Fluent Essays

hi you should do a full paraphrasing for the full assingment please plagirism is not accepted paraphrase.docx Unformatted Attachment Preview Civil Engineering Department Hydraulics 2 Chapter 1 Abstract Oman experiences flash flood almost every year, they are usually minor but every few years the country faces a major flood; a catastrophic flood (Gonu) was a one-time occurrence so far, however its cost was high in terms of human lives and damages to infrastructure and so, since then the government has been focusing closely on improving its drainage systems and networks throughout all its Wadis; Wadi Hayfadah in Muscat covers a catchment area of 459km² of which 9km2 is considered for a channel in this coursework, the wadi has a maximum precipitation level of 610mm (during cyclone Gonu), the discharge calculated was 12.08m3/s and accordingly an economic rectangular channel of cross section 2.85m wide and 1.42m deep was proposed; the channel is sufficient for max precipitation levels recorded during Cyclone Gonu but may fail in events of precipitation levels higher than 25mm/hr or if catchment area exceeded 9km2. Introduction The strength of a country’s economy is directly related to its infrastructure, its efficient transport system, power and communications systems and less famously its drainage systems; urban drainage systems are an essential part of a healthy city as they direct stormwater runoff away from roads, houses and shops and towards creeks, beaches or non-residential, non-commercial or industrial areas, thus reducing danger to human life and infrastructure. Although Oman is considered a water scarce country, it still experiences flash flooding, floods that are sudden and rapid due to heavy rains, the worst of which was Cyclone Gonu in 2007 which claimed the lives of 42 people and $4.2 billion in damages, consequently drainage systems have been under the spotlight ever since. (M.G, 2017) The aim of this coursework is to propose a drainage channel for Wadi Hayfadah which is located in Muscat and has a catchment area of approximately 460km2 and an average of 60mm precipitation levels, however the channel is designed for a subdivision of the Wadi at 9km2 which is in accordance with the Rational Method area limitations of max 10km2, and a precipitation value of 610mm which is the maximum precipitation levels recorded during cyclone Gonu to take account of future requirements and factor of safety considerations. Designing Methods In order to find the depth and breadth of the cross section of a channel that would be sufficient to drain water during peak precipitation periods at Wadi Hayfadh the following steps were taken. 1. Calculating the discharge rate (Q) for the given wadi, this is found through the use of the Rational Method as follows: Discharge (Q) =0.278x runoff coefficient (C)x peak rainfall intensity (i)x catchment area (A) Where (Q) is in m3/s, (i) is in mm/h, and A is km2 2. Following the conditions for the most economical channel design, the depth of water flow was taken as half the breadth of the channel, therefore breadth was rewritten as 2xdepth. 3. Using Mannings formula to find the area of the channel by substituting discharge in Mannings equation and re-writing area and wetted perimeter in terms of depth so as to have one unknown and then solving to find the depth and breadth accordingly. Manning’s formula: Q = 1/n AR2/3 S1/2 where a. n= roughness coefficient of the channel b. A= area of the proposed channel cross section in square meters c. R= (area/wetted perimeter) in running meters d. S= longitudinal slope of the channel Calculations 1. Calculating discharge a. From table 1. And previous literature in figure 1. The surface of Wadi Hayfadah is of heavy soil but it is not very steep, therefore the runoff coefficient is taken as 0.19 (G.Rawasi,2008) Figure 1. literature on runoff coefficient as Wadi Hyfadah b. As seen in figure 4. Intensity of rainfall at Wadi Hayfadah during cyclone Gonu and over a period of 24hours is 610mm (G.Rawasi,2008), therefore intensity at mm/hr is 610/24 hours = 25.4mm/hr = (i) c. Catchment area of Wadi Hayfadah is 459.21km2 as seen in figures 5 and 6. (G.Rawasi,2008) However, the channel is designed for part (2\%) of the catchment area of wadi Hayfadah which is approximately 9km2 Figure 5. data of Wadi Hayfadah Figure 6. Catchment area at wadi Hayfadah (G.Rawasi,2008) d. Entering all values in the rational method formula Q= 0.278 CiA Q= 0.278 x0.19x 25.4x9 =12.08m3/s 2. Area, Perimeter and Mannings Formula a. Area = Breadth x depth of water = BxD, And since B=2D as mentioned earlier for most economical design, Area is rewritten as = 2DxD or 2D2 b. Perimeter = Breadth + (2xdepth) = B+2D or 2D+2D= 4D c. Roughness coefficient = 0.035 from table 3. For some grass and no brush against banks d. Slope as seen earlier in figure 5. = 1.71\% = 0.0171 e. Mannings Formula= Q = 1/n AR2/3 S1/2 2 1 1 12.08= 0.035 𝑥 2𝐷2 𝑥(2𝐷2 /4𝐷)3 𝑥0.01712 Simplifying.. 2 1 2 1 2 12.08= 0.035 𝑥 2𝐷 1 𝐷 3 𝑥 ( 2 ) 𝑥0.01712 2 𝐷3 1 12.08= 0.035 𝑥 2𝐷 𝑥( 2 )𝑥0.01712 23 8 12.08= 28.57𝑥 ( 2𝐷 3 2 ) 𝑥0.13 23 8 12.08= 28.57𝑥1.26𝐷3 𝑥0.13 And solving… 8 2.58= 𝐷 3 D=8√2.58^3 D=1.42m Depth of channel=1.42m Therefore Breadth of channel= 2xD =2x1.42= 2.85m The cross section of the channel at Wadi Hayfadah is 1.42m x2.85m Result and discussion The above study and calculations have concluded that a channel of cross section 1.42m deep and 2.85m wide is sufficient to contain and direct water for a catchment area of 9km2 at Wadi Hayfadah during maximum precipitation periods, it is designed so that it is rectangular in shape with its breadth twice its water depth which is in line with most economic design conditions. However the designed channel may fail and over flood should the catchment area experience precipitation levels higher than the maximum specified in figure 4 (approximately 25.4mm/hr) or during catastrophic cyclones stronger than Gonu. Conclusions Drainage systems are crucial for urban cities; it protects people, their homes and their businesses from the disastrous impacts of flash floods, yet in order for the drainage systems to be efficient and sufficient for the area it is constructed at, data such as rainfall intensity, runoff coefficient, and catchment areas, etc… must be collected and analyzed, additionally formulas such as the Rational method and Mannings formulas are employed and only then a cross-section is designed. The sufficient cross-section of a channel for a discharge of 12.08m³/s is 1.42m deep and 2.85m wide, economically friendly and big enough to channel runoff water during cyclones with precipitation levels up to 610mm/day, which should be a good factor of safety for the channel since average precipitation levels are approximately 10 times less at 60mm/day. (G.Rawasi,2008) Channels must be constructed throughout the wadi’s 460km2 catchment area to channel runoff water as the proposed channel is designed to serve only 9km2 (in accordance with the Rational’s Method limitation of max area of 10km2) and will fail if the catchment area exceeds the specified area. References: 1. Write 5 reference Chapter 2 Design bulding The architectural design stretches to greater lengths with the growing technological development. There is an uprising demand for constructing structures and buildings depending on the purpose of the construction. Construction begins with preliminary study and conceptual designs that are provided to the client for approval before further proceedings. With the help of several drawing tools such as; AutoCAD and Rivet, changes of the design framework can be adapted easily to fit the design, stability, and constructability. The concerning design work in this report is on a multi-story building that a client was interested in constructing nearby an ongoing mall construction site. This report will identify the requirements of the client and present two conceptual designs to the client. The plot area provided is 10,000 square feet, which is an estimate of 930 square meters. The client also recommended the inclusion of a supermarket, restaurant, barbershop, and laundry room as part of the building for easy accessibility of products and services for the future residents. The motive of this building is to enrich convenience for future workers at the mall after completion. As part of the design criteria, the construction of the multi-story building is utilizing a focus group to identify how to compromise the building to attract its relevant residents, here, the focus group being, the future mall employees, and their families. In this investigation, the initial stage is identifying the design criteria to produce a concept of the building to provide the client with at the early phases of the contract. The conceptual design is important to confirm that the client is satisfied with the building design and also approve of other concerning factors that may affect the construction. As part of the conceptual design, the client was presented with two ground floors design, and improved design was recommended by displaying its greater incentive in terms of structure, shape, and size. This stage helps both, the architect and client to agree on the objectives of the construction project they are developing. Before classifying these designs, a preliminary study was undertaken to recognize any issues by analyzing the area location, site investigation, and soil tests. It is important to meet all objectives before construction and design to counter all hurdles and meet the design criteria. The area location is nearby an on-going mall construction. On the premises of Muscat, the mall is likely to be on a vast open area to allow sufficient space for the mall construction. It is likely for the location to be accessible and visible for a passerby to notice the existence of a mall in that area. The multi-story building will no doubt be visible but that also depends on what side of the mall will the building be facing. There some concerns to consider, for instance; is the mall going to hide the client’s building? Or will the building disrupt the final setting of the mall view? All these need to be regarded and discussed with contractors and the client to come up with solutions. In concern to the focused group of future residents, the building should consider the location to be suitable with ease of transportation, nearby high ways, and if the area is convenient and family-friendly. To fulfill most of the resident’s needs, the client has incorporated amenities to be accessible in the design of the ground floor. The site itself requires further investigation for clarification. As the built-up area is identified, contractors should check the condition of the site to confirm a building design that can be withheld (Cunningham 2013). Physical site topography such as ground conditions, barricades, and the soil components within that site. The character of the site will affect the layout of the building. The cost of construction will increase for sites that require the destruction of existing remains of structures and scraping of land to obtain a uniform level in case of sloppy areas. These factors are important to consider to achieve a welldesigned building, enhance construction quality, and address safe working conditions (Cunningham 2013). In terms of soil components, grounds with inadequate load capacity will require greater foundation strength to support a multi-story building (Cowen Construction 2017). Other environmental factors to be considered on-site are high strong winds and geological factors such as; groundwater levels, flows, and soil parameters are investigated in the preliminary study (Defra 2009). It is crucial to understand the characteristics of the soil to determine the conceptual design, therefore; soil scientists perform various studies and surveys to understand and deliver any concerns that should be settled before design development. The preliminary study is a critical stage of construction since at this point, the average cost and time need for construction can be determined, together with the client’s target and budget, a final decision can be withdrawn for the conceptual design. In the design proposal, two floorplans were drawn, one being an improved version of the previous one. The ground floor was designed with a better size, shape, and parking sequence. As requested, the ground floor included amenities such as; a restaurant, laundry, and a supermarket for the residents. The improved space utilizations made this floorplan a better one with sufficient external bordering areas that could be used for parking fit for all residents. The architectural design plan should examine the constructability, form, and stability of the conceptual design and the improved ground floor plan coincide to meet the objectives of the client, architect, and contractors. Aspects to be considered in constructability is the availability of transportation routes to the site for vehicles carrying materials, machines, and equipment for the development of the structure (BCSA 2003). One should identify the restrictions of height and surrounding area to confirm that the construction takes place conveniently. In terms of stability and form, building a multi-story requires an accurate balance on the floor-to-floor height. Moreover, the choice of materials as well as the base foundation will help sustain a stable building. For a medium-rise building (5 to 15 floors), the materials suggested are concrete or braced steel cores (Davison and Owens 2016). With these factors taken into account, an elevated floorplan was designed as in the figures. To satisfy the client’s requirements, the design schematics illustrate a floorplan with three-bedroom apartments on wither sides of the floor. The sizing estimate of each apartment is assumed to fit at least 2-3 people in each bedroom. These apartments are designed suitable for sharing and medium-sized families. The multi-story will consist of 12 floors, the top floor being a penthouse. The ergonomics of the apartments emphasize easy movement and access to the stairs and lifts. To reinforce comfort and good ventilation, all apartments are comprised of a balcony near the kitchen, which improves the air circulation within the rooms and kitchen area. The ground floor has incorporated most of the amenities, the employees to be working at the mall will have easy accessibility to all needs. The objective of this building is to create safe homes that will improve the performance of the workers at the mall as well as live comfortably with great convenience. The achievement of Environmental and sustainable buildings is widely reviewed in architecture. With environmental concerns, new approaches are necessary to enhance green buildings. The construction industry is considered to utilize plenty of energy resources. The processes conducted involve extensive CO2 emissions, which has a huge impact on environmental destruction and climate change (Cunningham 2013). With this case, the construction of this multi-story building will similarly raise environmental concerns since the availability of renewable energy is scarce in Oman particularly in construction industries. Risks of working under construction should be highlighted to avoid any accidents, without precautions, construction sites could be very dangerous. Most importantly, workers should be provided with PPE equipment to protect themselves from physical hazards, such as falling pieces while working (HSE 2006). On the other more, the health and safety considerations in the building are particularly based on the common accidents; the fire prevention policy. All apartments should have installed fire alarms, smoke detectors, and water sprinklers to help in a case fire outbreak. All floors should have a nearest exit plan and meet-up point visible to catch one’s attention. All doors should be fixed to open outwards to make it easy for all residents to escape quickly. Fire extinguishers and blankets should be located in each apartment to reduce the spread of fire (Singleton 2020). The final factor that needs attention is the buildability attributes, which is achieved by enhancing the building techniques to reduce cost and time. Since a multi-story is being developed, the use of three-story columns is advised to fasten the elevation process. Moreover, the use of frames that do not require the construction of temporary structures to aid the building process saves time, cost, and avoids waste of materials. With that being said, the initiated building design configured a similar plan for all floors to make to reduce the likelihood of mistakes in construction to due having a few principle designs for the whole building (Davison and Owens 2016). In conclusion, this writing critically analyses several factors to be considered in the design and construction of a multi-story building near an on-going mall construction. Various elements need to check before proceeding with the design proposal to avoid any unexpected faults during construction. By performing a preliminary study, two conceptual designs were established and analyzed further before the selection of the final design. Architects need to discuss and inform the clients with all concerns to be addressed earlier with the client being fully aware of outcomes affected in the budget, time, and the complete design. Reference Write 7 refernce ... Purchase answer to see full attachment