Fluent Essays

You are to write a 3 page paper in proper APA format. For your paper, please take a look at the video and article presented in the lesson for Week 3 (I attached a link here also). Pay particular attention to the video and article, as you watch/read, take notes on some of the topics presented that interest you. This is a short paper, think of it as a warm-up for your longer paper due in Week 7.Video: Non-Verbal Communication in the Global MarketplaceArticle: The Puzzle of Non-Verbal CommunicationRequirements this assignment:Your paper should utilize appropriate course material:Article and/or Video from Week 3Ensure you address the following topics in your paper:Pick three areas of interest from the article or video and discuss why you find it interesting, if you have seen any personal examples of it (i.e., someone who covers their mouth while talking).This paper should be fun, I would suggest that you read/watch the materials as soon as possible and then start observing others around you for some non-verbal clues.Remember your paper must include (all in proper APA 6th edition format):Cover PageBody ( 3 pages minimum discussion of non-verbal areas of interest)Reference PageMake sure to use two additional resources from APUS online library or internet (Google Scholar is a great source)Wikipedia, or similar sites are NOT acceptable sources for this paperhttps://search.alexanderstreet.com/preview/work/bibliographic_entity\%7Cvideo_work\%7C1795341 this link should take you too a sample of the video I can’t figure out how to share the video so just use that lil sample and the other resourcesIt has a transcript of the full video under it. non_verbal_article.pdf Unformatted Attachment Preview The puzzle of non verbal communication: Towards a new aspect of leadership Author(s): Mehdi Mokhtari Leadership and Management in International Context Tutor: Dr. Prof. Mikael Lundgren Examiner: Dr. Prof. Philippe Daudi Subject: Business Administration Level and semester: Master thesis – Spring 2013 To those who have good eyesight but who cannot see the whole puzzle… Mehdi Mokhtari The puzzle of non verbal communication: Towards a new aspect of leadership 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement............................................................................ 5 Notifications ..................................................................................... 6 Abstract ............................................................................................. 7 1. Introduction ................................................................................. 8 Introduction to non verbal communication and leadership Why non verbal communication? Non verbal … cultural or universal? Non verbal and leadership: an innovative link Research question and aim of the thesis The puzzle of communication 2. Methodology............................................................................... 15 Choice of the topic and sources of information Introduction to the methodology related to the structure Methodological views Quantitative or qualitative? 3. Literature review ....................................................................... 23 3.1. Emotions and emotional intelligence ........................................... 23 What is an emotion? Emotions and emotional Intelligence Reading emotions Emotions, non verbal communication and leadership 3.2. 93\% of the puzzle: The five dimensions of the non verbal communication ..................................................................................... 28 Presentation What is the puzzle of non verbal communication made of? Construction of the model of analysis: step 1 3.3. The peri-verbal dimension: The distance ..................................... 34 Territory Personal space and contingency Spatial zones Territory and ownership Use of territory to intimidate Construction of the model of analysis: step 2 3.4. The para-verbal dimension: The tone of the voice ....................... 40 Close your eyes and imagine I love my company The leakage hierarchy The tone of voice within leadership Construction of the model of analysis: step 3 Mehdi Mokhtari The puzzle of non verbal communication: Towards a new aspect of leadership 2 3.5. The infra-verbal dimension: Subliminal information ................... 44 Presentation Construction of the model of analysis: step 4 3.6. The supra-verbal dimension: Distinctive signals ......................... 46 The cigarette The glasses The power of make-up and of glasses for a women How to choose the briefcase? Supra-verbal and leadership Construction of the model of analysis: step 5 3.7. The pre-verbal dimension: The body Language ............................ 50 3.7.1. The hands............................................................................................................................................ 50 Hands and arm gestures Handshake The use of palms, hands and arms 3.7.2. The legs ................................................................................................................................................. 57 The attention stance Legs apart Foot-forward Legs crossed Arms and legs crossed The figure four Figure four leg clamp When the mind closes, so does the body 3.7.3. The face: the smile ...................................................................................................................... 63 How does it work? Smiling is contagious Faking a smile Three types of fake smiles Why should you laugh? Be smiling and not … morose 3.7.4. The posture........................................................................................................................................ 70 Body type Highness and power How to look taller? Taller not always better Construction of the model of analysis: step 6 3.8. Cultural or universal? ................................................................... 74 The context Universality of the emotions and display rules Sadness, disgust, anger, and happiness Gestures culturally defined Universal or cultural? Why does it matter for a leadership perspective? Mehdi Mokhtari The puzzle of non verbal communication: Towards a new aspect of leadership 3 3.9. Deceit Signals ................................................................................ 81 Three wise monkeys The mouth cover The eye rub The ear grab The nose touch Nudging the arm Deceit and leadership Construction of the model of analysis: step 7 3.10. Model of analysis: putting the pieces of the puzzle together .... 86 4. Empirical illustrations and analysis ....................................... 88 4.1. Illustration 1: Clinton and the Lewinsky scandal ........................ 89 4.2. Illustration 2: Bill Gates and the iPad .......................................... 93 4.3. Illustration 3: Ms. Cliton and Mr.Miliband – Press conference .... 96 4.4. Illustration 4: Marissa Mayer – Opening speech ........................ 102 4.5. Illustration 5: Ray Lewis – Inspirational speech ........................ 106 4.6. Illustration 6: The pope Francis – His first speech .................... 110 4.7. Illustrations: Summary ............................................................... 113 5. Conclusion ................................................................................ 114 6. References................................................................................. 117 7. Illustration Credits .................................................................. 121 7.1. Images (Literature review) .......................................................... 121 7.2. Videos (Empirical illustrations and analysis) ............................. 124 Mehdi Mokhtari The puzzle of non verbal communication: Towards a new aspect of leadership 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis has been composed with the great help of our dear professors. Each of them contributed highly to the elaboration of this paper and deserves my deepest gratitude. My greatest recognition goes to Professor Philippe Daudi – my examiner and the headmaster of my program “Leadership and Management in International Context” – for his continuous guidance, advice and for inspiring me so well. Additionally, I want to express my appreciation to Professor Mikael Lundgren, for his great ideas and for his continuous support during the whole elaboration of this thesis. Furthermore, I would like to thank Professor Björn Bjerke and Professor MaxMikael Björling for their lectures and constructive feedback received during the thesis meetings. I also would like to thank – for her assistance during the year – Therese Johanson. Besides, I would like to thank my home Unversity: L’université de Mons Hainaut for allowing me to spend a year abroad. Moreover, I also would like to thank the university that welcomed me so well and made me feel at home: The Linnaeus University. Thanks to this opportunity, I have had an incredible experience which brought me a lot – academically and personally. And last but not least, I would like to thank my classmates for having such a good time, inside and outside the classroom. My last appreciation goes to my family and my friends for their support and encouragement. Thank you all. Mehdi Mokhtari The puzzle of non verbal communication: Towards a new aspect of leadership 5 NOTIFICATIONS This thesis includes several images. All the references are available in the end of the thesis, in the section: illustration credit. Moreover, there are some schemes and some models that were made by myself. Therefore they do not have references in the text. Mehdi Mokhtari The puzzle of non verbal communication: Towards a new aspect of leadership 6 ABSTRACT Communication is surrounding us. Leaders and followers are not an exception to that rule. Indeed, leadership actors are communicating with their co-workers, their boss, their employees, the media, and so forth. However, in the course of this paper and because of its importance, the focus on non verbal communication will be adopted. Basically, this form of communication is everything except the actual words that people pronounce. Body language, tone of the voice, cultural differences, deceit signals, all these components of non verbal communication and many others will be developed. The core of this work will be understanding the main concepts of non verbal communication and then applying them to leaders’ real life situations. This thesis will also, among other things, aim to answer the following questions: What is the importance of non verbal communication in everyday life? How are leaders using non verbal communication to give sense? Do they use deceit signals? What influences the non verbal communication? What is the emotional intelligence concept? Can the non verbal communication be extrapolated and be seen as being inter-cultural? Key words: Communication, non verbal communication, leadership, body language, deceit signals, culture, tone of the voice, emotional intelligence Mehdi Mokhtari The puzzle of non verbal communication: Towards a new aspect of leadership 7 1. INTRODUCTION Introduction to non verbal communication and leadership In our modern society, communication is everywhere. When you are at work or at school, dont you interact with people? On your way there, dont you see commercials, that can exhibit someone with a special expression and / or posture? If you are not talking to your spouse because of a fight, do you think that you still dont communicate, despite the non use of words? All those small examples are illustrating that communication – in any form – is surrounding us every day. In the case of this paper though, the use of the communication – or a specific part of it – will be connected with leadership. As a matter of fact communication is essential within the leadership area. It is used both by leaders and followers to interact and to convey tacit and / or explicit messages. Furthermore and as it will be discussed all along this thesis, leadership is a multi communicative activity. Which basically means that several means of communication will be used in order to convey sense, meaning. Let me take for example the following image of the well known leader and president of the United States of America, Barak Obama (2010, announcement of the end of the Iraq War). Mehdi Mokhtari The puzzle of non verbal communication: Towards a new aspect of leadership 8 In this image, one could tell that the leader is not only using words. The president Obama is actually using his facial expression and his hands and is also using an object since he is wearing a pin. Moreover behind him, there is a wide window with no specific visual enforcement. There are also the presidential flag, the flag of the United States of America and pictures of his family. Do you think that all these items were placed randomly? I personally hardly think so. In my opinion, all of what you see in the image conveys a specific meaning, has a specific aim. Some of these meaning will be developed in the following chapters. Why non verbal communication? I could have written my thesis about communication and leadership. However, I always have been more fascinated by the non verbal component in comparison with the verbal one. The gestures, the postures, the importance of clothing and accessories, the tone of the voice, etc. are indeed variables that I always wanted to understand better. This desire increased when I began my first readings about the subject. I actually read astonishing scientific numbers. In a face-to-face conversation, the communication is impacted by the tone of the voice (38\%), by the body language (55\%) and by the words (7\%). The conclusion of this research is that communication is impacted by the non verbal (93\%) way more than the verbal communication (7\%). This study was done by Mehrabian (1972), but more recent studies seem to agree with this report and uses those numbers as well (Olah, 2011; James, 2008; Pease and Pease 2006). If you have never considered non verbal communication, are you still thinking in the same way? I personally believe that those numbers and the whole thesis could actually bring you a lot, or at least the envy and the curiosity of understanding better the concept of non verbal communication. Moreover, if you aim to have a role as a leader, dont you think that you should have the more impact as possible on your team or your audience? If you do, I firmly believe that a better understanding of the non verbal communication would be beneficial, since it represents that much impact on your interlocutor. That is actually a reason why I am Mehdi Mokhtari The puzzle of non verbal communication: Towards a new aspect of leadership 9 writing this thesis and aiming to provide my work which could give a deeper understanding of some of non verbal communication concept to the reader. Nevertheless, something bothered me when I did further researches about the verbal and the non verbal. I looked up for more precise definitions of “verbal” and I was surprised. Verbal was defined as “spoken rather than written”. I tried to find some antonym of verbal because I could not believe that the opposite of verbal was written and I found results even more stunning. Words such as “written”, “printed” and even “uncommunicative” came out. Yes, “uncommunicative”! My whole thesis will be based on the exact opposite of this statement: the opposite of verbal is the most important regarding communication and is everything except uncommunicative. In each step of life, non verbal communication is vital. When for instance a baby is born, the doctor is seeking for non verbal signs such as the color of the skin and the air breathing process. When people have an important interview or a master thesis defense, dont they shave and dress properly? Despite the huge importance of non verbal, and as it is stated in the paragraph above, I could not find this terminology as being the opposite of verbal. Moreover, some dictionaries dont even have a definition for non verbal and when they do, they usually define it as “not using words” or “communication by using gestures”. I will develop later on what is, according to scientists, non verbal communication but I can already tell you one thing: it is not only about gestures. The point I want to share is that there is no clear consensus on what is verbal and non verbal communication. Besides, non verbal communication does what words just fail to do: transmitting meaning and attitude. Imagine if your interlocutor is speaking to you using the same tone of voice, and without any body movement, would not it be boring? Furthermore, if someone is telling you by using a monotone voice and without external signals that the whole building in which you are is on fire, would you trust him? Even if you choose to deny or ignore the non verbal communication, you will rely on it when it concerns important Mehdi Mokhtari The puzzle of non verbal communication: Towards a new aspect of leadership 10 messages; because when it comes to the words alone, people find it hard to understand, remember or believe (James, 2008). This statement has actually a huge impact since it proves somehow that words are not strong enough. Isn’t it important to keep in mind in a leadership perspective? If you want to have an impact on your audience, you know now that simple words alone will not be enough. Non verbal … cultural or universal? One central assumption will be done and applied to the whole work: non verbal communication is partly universal. By using this statement I dont imply that our personality, psychology, culture, etc. dont affect our own non verbal communication. The reflection of this thesis is simply located in another level. The aim is not to prove that a mother in Manhattan will use the same gestures and body language than a mother in Dubai when they are talking to their children. If both of them are human beings which are sharing the same genetic capital and if they meet, they will be able to recognize and to understand each other. As a matter of fact, the human is the only animal who is able to communicate by using words. Nevertheless, between the apparition of the two-legs walking (about 7 million years ago) and the spoken language (about 35 thousand years ago), the genetic capital of the non verbal communication had been developed. Which means that some parts of the non verbal are inborn. The debates still exists concerning whether the gestures are inborn / genetic, or culturally learned. However, many studies showed that despite different cultures, there is a common use of same facial expressions, same body language, etc. to show emotions. If you are still dubitative, let me try to convince you by using the research of the German scientist Eibl-Eibesfeldt (1971). He actually discovered that deaf and blind babies were able to smile, which could not have been learned through a copying process. This is the reason why people from different origins, and who speak different verbal language can somehow communicate. The meaning of their non verbal communication will be assimilated in the same way. However, the cultural component (which is not Mehdi Mokhtari The puzzle of non verbal communication: Towards a new aspect of leadership 11 universal) has a huge impact on the non verbal, therefore I will discuss that particular influence within a proper chapter. As Pease and Pease (2006, p. 18) stipulated “cultural differences are many but the basic body language is the same everywhere”. A whole part of the thesis will be dedicated to this discussion: is the non verbal communication universal or cultural? This discussion has all its importance since it will provide insights on whether non verbal communication can be extrapolated and be inter-cultural or not. Non verbal and leadership: an innovative link A major reason that gave me the incentive to write regarding non verbal communication and leadership is because of the innovation that both associated terms imply. During the composition of my work, I could not find scientific articles and/or books which are linking leadership on the one hand, and non verbal communication on the other hand. I found at best 14 results when I tried to search for “non verbal communication leadership” in Scholar Google and only 60 results in the e-library of the Linnaeus University. However, the worst of it is that within those results none of them connected those two concepts. Nevertheless, there were plenty of works or studies regarding leadership and communication and some of them dedicated some pages about non verbal communication. However, there were no particular focus on the leadership aspect concerning the non verbal. Furthermore, plenty of articles and book are dedicated to the non verbal. It is not something new and would rather be the opposite actually. People were studying non verbal communication without naming it. For instance this field has been deeply studied in the theatre field, in anthropology, in psychology, ect. but not enough with the scope of leadership. By writing this work, I want to provide the reader something new; I want to contribute to existing science by using my own lenses and filling the current scientific gap. Hence I have the motivation of writing my thesis about this uncommon theme in order to use existing knowledge (through the literature review) and new point of view (through the empirical illustration) to better understand the leadership area. Mehdi Mokhtari The puzzle of non verbal com ... Purchase answer to see full attachment