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1. Explain how psychologists can assess the effectiveness of various forms of reinforcement, and describe which form of reinforcement would persist the longest, and why.2. Explain your definition of learning, and describe one learning experience you have had using association, consequence, or observation.3. Please describe the three basic systems of memory and the roles they play. Be sure to provide specific examples of how we use each of these systems in our daily lives.75 words per question minimum unitivpsy.pdf Unformatted Attachment Preview UNIT IV STUDY GUIDE Learning and Memory Course Learning Outcomes for Unit IV Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to: 4. Describe ways in which humans learn new behaviors. 4.1 Define the functions and effectiveness of the term reinforcement. 4.2 Discuss how operant conditioning is used to change human behavior. 4.3 Describe the three processes of memory and how they are used in one’s daily life. Course/Unit Learning Outcomes 4.1 4.2 4.3 Learning Activity Unit Lesson Chapter 5, pp. 176–206 Video: Negative Reinforcement Video: The Big Picture: What Does it Mean to Learn? Unit IV Assessment Unit Lesson Chapter 5, pp. 176–206 Video: The Basics 1: Classical Conditioning: An Involuntary Response Video: The Big Picture: What Does it Mean to Learn? Simulate the Experiment: Learning Unit IV Assessment Unit Lesson Chapter 6, pp. 222–252 Video: Reasons for Forgetting Unit IV Assessment Reading Assignment Chapter 5: Learning, pp. 176–206 Chapter 6: Memory, pp. 222–252 Links to Chapters 5 and 6 of the eTextbook are provided in the Required Reading area of Unit IV in Blackboard. View the following nine short videos in MyPsychLab. You can access the videos by clicking the links provided in the Required Reading area of Unit IV in Blackboard. (You must be logged into Blackboard in order to access any MyPsychLab features.)          Simulate the Experiment: Learning The Basics 1: Classical Conditioning: An Involuntary Response Negative Reinforcement Learning The Big Picture: What Does it Mean to Learn? Operant Conditioning: Learning From Consequences Reasons for Forgetting The Basics: Do You Remember When What’s In It For Me? Making It Stick PSY 1010, General Psychology 1 Unit Lesson UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title Can a child raised by animals learn? Could he or she learn to survive alone in the wilderness? What would happen if a child is given little to no human contact? How can a child’s learning be impacted if he or she is raised in isolation? (Iqoncept, n.d.) Learning In 1920, Rev. J. A. L. Singh went on a hunting expedition, and he and his party found Kamala (who was approximately 8 years old) and Amala (who was close to 2 years of age). The children were found with their wolf mother and her three cubs. The group rescued the children, but there was not a happy ending to this story. In fact, Amala died after only a year living away from the wolves. Kamala, on the other hand, lived until 16, but she struggled to learn speech, and she only mastered a total of 45 words. She spent years being frightened when she saw humans, and she would even shriek and cry when someone approached her. She was primarily mute except for the two-to-three word sentences that she would string together. Eventually, Kamala became affectionate, but only after years of extensive attention and therapeutic massage given to her by Mrs. Singh. Her ability to learn was forever thwarted (Singh & Zingg, 1941). Is it possible to teach an old dog new tricks? Once one reaches a certain age, does learning cease to occur? Could an individual’s past learning experiences negatively impact his or her ability to learn effectively in the future? If one can learn a new behavior, can he or she unlearn one as well? Within this unit, Ciccarelli and White (2017) discuss that two types of conditioning are used to explain behaviors: classical and operant. Think for a moment. Do you believe that certain actions can be embraced to help one overcome undesirable behaviors or fears? As a matter of fact, numerous researchers posit the affirmative can take place by utilizing conditioning. For example, if you were bitten by a dog when you were 6 years old, it is quite likely that you could have developed a fear for all dogs based on your experience with that one dog. The stimulus, is now associated in your memories with the painful (negative) attack. So, how could you overcome this negative connotation with dogs? One strategy would involve systematic desensitization. This would occur when you were slowly exposed to your fear-evoking stimulus, a dog, but in a safe environment. In fact, this form of therapy is often compared to extinction, when behavior that previously elicited a certain response is no longer reinforced due to missing consequences. So, what do you think? Could you learn to overcome a fear from your past by associating it with new thoughts and experiences? PSY 1010, General Psychology (Höpfl, n.d.) 2 Pavlov’s dog experiment (Kabanova, n.d) Within the lab, you will be able to UNIT learn xmore about Ivan Pavlov STUDY GUIDE and his breakthrough research onTitle conditioning. Continued exploration of this unit will give more insight into classical conditioning and humankind’s attempts to shape or influence certain behaviors. In essence, Pavlov purported that certain elements must be present for conditioning to effectively occur. He postulated that an unconditioned response (UCR) is something that occurs innately due to genetics; it is unlearned. Therefore, when a dog sees food, also called an uncontrolled stimulus (UCS), his brain is wired to make him salivate (UCR). He was able to eventually get the dogs to salivate by associating the dog food dish, which was previously a neutral stimulus, with food, and this produced a conditioned response. In essence, the dogs learned to associate the dish with the yummy food. Ciccarelli and White (2017) also provide critically important information about operation conditioning as well. As you read this section, begin to explore your thoughts. Have you ever considered what prompts you to approach certain behaviors? Consequently, could certain issues cause you to avoid other actions altogether? Edward Thorndike’s law of effect argued that individuals are more prone to replicate certain behaviors if they are associated with reinforcement. What are your thoughts? Have you ever given a child a piece of candy to encourage (reinforce) a particular behavior? Can one also embrace certain actions to alter certain behaviors? You will learn more about behavior modification techniques that are associated with operant conditioning. Which strategy would you deem as the most effective? Which one do you think has the highest propensity for creating negative responses? How could you utilize this knowledge to positively shape your educational experiences? Do you think all people learn the same? Could differing outlooks emerge even when individuals experience the same event? Extensive research has been conducted to explore this issue. In fact, Edward Tolman (1949) centered his research on latent learning. He explained that six types of learning exist: drive discrimination, field expectancies, cathexis, motor patterns, field-cognitive modes, and equivalence beliefs. To give you an example of motor patterns, think about an animal that sees food (grass) beyond a fencepost. The animal will repeatedly shake the post in order to attempt to gain access to his luscious meal. Tolman’s varied schools of thought were influenced by a culmination of work including that performed by Edwin Guthrie, Clark Hull, and numerous gestaltists. On a scale of 1–10, how effective is punishment in your estimation? Martin and Pear (2011) explain that individuals often dispense physical punishment as a stimulus in an attempt to elicit discomfort, and essentially, stop the misbehavior. Various forms of punishment exist from electrical shocks to loud noises, spankings, and even small pinches. (Do you recall your mom pinching you as a child? Did it work to stop your behavior?) On the other hand, response cost involves removing a certain reinforcement when an unideal behavior takes place. Think about this. Have you ever received an overdraft banking fee, library fine, or parking ticket? Did these forms of punishment shape your future actions and make you think twice in future situations? As you conclude your exploration of this chapter, begin to carefully examine your thoughts about violence. Does it bother you to view aggressive acts in video games? Do you enjoy watching vicious crime movies? Do you think people can become desensitized to viewing violence? What implications could numbing reactions to violence have on our children and future generations? Memory What did you eat for supper Monday night? What did you do for fun last weekend? Where were you on September 11, 2001? Was it difficult to recall the answers to the first two questions? What about the last question? Could you immediately retrieve your memories from that fateful day? If so, you are not alone. Brown and Kulik (1977) explain that individuals can usually recall vivid memories that are associated with shocking events. This is referred to as a flashbulb memory. Ciccarelli and White (2017) review numerous issues related to memories and the impact of the power of suggestion. Think about your previous experiences when attempting to recall PSY 1010, General Psychology 3 certain events. Did specific questioning techniques assist your efforts or influence memories? When UNITyour x STUDY GUIDE prompted by certain questions, did you begin to recall aspects that never actually Titletook place? Do you think it is possible to reconstruct a memory with 100\% accuracy? What is 3 x 4? Were you able to quickly answer 12? Did you have an easy or difficult time learning your multiplication facts in elementary school? If you experienced difficulties memorizing these basic facts, how did that affect your ability to later solve algebraic equations? Do you believe one’s past experiences can thwart his or her ability to effectively glean new information? Ciccarelli and White (2017) explain that one’s ability to recall a certain memory can be influenced by the performance that is required. For example, the three-box model of memory is embraced by numerous scholars to explain memory. This model purports that we have three separate memory systems: sensory, short-term, and long-term. These systems encompass how we process our memories. This model also reinforces that our ability to successfully process certain thoughts will directly impact our ability to recall the memory effectively. As you explore this unit, challenge yourself to embrace new strategies that can assist your ability to recall information. Where did I place my glasses? What was John’s phone number? Ciccarelli and White (2017) explain that several reasons exist that explain why we forget. In fact, numerous mechanisms can account for our forgetfulness. Which one most accurately is associated with you? Have you ever attempted to forget a memory on purpose? Do you believe it is possible to suppress a traumatic event but later recall the happenings with 100\% accuracy? What was your favorite toy at 2 years of age? Did you enjoy drinking chocolate milk after recess when you were in kindergarten? In fact, what is your earliest memory? How old were you, and what were you doing that day? Do you remember what you were wearing? Do you have a picture of yourself from that memory? Could the picture or stories shared with you by others influence your memories? As you conclude your examination of this material, you will uncover research that argues many of our Kodak moments are simply stories that we have reproduced in our minds based on stories that we have heard from others. So, what do you think? Are your memories really your own? Have you been influenced by stories passed on from your family members? What are you doing now to shape your children’s memories? References Brown, R., & Kulik, J. (1977). Flashbulb memories. Cognition, 5(1), 73–99. Ciccarelli, S. K., & White, J. N. (2017). Psychology (5th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson. Höpfl, D. (n.d.). Man is afraid of a little dog, ID 107956225 [Illustration]. Retrieved from https://www.dreamstime.com/man-afraid-little-dog-clipart-who-image107956225 Iqoncept. (n.d.). What do you think survey poll question, ID 20602105 [Illustration]. Retrieved from https://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photo-what-do-you-think-survey-poll-questionimage20602105 Kabanova, V. (n.d.). Pavlov’s dog. Experiments, ID 68085050 [Illustration]. Retrieved from https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-illustration-pavlov-s-dog-experiments-illustration-studyconditioned-reflex-experiment-salivation-image68085050 Martin, G. L., & Pear, J. (2011). Behavior modification: What it is and how to do it (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Singh, J. A. L., & Zingg, R. M. (1941). Wolf-children and feral man. New York, NY: Harper. Tolman, E. C. (1949). There is more than one kind of learning. Psychological Review, 56(3), 144–155. PSY 1010, General Psychology 4 Suggested Reading UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title Continue reading in your eTextbook for additional information on learning and memory. You can access the readings via a link provided in the Suggested Reading area of Unit IV in Blackboard. Chapter 5: Learning, pp. 207–220 Chapter 6: Memory, pp. 252–262 For a review of this unit’s concepts, you are encouraged to view the PowerPoint presentations for the chapter readings by clicking on the links provided below. Click here for the Chapter 5 PowerPoint Presentation. Click here for a PDF of the presentation. Click here for the Chapter 6 PowerPoint Presentation. Click here for a PDF of the presentation. Learning Activities (Nongraded) Nongraded Learning Activities are provided to aid students in their course of study. You do not have to submit them. If you have questions, contact your instructor for further guidance and information. In the Nongraded Learning Activities area of Unit IV in Blackboard, you will find MyPsychLab links to access the following resources. They can help you to assess your understanding of this unit’s concepts.     Study the Flashcards: Chapter 5 Test Yourself: Chapter 5: On pages 220–221 of the eTextbook, there is a Test Yourself section. You can take the quiz to assess your understanding of the chapter material. Study the Flashcards: Chapter 6 Test Yourself: Chapter 6: On pages 263–264 of the eTextbook, there is a Test Yourself section. You can take the quiz to assess your understanding of the chapter material. PSY 1010, General Psychology 5 ... Purchase answer to see full attachment