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Hello,I need help once again working on this homework of chemistry that I struggle with. vc_bsc_1010c_chapter_5_macromol_class_acts_proteins.docx vc_bsc_1010c_chapters_4_5_macromol_class_acts_1.docx vc_bsc_1010_carbon_chem_worksheet.doc vc_bsc_1010c_biomol_worksheet.doc Unformatted Attachment Preview Name__________________ Protein Folding Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (RuBisCO) is the most abundant protein on the planet. It is an essential enzyme in the process of photosynthesis. It is responsible for the “fixation” or incorporation of carbon dioxide (CO2) into organic molecules. The structure of RuBisCO includes a small and large subunit- actually, the functional protein exists as a complex structure of four small subunits and four large subunits. The large and small subunits are coded for by different genes. The protein sequences are listed below, with each amino acid represented by a single letter abbreviation. Choose to work with either the small or large subunit of RuBisCo below. CUT OUT either small or large subunit and answer the following questions on protein folding below. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase small subunit (from Arabidopsis thaliana) MASSMLSSAA VVTSPAQATM VAPFTGLKSS AAFPVTRKTN KDITSIASNG GRVSCMKVWP PIGKKKFETL SYLPDLSDVE LAKEVDYLLR NKWIPCVEFE LEHGFVYREH GNTPGYYDGR YWTMWKLPLF GCTDSAQVLK EVEECKKEYP GAFIRIIGFD NTRQVQCISF IAYKPPSFTEA Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase large subunit (from Arabidopsis thaliana) MSPQTETKAS TDGLTSLDRY PPAYTKTFQG FMRWRDRFLF SHYCRDNGLL DDYVEKDRSR RVALEACVQA VGFKAGVKEY KGRCYHIEPV PPHGIQVERD CAEAIYKSQA LHIHRAMHAV GIFFTQDWVS RNEGRDLAVE KLTYYTPEYE PGEETQFIAY KLNKYGRPLL ETGEIKGHYL IDRQKNHGMH LPGVLPVASG GNEIIREACK TKDTDILAAF VAYPLDLFEE GCTIKPKLGL NATAGTCEEM FRVLAKALRL GIHVWHMPAL WSPELAAACE RVTPQPGVPP GSVTNMFTSI SAKNYGRAVY IKRAVFAREL SGGDHIHAGT TEIFGDDSVL VWKEITFNFP EEAGAAVAAE VGNVFGFKAL ECLRGGLDFT GVPIVMHDYL VVGKLEGDRE QFGGGTLGHP TIDKLDGQE SSTGTWTTVW AALRLEDLRI KDDENVNSQP TGGFTANTSL STLGFVDLLR WGNAPGAVAN 1. Which subunit did you choose, the large or the small? What level of protein folding does this represent (ie. primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary) 2. What are the main types of secondary structure that a peptide chain can have? Fold a portion of your peptide chain into one of these structures. 3. What is tertiary structure? What bonds/interactions are usually involved in this type of folding? Take your peptide chain and fold it into a tertiary structure. 4. RuBisCO has quaternary structure, although not all proteins do. What is quaternary structure? Make a quaternary structure with your peptide chain. 5. If proteins are not folded correctly, they will not function. There are several ways to unfold (or denature) proteins. Provide an example of how we can denature proteins, and describe exactly how the proteins unfold (hint: consider what is happening to the bonds that allow for folding). Name___________________ Carbohydrates and Lipids Part 1: The Carbohydrate Taste Test 1. Obtain a CRACKER from your home. You will be asked to consume this cracker, but you must follow the directions below. 2. Place the cracker (or a portion of it) in your mouth, but do not chew it. Take careful note of how it tastes (try to note the taste other than salty). 3. Keep the cracker in your mouth for at least 30 seconds. Does the taste of the cracker change? Describe what you observe. 4. The cracker contains lots of carbohydrates. There is an enzyme in saliva that acts on carbohydrates, called amylase. Based on your observation, what type of reaction is catalyzed by amylase? Explain your reasoning. 5. Why do you think some people noticed a change in the taste while others didn’t? 6. If a carbohydrate contains 15 monosaccharide units, how many water molecules were removed during dehydration synthesis? 7. If a carbohydrate contains 25 monosaccharide units, how many water molecules will be necessary to completely cleave the molecule via hydrolysis? 8. Sucrose, or common table sugar, is a disaccharide made up of one glucose molecule and one fructose molecule that have been joined via dehydration synthesis. If you wanted to make sucrose, could you mix pure glucose with pure fructose and then heat the mixture to remove the water? Why or why not? 9. If you wanted to make glucose and fructose from sucrose, could you just put sucrose in a glass of water to cause hydrolysis of the sucrose? Why or why not? Part 2: The Skinny on Fat 1. You may have seen some of the following, or similar, phrases on products in the store. Think about these and determine why these phrases are technically incorrect or misleading. a. A bottle of oil with the label “Contains no cholesterol.” b. A package of sliced turkey with the label “No fat.” 2. A rule of thumb is that any plant that grows in very hot climates has a higher amount of saturated fats (recall saturated fats contain the maximum number of hydrogens bonded with carbon and are solid at room temperature). Plants that produce oils that grow in temperate or cool climates have more polyunsaturated fats (containing double bonds between carbons and liquid at room temperature). Saturated fats can contribute to heart disease, whereas unsaturated and polyunsaturated fats can actually be good for you. Hydrogenation is a process whereby double bonds are broken in the triglyceride and hydrogens are added. Many crackers, cookies and other processed foods contain hydrogenated fats (and many of these are trans fats, which are some of the worst kinds of fats for human consumption). Compare the following and determine which is a “better” health choice for human consumption. Explain your reasoning. a. Corn oil vs. coconut oil b. Butter vs. hydrogenated margarine Name _______________________ Date ________________________ Course/Section_______________________ Professor ________________________ Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 1. How do these hydrocarbons differ? c. One of these hydrocarbons is longer than the other. d. One of these hydrocarbons is branched. e. One of these hydrocarbons has a double bond. a. One of these hydrocarbons has a ring structure. b. One of these hydrocarbons has a double bond. c. One of these hydrocarbons is branched. d. These hydrocarbons are identical. e. One of these hydrocarbons is longer than the other. 4. How do these hydrocarbons differ? a. One of these hydrocarbons is branched. b. One of these hydrocarbons has a ring structure. c. One of these hydrocarbons has a double bond. d. The hydrocarbon on the left contains more carbon atoms than the hydrocarbon on the right. e. These hydrocarbons are identical. 2. How do these hydrocarbons differ? 5. How many hydrogen atoms can be attached to carbon A? a. One of these hydrocarbons is longer than the other. b One of these hydrocarbons has a double bond. c. One of these hydrocarbons is branched. d. One of these hydrocarbons has a ring structure. e. These hydrocarbons are identical. a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3 e. 4 3. How do these hydrocarbons differ? 6. How many hydrogen atoms can be attached to carbon B? a. These hydrocarbons are identical. b. One of these hydrocarbons has a ring structure. ____________________________________________________________________________________ Campbell/Reece Biology, Sixth Edition, © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 23 a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 0 a. structural isomers b. ATP and ADP c. enantiomers d. thiols e. geometric isomers 7. L-dopa is used to treat _____. 11. These molecules are _____. a. Alzheimers disease b. muscle sprains c. Marfans syndrome d. laryngitis e. Parkinsons disease a. geometric isomers b. enantiomers c. thiols d. structural isomers e. R-dopa and L-dopa 8. What kind of effect does R-dopa have on Parkinsons disease? a. It alleviates the symptoms. b. It makes the symptoms of Parkinsons disease worse. c. At first it makes the symptoms worse but over the long term it alleviates the symptoms. d. None. e. At first it alleviates the symptoms but over the long term it makes the symptoms worse. 12. Enantiomers are molecules that _____. a. are isomers that differ in the covalent partnerships between their atoms b. contain a carboxyl group c. differ in the arrangement of their molecules about a double bond d. are mirror images e. contain an —OH group 13. Geometric isomers are molecules that _____. 9. These molecules are _____. a. are isomers that differ in the covalent partnerships between their atoms b. are isomers in which one of the molecules contains an amino group and the other contains a phosphate group c. are mirror images d. differ in their molecular formulas e. differ in the arrangement of their molecules about a double bond 14. This pair of molecules are _____. a. geometric isomers b. amines c. enantiomers d. structural isomers e. thiols 10. These molecules are _____. ____________________________________________________________________________________ Campbell/Reece Biology, Sixth Edition, © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 24 b. identical c. geometric isomers d. structural isomers e. not isomers a. enantiomers Questions 15-25 refer to the following diagram: 15. Which one of these is an amino group? a. A b. E c. C d. D e. F a. B b. D c. E d. A e. C 18. Which of these is a carboxyl group? 16. Which of these is a phosphate group? a. B b. A c. C d. F e. E a. B b. A c. C d. E e. F 19. Which of these functional groups is characteristic of alcohol? 17. Which of these is a hydroxyl group? a. A b. D ____________________________________________________________________________________ Campbell/Reece Biology, Sixth Edition, © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 25 c. C d. B e. E c. A d. D e. C 20. Which of the functional groups behaves as a base? a. A b. E c. C d. F e. B 25. Which of these functional groups behaves as an acid as a result of the high electronegativity of its oxygen atoms? a. A b. E c. F d. C e. D 21. Which of these groups is characteristic of thiols? 26. Which of these groups functions to stabilize protein conformation? a. A b. B c. D d. F e. E a. A b. E c. F d. C e. D 22. Which of these groups plays a major role in energy transfer? a. D b. C c. A d. B e. E 27. Which of these groups increase the solubility of a molecule? a. A b. D c. C d. B e. E 23. Which of these is a carbonyl group? a. C b. E c. B d. F e. A 28. Which of these functional groups is characteristic of an Aldehyde? a. C b. B c. A d. D e. none of the above 24. Which of these functional groups is characteristic of a ketone? a. E b. B ____________________________________________________________________________________ Campbell/Reece Biology, Sixth Edition, © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 26 Name _______________________ Date ________________________ Course/Section_______________________ Professor ________________________ Biological Macromolecules 1. What is the name of the reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other through loss of a water molecule? b. glucose c. galactose d. lactose e. cellulose a. hydrolysis b. water formation c. catabolism d. dehydration synthesis e. monomerization 6. _____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth. a. Glucose b. Cellulose c. Lactose d. Starch e. Glycogen 2. Glycogen is _____. a. the form in which plants store sugars b. an animal storage polysaccharide c. a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls d. a transport protein that carries oxygen e. an animal structural polysaccharide 7. Which of these is NOT a lipid? a. phospholipid b. cholesterol c. steroids d. RNA e. hormones 3. glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____. a. lactose + water ... hydrolysis b. starch + water ... dehydration synthesis c. sucrose + water ... dehydration synthesis d. cellulose + water ... hydrolysis e. maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis 8. This figure is an example of a(n) _____. 4. Which of these is a source of lactose? a. sugar beets b. milk c. potatoes d. sugar cane e. starch a. nucleic acid b. protein c. saturated fat d. polysaccharide e. steroid 5. Which of these is a polysaccharide? a. sucrose 9. Identify the following Molecules. a. c. b. d. ____________________________________________________________________________________ Campbell/Reece Biology, Sixth Edition, © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 29 e. 10. Which of these is rich in unsaturated fats? 14. Arrow D is indicating a _____ protein. Arrow E is indicating a _____ protein. a. a fat that is solid at room temperature b. butter c. beef fat d. lard e. olive oil 11. A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role _____. a. in sugar metabolism b. as a component of animal cell membranes c. as the primary female sex hormone d. the most abundant male sex hormone e. All of cholesterols effects cause the body harm. a. gene regulatory b. receptor c. storage d. transport e. defensive 12. A protein that is embedded in the plasma membrane and enables certain substances to pass into the cell is called a _____ protein. 15. Which of these does NOT contain a structural protein? a. contractile b. receptor c. transport d. structural protein e. gene regulatory a. muscles b. tendons c. ovalbumin d. spider silk e. ligaments 13. Arrow A is indicating a(n) _____ protein. 16. Defensive proteins are manufactured by the _____ system. a. immune b. nervous c. digestive d. muscular/skeletal e. cardiovascular 17. Proteins are polymers of _____. a. transport a. CH2O units b. enzyme d. signal b. nucleotides c. receptor e. structural c. amino acids ____________________________________________________________________________________ Campbell/Reece Biology, Sixth Edition, © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 30 d. hydrocarbons e. glycerol 22. If a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence ATTTGC, what will be the sequence of the matching DNA strand? a. GCAAAT b. ATTTGC c. TAAACG d. TUUUC e. UAAACG 18. What type of bond joins the monomers in a proteins primary structure? a. ionic b. hydrophobic c. peptide d. S—S e. hydrogen 23. If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide ‘pairs’ long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain? a. 25 b. 150 d. 50 c. 75 e. 200 19. Which illustrates the secondary structure of a protein? a. 24. The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases, which is beneficial for replication purposes. b. a. hydrogen bonds b. ionic bonds c. hydrophilic interactions d. S—S bonds e. covalent bonds c. 25. A nucleotide is composed of a(n) _____. d. a. phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a hydrocarbon b. phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar c. glycerol, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar d. amino group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar e. sulfhydryl group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar e. 20. The secondary structure of a protein results from _____. 26. The four main categories of macromolecules in a cell are _____. a. hydrogen bonds b. ionic bonds c. hydrophobic interactions d. peptide bonds e. bonds between sulfur atoms a. proteins, DNA, RNA, and steroids b. monosaccharides, lipids, polysaccharides, and proteins c. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids d. nucleic acids, carbohydrates, monosaccharides, and proteins e. RNA, DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates 21. Tertiary structure is NOT directly dependent on _____. a. hydrophobic interactions b. peptide bonds c. hydrogen bonds d. ionic bonds e. bonds between sulfur atoms 27. A hydrophobic amino acid R group would be found where in a protein? ____________________________________________________________________________________ Campbell/Reece Biology, Sixth Edition, © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 31 c. on the inside of the folded chain, away from water d. forming hydrogen bonds with other R groups e. only at one end of a protein chain a. forming a peptide bond with the next amino acid in the chain b. on the outside of the folded chain, in the water 28. The type of bond that forms to bind monomers (such as sugar and amino acids) into polymers (such as starch and proteins) is a(n) __________ bond. a. hydrogen b. covalent c. ionic d. peptide e. van der waals 29. Which one of the following molecules is a carbohydrate? a. C51H98O6 b. C45H84O8PN c. C60H100O50 d. C22H49O10N5 e. C25H43O 30. How does DNA differ from RNA? a. DNA is larger b. DNA contains thymine nitrogenous base, while RNA contains uracil nitrogenous base c. DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, RNA contains ribose sugar d. DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded e. All of the above 31. The primary structure of a protein refers to _____. a. the alpha helix or beta pleated sheets b. interactions among the side chains or R-groups of the amino acids c. coiling due to hydrogen bonding between amino acids d. the weak interaction of two or more polypeptides e. the sequence of amino acids 32. There are ____ amino acids that make up proteins. a. 1 b. 2 c. 20 d. 100 e. Infinite 33. Which of the following components is NOT found in all amino acids that make up proteins? a. Carbon b. Amino Group c. Carboxyl Group d. Hydrogen e. Phosphate 34. Which group of Macromolecules carries the most diverse functions in a cell? ____________________________________________________________________________________ Campbell/Reece Biology, Sixth Edition, © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 32 a. DNA b. RNA c. Carbohydrates d. Lipids e. Proteins 35. Which of the following levels of protein structure ultimately determines a proteins final conformation? a. Quaternary b. Tertiary c. Secondary d. Primary e. All of the above 36. Which of the following statements is NOT correct? a. The final conformation of a protein determines its functions b. The primary sequence of a protein is determined by the DNA sequence c. A single amino acid change is not significant enough to affect the function of a protein d. A protein is formed through the association of 2 or more polypeptide chains e. All of the above are correct 37. Which of the following statements is Correct of DNA? a. Purines bind Purines b. Pyrimidines bind Pyrimidines c. Purines bind Pyrimidines d. Purines bind Purines and Pyrimidines bind Pyrimidines e. Purines bind Purine and Pyrimidines 38. DNA is linked by the ___ carbon of one nucleotide’s sugar to the ___ carbon of the next nucleotide’s sugar though a phosphate group. a. 1’ – 1’ b. 2’ – 2’ c. 3’ – 5’ d. 1’ – 2’ e. 3’ – 3’ 39. Which of the following is NOT a main function of Proteins? a. immune defense (antibodies) b. structural support c. transport d. energy storage e. enzymes 40. What is the product of DNA Replication? a. Each new DNA double helix consists of 1 old DNA strand and 1 new DNA strand b. Each new DNA double helix consists of 2 new strands c. 1 DNA double helix consists of 2 old strands & 1 DNA double helix consists of 2 new strands ____________________________________________________________________________________ Campbell/Reece Biology, Sixth Edition, © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 33 d. Each of the four DNA strands consists of some old strand parts and some new strand parts e. There are four double helices 41. What is the main role of Phospholipids in Cells? a. energy storage b. catalysts c. membrane organization d. hormones e. protein synthesis 42. Which of the following statements is Correct regarding Carbohydrates? a. Carbohydrates are transported at polysaccharides for easy metabolism b. Carbohydrates are stored at monosaccharides so they are not easily metabolized c. The molecular formula of glucose is C6H12O6 d. Phosphodiester bonds link carbohydrate polymers e. Glucose is the only monomer to make up carbohydrate polymers ____________________________________________________________________________________ Campbell/Reece Biology, Sixth Edition, © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 34 ... Purchase answer to see full attachment