continued) • Determine quality of the evidence (e.g., quality ratings to weight findings) • Analyze the data (i.e., cumulative findings) • In meta-analysis, calculate an effect size • Write up integrative review Grand Canyon University. (Ed.). (2018). Nursing research: Understanding methods for best practice. URL: https://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/grand-canyon-university/2018/nursing-research_understandingmethods-for-best-practice_1e.php For additional information, the following is recommended: Grand Canyon University. (Ed.). (2018). Applied statistics for health care. URL: https://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/grand-canyon-university/2018/applied-statistics-for-healthcare_1e.php ... Purchase answer to see full attachment