Fluent Essays

Here is the qustions 1. List the three (3) main aspects of Aristotles approach to public speaking and a provide a description of each. 2. List the six (6) points described in Part 2 (Ethos). 3. Which one of these points is most challenging for you when you give a presentation? Why? 4. In Part 3 (Logos), there are four Cs that need to be conveyed as part of your introduction. What are the four Cs? 5. Of the tips provided in Part 3 (Logos), which do you think is most important? Why? 6. In Part 4 (Pathos), there are nine (9) points described that are meant to help you connect with an audience. List those nine (9) points. 7. Which of the nine (9) points described in Part 4 (Pathos) do you think is most challenging for you as a presenter? Why? bcdp300_effective_public_speaking_series_ho_distribute_after_watching_series__2_.pdf Unformatted Attachment Preview BCDP 300 Presenting Yourself Professionally Accompanying Hand Out for the “Elements of Effective Public Speaking Series” Based on Ric Calabrese’s CAS 200 Best Practices Part 1: The Crucial Components of Professional Speech 1. Aristotle outlined three crucial components of effective rhetorical speaking:  Ethos ‐ appealing through the character and credibility of the speaker  Logos ‐ appealing through the use of logic and reason  Pathos ‐ appealing through emotion and connection 2. Regardless of the strength of your content, your delivery must be effective for the audience to buy into your message. Prepare! Rehearse! Get Feedback! Rehearse More! Part 2: Ethos – appealing through the character and credibility of the speaker E1. Be engaged the minute you walk in the room. Walk up to the front of the classroom enthusiastically, lively, as if eager to talk. Face the group, smile, and then begin to talk. E2. All media tend to be interpreted by the audience as an extension and reflection of the speaker. Not knowing how to turn off the computer, advance slides, misspelling words, or sloppy handouts all lead to negative inferences about the speaker’s credibility. E3. Use crisp diction. Words such as can, picture, going to, want to, and for are often expressed incorrectly. While this may go unnoticed in interpersonal communication, it a public place it often stands out and may reflect on the social and/or economic status of the speaker. E4. Vocalized pauses such as umm, okay, like, and you know, should not occur. The human mind works five to eight times as fast as human speech. Instead of vocalizing the extra millisecond, it is totally acceptable simply to pause and pull thoughts together silently. E5. Professional speakers are always sensitive to the audience. Late‐comers should be welcomed or acknowledged; volunteers should be thanked; anyone who asks a question should also be thanked for the question, given some type of acknowledgement that it was a good question. The question should be repeated or paraphrased in a larger group setting to ensure it was heard by all. Acknowledging audience members relates to audience‐centeredness; more importantly, it makes the speaker look gracious. E6. The presentation must be organized. Disorganized speakers are seen as less credible, as lacking in expertise. People are more engaged when they know where things are headed. All presentations should have palpable beginning, middle and end. Part 3: Logos – appealing through the use of logic and reason L1. The introduction must reflect the overall organization. Their first impression of you matters. These four “Cs” need to be conveyed in the introduction: credibility – convey expertise and competency; change – convey how the audience will be changed (why the topic is important in general and to this audience specifically); content – give a clear sense of the content of the talk, and connection – establish a connection with most if not all members of the audience. Mention explicitly what will occur in the body of the presentation so that audience has a “frame” in which to place subsequent content. L2. The body of the talk needs to have clear and distinct logical progression of your ideas. Ideas must be developed and supported by the key points, supporting materials, and source citations. L3. Notes should be kept to a minimum and NEVER read to the audience. Keep notes in an inconspicuous location. Do not hold them. Extensive material should be placed on line for audience to recover themselves or printed copies made available. Never read: BORING. L4. Cover just the right amount of material – not too much and not too little. Time your talk during rehearsals to help ensure you are covering the right about of material. You might need to cut entire ideas but better to present what time permits in a memorable fashion rather than racing through so much that you may well leave the audience with far less to actually take‐away. Rehearsing multiple times is truly the key to delivering your best public speaking effort. L5. The conclusion should review the thesis, provide an audience outcome statement or give the audience some other clear indication the presentation is over. The conclusion should be palpable. Examples: in conclusion, to recap, let me wrap up with this final point. Part 4: Pathos – appealing through emotion and connection P1. The audience should be able to infer an “audience‐centeredness” from the way the speaker responds to them. Be more concerned about whether or not the audience is enjoying and understanding the talk than about how you are doing. Generally, one cannot reach this level of audience concern without considerable rehearsal to master content. P2. Public speaking should be slower than ordinary conversation. This takes practice. Think of it as attempting to leave a space between each thought unit. It affords you time to connect and check‐ in on your audience. The appropriate speaking pace though depends on whether you are giving a presentation to a live audience or creating a video or audio presentation. The latter (webinar, youtube) should be closer to the pace of ordinary conversation. P3. Avoid the lectern. Omitting as many barriers between the speaker and the audience leads to a greater sense of connection and intimacy. Notes may be kept on lectern and speaker may return from time to time to verify points. In an auditorium setting, always ask for wireless microphone (also called a lavalier) to allow you to move closer to the audience. P4. Do not pace or rock. Movement is helpful; it reduces adrenalin and cortisol levels, but it should be meaningful. Walk into the audience. Change your location between points if you are on a stage and can’t move into the audience. P5. Hands should be available at all times. They must never be put into pockets, folded together, or clasp behind one’s back. The default position is simply allowing them to rest on each side of the body. Once speech begins, they will often begin to move naturally. P6. Eye contact is useful for connecting with and getting feedback from the audience. The speaker’s goal is create a special, reassuring moment with each audience member by making brief but intense eye contact with each person. By reading the audience’s reactions, the speaker can tell if the audience members are engaged, understanding the content, bored, confused, etc. and make adjustments accordingly. P7. The face should remain animated and expressive. Lots of facial variation regains and holds audience attention. The speaker should convey warmth rather than coolness by smiling and engaging with audience members. P8. Vocal inflection and variation add interest and signal that the speaker is enthusiastic. One may need a coach during rehearsal to remind the speaker to “punch” certain words, and raise or lower voice at other times. Vocal variation also regains and hold attention. P9. The best presenters look like they are having a good time. Smiling and being prepared help enormously in generating the kind of behavior that leads the audience to infer that the speaker is having a good time. Even if tackling a tough, serious topic, the best presenters look like they appreciate the opportunity to share their information. The secret to looking like you are having a good time is being fully prepared! Special thanks to Daniel Martin, Ric Calabrese, and Franky Nava‐Saenz for supporting BSB’s Career Development Program through their work and support in developing this series. ... Purchase answer to see full attachment