Fluent Essays

Reaction to those materials that I give to youAlso, you need to separate to three parts like screening, additional reading and text.Screening:Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9siwWlAuNGEThis same behavior has also been noted in the UK. Note the reference to the White House. And from our own Philadelphia: https://abcnews.go.com/US/asian-americans-covid-19-racism-virus-hate-reporters/story?id=70810109Watch the screening and read the explanation, please, as part of your argument. Additional Reading:https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/23/us/politics/coronavirus-teenage-migrants-ice.htmlMigrant status and COVID care, a situation that affects many detained by ICE, is not often considered. https://www.bakerinstitute.org/files/15666/COVID is a global and international issue. The intercultural ramifications are huge. Text: you need to read Chapter 8. text.pdf Unformatted Attachment Preview Confirming Pages INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXTS mar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd i 1/12/09 2:10:59 PM Confirming Pages mar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd ii 1/12/09 2:10:59 PM Rev. Confirming Pages INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXTS FIFTH EDITION Judith N. Martin Arizona State University Thomas K. Nakayama Northeastern University mar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd iii 1/29/09 9:27:02 AM Rev. Confirming Pages INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXTS Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 0 9 ISBN: 978-0-07-338512-9 MHID: 0-07-338512-3 Vice president and editor-in-chief: Michael Ryan Publisher: Frank Mortimer Sponsoring editor: Katie Stevens Director of development: Dawn Groundwater Development editor: Craig Leonard Editorial coordinator: Erika Lake Marketing manager: Leslie Oberhuber Marketing Specialist: Rebecca Saidlower Senior production editor: Mel Valentín Production assistant: Rachel J. Castillo Production service: Matrix Productions Inc. Design manager: Preston Thomas Designer: Allister Fein Cover designer: Allister Fein Photo researcher: Poyee Oster Media project manager: Thomas Brierly Production supervisor: Louis Swaim The text was set in 10.5/12 Janson by Laserwords, and printed on acid-free 45# New Era Matte Plus by R.R. Donnelly & Sons. Cover image: © William Whitehurst /Corbis Because this page cannot legibly accommodate all acknowledgements for copyrighted material, credits appear at the end of the book, and constitute an extension of this copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Martin, Judith N. Intercultural communication in contexts / Judith Martin, Thomas Nakayama. — 5th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-07-338512-9 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-07-338512-3 (alk. paper) 1. Intercultural communication. I. Nakayama, Thomas K. II. Title. HM1211.M373 2010 303.48’2—dc22 mar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd iv 2008051898 1/29/09 9:27:03 AM Confirming Pages VVVVVV About the Authors The two authors of this book come to intercultural communication from very different backgrounds and very different research traditions. Yet we believe that these differences offer a unique approach to thinking about intercultural communication. We briefly introduce ourselves here, but we hope that by the end of the book you will have a much more complete understanding of who we are. Judith Martin grew up in Mennonite communities, primarily in Delaware and Pennsylvania. She has studied at the Université de Grenoble in France and has taught in Algeria. She received her doctorate at the Pennsylvania State University. By background and training, she is a social scientist who has focused on intercultural communication on an interpersonal level and has studied how people’s communication is affected as they move or sojourn between international locations. She has taught at the State University of New York at Oswego, the University of Minnesota, the University of New Mexico, and Arizona State University. She enjoys gardening, going to Mexico, and hosting annual Academy Awards parties, and she does not miss the harsh Midwestern winters. Tom Nakayama grew up mainly in Georgia, at a time when the Asian American presence was much less than it is now. He has studied at the Université de Paris and various universities in the United States. He received his doctorate from the University of Iowa. By background and training, he is a critical rhetorician who views intercultural communication in a social context. He has taught at the California State University at San Bernardino and Arizona State University. He is now professor and chair of communication studies at Northeastern University in Boston. He lives near the Back Bay station and loves walking to work. He loves the change of seasons, especially autumn. The authors’ very different life stories and research programs came together at Arizona State University. We have each learned much about intercultural communication through our own experiences, as well as through our intellectual pursuits. Judith has a well-established record of social science approaches to intercultural communication. Tom, in contrast, has taken a nontraditional v mar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd v 1/12/09 2:10:59 PM Confirming Pages vi About the Authors approach to understanding intercultural communication by emphasizing critical perspectives. We believe that these differences in our lives and in our research offer complementary ways of understanding intercultural communication. Since the early 1990s, we have engaged in many different dialogues about intercultural communication—focusing on our experiences, thoughts, ideas, and analyses—which led us to think about writing this textbook. But our interest was not primarily sparked by these dialogues; rather, it was our overall interest in improving intercultural relations that motivated us. We believe that communication is an important arena for improving those relations. By helping people become more aware as intercultural communicators, we hope to make this a better world for all of us. mar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd vi 1/12/09 2:11:00 PM Rev. Confirming Pages VVVVVV Brief Contents PART I FOUNDATIONS OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION 1 Chapter 1 Why Study Intercultural Communication? 3 Chapter 2 The History of the Study of Intercultural Communication 44 Chapter 3 Culture, Communication, Context, and Power 83 Chapter 4 History and Intercultural Communication 120 PART II INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION PROCESSES 159 Chapter 5 Identity and Intercultural Communication 161 Chapter 6 Language and Intercultural Communication 218 Chapter 7 Nonverbal Codes and Cultural Space 265 PART III INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS 303 Chapter 8 Understanding Intercultural Transitions 305 Chapter 9 Popular Culture and Intercultural Communication 347 Chapter 10 Culture, Communication, and Intercultural Relationships 380 Chapter 11 Culture, Communication, and Conflict 425 Chapter 12 Striving for Engaged and Effective Intercultural Communication 464 vii mar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd vii 1/15/09 9:34:57 AM Confirming Pages mar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd viii 1/12/09 2:11:00 PM Confirming Pages VVVVVV Contents Preface xix To the Student PART I Chapter 1 xxvii FOUNDATIONS OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION 1 Why Study Intercultural Communication? The Self-Awareness Imperative The Demographic Imperative 3 4 6 Changing U.S. Demographics 6 Changing Immigration Patterns 8 The Economic Imperative 17 The Technological Imperative 21 Technology and Human Communication 21 Access to Communication Technology 26 The Peace Imperative 28 The Ethical Imperative 32 Relativity Versus Universality 34 Being Ethical Students of Culture 35 Internet Resources Summary 38 39 Discussion Questions Activities 40 40 Key Words 41 References 41 ix mar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd ix 1/12/09 2:11:01 PM Confirming Pages x Contents Chapter 2 The History of the Study of Intercultural Communication 44 The Early Development of the Discipline Nonverbal Communication Application of Theory 45 46 46 An Emphasis on International Settings An Interdisciplinary Focus 46 47 Perception and Worldview of the Researcher 49 Three Approaches to Studying Intercultural Communication 50 The Social Science Approach The Interpretive Approach The Critical Approach 54 59 65 A Dialectical Approach to Understanding Culture and Communication 71 Combining the Three Traditional Paradigms: The Dialectical Approach 71 Six Dialectics of Intercultural Communication Keeping a Dialectical Perspective Internet Resources Summary Chapter 3 76 76 77 Discussion Questions Activities 73 78 78 Key Words 79 References 79 Culture, Communication, Context, and Power 83 What Is Culture? 84 Social Science Definitions: Culture as Learned, GroupRelated Perceptions 87 Interpretive Definitions: Culture as Contextual Symbolic Patterns of Meaning, Involving Emotions 87 Critical Definitions: Culture as Heterogeneous, Dynamic, and a Contested Zone 90 mar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd x 1/12/09 2:11:01 PM Confirming Pages Contents xi What Is Communication? 94 The Relationship Between Culture and Communication 95 How Culture Influences Communication 95 How Communication Reinforces Culture 107 Communication as Resistance to the Dominant Cultural System 109 The Relationship Between Communication and Context 109 The Relationship Between Communication and Power 110 Internet Resources Summary 116 116 Discussion Questions Activities Chapter 4 117 117 Key Words 118 References 118 History and Intercultural Communication 120 From History to Histories 122 Political, Intellectual, and Social Histories 123 Family Histories 124 National Histories 125 Cultural-Group Histories 126 History, Power, and Intercultural Communication 128 The Power of Texts 128 The Power of Other Histories 130 Power in Intercultural Interactions 133 History and Identity 133 Histories as Stories 133 Nonmainstream Histories 135 Intercultural Communication and History Antecedents of Contact 146 mar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd xi 146 1/12/09 2:11:01 PM Confirming Pages xii Contents The Contact Hypothesis 149 Negotiating Histories Dialectically in Interaction Internet Resources Summary 153 154 Discussion Questions Activities PART II Chapter 5 152 155 156 Key Words 156 References 156 INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION PROCESSES 159 Identity and Intercultural Communication 161 Thinking Dialectically About Identity The Social Science Perspective 163 The Interpretive Perspective 166 The Critical Perspective 167 Identity and Language 162 171 Identity Development Issues 172 Minority Identity Development 173 Majority Identity Development 177 Social and Cultural Identities 180 Gender Identity 180 Sexual Identity 182 Age Identity 182 Racial and Ethnic Identities 184 Characteristics of Whiteness 187 Religious Identity 192 Class Identity 194 National Identity 197 Regional Identity 199 Personal Identity 199 Multicultural People mar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd xii 200 1/12/09 2:11:01 PM Confirming Pages Contents xiii Identity, Stereotypes, and Prejudice Identity and Communication Internet Resources Summary Chapter 6 208 211 212 Discussion Questions Activities 205 212 213 Key Words 213 References 214 Language and Intercultural Communication 218 Social Science Perspective on Language Language and Perception 221 Recent Research Findings 224 Language and Thought: Metaphor 219 225 Cultural Variations in Communication Style 227 Interpretive Perspective on Language Variations in Contextual Rules 231 228 Critical Perspective on Language Co-Cultural Communication 234 Discourse and Social Structure 237 The “Power” Effects of Labels 238 233 Moving Between Languages 241 Multilingualism 241 Translation and Interpretation 243 Language and Identity 246 Language and Cultural Group Identity Code Switching 249 Language Politics and Policies Language and Globalization Internet Resources Summary 251 254 260 260 Discussion Questions mar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd xiii 247 261 1/12/09 2:11:01 PM Confirming Pages xiv Contents Activities Chapter 7 262 Key Words 262 References 262 265 Nonverbal Codes and Cultural Space Thinking Dialectically About Nonverbal Communication: Defining Nonverbal Communication 267 Comparing Verbal and Nonverbal Communication 268 What Nonverbal Behavior Communicates 270 The Universality of Nonverbal Behavior 271 Recent Research Findings 271 Nonverbal Codes 273 Stereotype, Prejudice, and Discrimination 281 Semiotics and Nonverbal Communication 285 Defining Cultural Space 287 Cultural Identity and Cultural Space 287 Changing Cultural Space 293 Postmodern Cultural Spaces 295 Internet Resources Summary 297 298 Discussion Questions Activities PART III Chapter 8 299 299 Key Words 300 References 300 INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS 303 Understanding Intercultural Transitions 305 Thinking Dialectically About Intercultural Transitions 307 Types of Migrant Groups Voluntary Migrants 310 Involuntary Migrants 311 mar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd xiv 309 1/12/09 2:11:02 PM Confirming Pages Contents xv Migrant-Host Relationships 314 Assimilation 314 Separation 315 Integration 316 Marginalization 318 Cultural Hybridity 318 Cultural Adaptation 320 Social Science Approach 320 Interpretive Approach 327 Critical Approach: Contextual Influences 336 Internet Resources Summary 342 343 Discussion Questions Activities Chapter 9 343 343 Key Words 344 References 344 Popular Culture and Intercultural Communication 347 Learning About Cultures Without Personal Experience 348 The Power of Popular Culture 349 What Is Popular Culture? 350 Consuming and Resisting Popular Culture 354 Consuming Popular Culture 354 Resisting Popular Culture 356 Representing Cultural Groups 360 Migrants’ Perceptions of Mainstream Culture 362 Popular Culture and Stereotyping 363 U.S. Popular Culture and Power 367 Global Circulation of Images and Commodities Cultural Imperialism 370 Internet Resources Summary 375 376 Discussion Questions mar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd xv 367 376 1/12/09 2:11:02 PM Confirming Pages xvi Contents Activities Chapter 10 376 Key Words 377 References 377 Culture, Communication, and Intercultural Relationships 380 Benefits and Challenges of Intercultural Relationships 382 Benefits 382 Challenges 384 Thinking Dialectically About Intercultural Relationships 388 Personal-Contextual Dialectic 389 Differences-Similarities Dialectic 390 Cultural-Individual Dialectic 391 Privilege-Disadvantage Dialectic 391 Static-Dynamic Dialectic 391 History/Past–Present /Future Dialectic 392 Intercultural Relationships 392 Social Science Approach: Cross-Cultural Differences 392 Interpretive Approach: Communicating in Intercultural Relationships 398 Critical Approach: Contextual Influences 413 Internet Resources Summary 418 418 Discussion Questions Activities Chapter 11 419 420 Key Words 420 References 420 Culture, Communication, and Conflict Characteristics of Intercultural Conflict Two Orientations to Conflict Conflict as Opportunity 431 mar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd xvi 425 427 431 1/12/09 2:11:02 PM Confirming Pages Contents xvii Conflict as Destructive 433 Cultural Differences in Conflict Views: A Dialectical Perspective 435 The Social Science Approach to Conflict 436 Strategies and Tactics for Dealing with Conflict 436 Gender, Ethnicity, and Conflict 440 Value Differences and Conflict Styles 441 Interpretive and Critical Approaches to Social Conflict 443 Social Contexts 443 Economic Contexts 445 Historical and Political Contexts 446 Managing Intercultural Conflict 447 Productive Versus Destructive Conflict 447 Competition Versus Cooperation 448 Dealing with Conflict 450 Mediation 457 Internet Resources Summary 460 460 Discussion Questions Activities Chapter 12 461 461 Key Words 462 References 462 Striving for Engaged and Effective Intercultural Communication 464 The Components of Competence 465 Social Science Perspective: Individual Components 465 Interpretive Perspective: Competence in Contexts 475 Critical Perspective: Competence for Whom? 477 Applying Knowledge About Intercultural Communication 478 Entering Into Dialogue 478 Becoming Interpersonal Allies 480 mar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd xvii 1/12/09 2:11:02 PM Confirming Pages xviii Contents Building Coalitions 482 Social Justice and Transformation Forgiveness 488 What the Future Holds 483 491 Internet Resources for Intercultural Interaction Summary 496 Discussion Questions Activities 495 497 497 Key Words 497 References 498 Credits C-1 Name Index I-1 Subject Index I-7 mar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd xviii 1/12/09 2:11:02 PM Confirming Pages VVVVVV Preface THE INCREASING IMPORTANCE OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION IN A RAPIDLY CHANGING WORLD The falling value of the U.S. dollar against many other world currencies, the rising price of fuel, and the impact these changes have had on travel and business costs point to new international relationships. How will the expansion of globalization be affected? What kind of impact will there be on the exchange of products and movement of people around the world? How will economic changes influence where tourists come from and where they visit? Changes such as these are likely to influence the shape of intercultural communication. When we look back upon the international and intercultural situation at the time we first began writing this book, we recognize how rapidly the world has changed and how, as a result, these changes have raised even more pressing issues for intercultural communication scholars and practitioners. As the U.S. dollar remains weak, foreign businesses may find buying opportunities in the United States, such as the recent acquisition of Anheuser-Busch by a Belgian company. U.S. tourists may find it expensive to travel to many locations overseas, but tourists from those places may find it much cheaper to come to the United States. Natural disasters such as the typhoon in Myanmar and earthquakes in China, as well as the ongoing conflict in Darfur, have summoned a variety of positive responses, including tremendous caring and compassion across intercultural and international divides, but these tragedies also exacerbated enduring social group inequities. Regional identities continue to challenge national identities, such as is the case in Belgium, which appears closer than ever to dissolution along the lines of linguistic identities. In addition, the Internet and cell phones have made intercultural interactions that once may have seemed distant or peripheral to our lives now far more immediate. In this climate, the study of intercultural communication takes on special significance, because it offers tools to help us as we grapple with questions about religious and ethnic differences, hate crimes, and many other related issues. Those who study, teach, and conduct research in intercultural communication face an increasing number of challenges and difficult questions: Is it enough to identify differences among people? Are we actually reinforcing stereotypes in emphasizing differences? Is there a way to understand the dynamics of intercultural communication without resorting to lists of instructions? Don’t we have to talk about the broader social, political, and historical contexts when we teach xix mar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd xix 1/12/09 2:11:03 PM Confirming Pages xx Preface intercultural communication? How can we use our intercultural communication skills to help enrich our lives and the lives of those around us? Can intercultural communication scholars promote a better world for all? Such questions are driven by rapidly changing cultural dynamics—both within the United States and abroad. On the one hand, attempts to establish peace between Israel and Palestine by withdrawing Israeli settlements from Gaza, as well as the continued expansion of the European Union, CAFTA (Central American Free Trade Agreement), and the African Union (formerly the Organization of African States), reflect some global movement toward unity. On the other hand, the increase in nuclear armaments, continuing clashes between India and Pakistan over Kashmir, and the tribal and religious struggles w ... Purchase answer to see full attachment