answering history questions - Humanities
Answer the following in a fully developed paragraph (5-6 sentences).What role did slavery play in the secession of the southern states according to the secession documents in the packet? How did Abraham Lincoln factor into this decision, and what were his positions on black people/slavery according to the readings in the packet?please do not use any outside sources
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HIST 109: Source Packet #8
1. Lincoln-Douglas Debates: Fourth Debate: Charleston, Illinois, September 18, 1858 [Excerpt]
Eleven railroad cars of people from Indiana were among the approximately 12,000 in attendance.
Answering Douglas charge made in Jonosboro that he favored racial equality Lincoln explained his views on
race. Lincoln then charged that Douglas was plotting to create a constitution for Kansas without allowing it to
be voted upon by the people of Kansas. Lincoln gave a detailed history of the Nebraska Bill [KansasNebraska Act] and explained a conspiracy existed to nationalize slavery.
Douglas denied any conspiracy with Roger Taney, Franklin Pierce, and James Buchanon and restated the
charge that Lincoln favored equality of the races.
Mr. Lincolns Speech
Mr. Lincoln took the stand at a quarter before three, and was greeted with vociferous and protracted applause;
after which, he said:
LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: It will be very difficult for an audience so large as this to hear distinctly what a
speaker says, and consequently it is important that as profound silence be preserved as possible.
While I was at the hotel to-day, an elderly gentleman called upon me to know whether I was really in favor of
producing a perfect equality between the negroes and white people. [Great Laughter.] While I had not proposed
to myself on this occasion to say much on that subject, yet as the question was asked me I thought I would
occupy perhaps five minutes in saying something in regard to it. I will say then that I am not, nor ever have
been, in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races,
[applause]-that I am not nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying
them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people; and I will say in addition to this that there is a physical
difference between the white and black races which I believe will forever forbid the two races living together on
terms of social and political equality. And inasmuch as they cannot so live, while they do remain together there
must be the position of superior and inferior, and I as much as any other man am in favor of having the superior
position assigned to the white race. I say upon this occasion I do not perceive that because the white man is to
have the superior position the negro should be denied every thing. I do not understand that because I do not
want a negro woman for a slave I must necessarily want her for a wife. [Cheers and laughter.] My
understanding is that I can just let her alone. I am now in my fiftieth year, and I certainly never have had a black
woman for either a slave or a wife. So it seems to me quite possible for us to get along without making either
slaves or wives of negroes. I will add to this that I have never seen, to my knowledge, a man, woman or child
who was in favor of producing a perfect equality, social and political, between negroes and white men. I
recollect of but one distinguished instance that I ever heard of so frequently as to be entirely satisfied of its
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correctness-and that is the case of Judge Douglass old friend Col. Richard M. Johnson. [Laughter.] I will also
add to the remarks I have made (for I am not going to enter at large upon this subject,) that I have never had the
least apprehension that I or my friends would marry negroes if there was no law to keep them from it, [laughter]
but as Judge Douglas and his friends seem to be in great apprehension that they might, if there were no law to
keep them from it, [roars of laughter] I give him the most solemn pledge that I will to the very last stand by the
law of this State, which forbids the marrying of white people with negroes. [Continued laughter and applause.] I
will add one further word, which is this: that I do not understand that there is any place where an alteration of
the social and political relations of the negro and the white man can be made except in the State Legislature-not
in the Congress of the United States-and as I do not really apprehend the approach of any such thing myself,
and as Judge Douglas seems to be in constant horror that some such danger is rapidly approaching, I propose as
the best means to prevent it that the Judge be kept at home and placed in the State Legislature to fight the
measure. [Uproarious laughter and applause.] I do not propose dwelling longer at this time on this subject.
Source: https://www.nps.gov/liho/learn/historyculture/debate4.htm
2. Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from
the Federal Union, 1860
The people of the State of South Carolina, in Convention assembled, on the 26th day of April, A.D., 1852,
declared that the frequent violations of the Constitution of the United States, by the Federal Government, and its
encroachments upon the reserved rights of the States, fully justified this State in then withdrawing from the
Federal Union; but in deference to the opinions and wishes of the other slaveholding States, she forbore at that
time to exercise this right. Since that time, these encroachments have continued to increase, and further
forbearance ceases to be a virtue.
And now the State of South Carolina having resumed her separate and equal place among nations, deems it
due to herself, to the remaining United States of America, and to the nations of the world, that she should
declare the immediate causes which have led to this act.
In the year 1765, that portion of the British Empire embracing Great Britain, undertook to make laws for
the government of that portion composed of the thirteen American Colonies. A struggle for the right of selfgovernment ensued, which resulted, on the 4th of July, 1776, in a Declaration, by the Colonies, that they are,
and of right ought to be, FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES; and that, as free and independent States, they
have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and
things which independent States may of right do.
They further solemnly declared that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of the ends
for which it was established, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new
government. Deeming the Government of Great Britain to have become destructive of these ends, they
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HIST 109: Source Packet #8
declared that the Colonies are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political
connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved.
In pursuance of this Declaration of Independence, each of the thirteen States proceeded to exercise its
separate sovereignty; adopted for itself a Constitution, and appointed officers for the administration of
government in all its departments-- Legislative, Executive and Judicial. For purposes of defense, they united
their arms and their counsels; and, in 1778, they entered into a League known as the Articles of Confederation,
whereby they agreed to entrust the administration of their external relations to a common agent, known as the
Congress of the United States, expressly declaring, in the first Article that each State retains its sovereignty,
freedom and independence, and every power, jurisdiction and right which is not, by this Confederation,
expressly delegated to the United States in Congress assembled.
Under this Confederation the war of the Revolution was carried on, and on the 3rd of September, 1783, the
contest ended, and a definite Treaty was signed by Great Britain, in which she acknowledged the independence
of the Colonies in the following terms: ARTICLE 1-- His Britannic Majesty acknowledges the said United
States, viz: New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia,
to be FREE, SOVEREIGN AND INDEPENDENT STATES; that he treats with them as such; and for himself,
his heirs and successors, relinquishes all claims to the government, propriety and territorial rights of the same
and every part thereof.
Thus were established the two great principles asserted by the Colonies, namely: the right of a State to
govern itself; and the right of a people to abolish a Government when it becomes destructive of the ends for
which it was instituted. And concurrent with the establishment of these principles, was the fact, that each
Colony became and was recognized by the mother Country a FREE, SOVEREIGN AND INDEPENDENT
STATE.
In 1787, Deputies were appointed by the States to revise the Articles of Confederation, and on 17th
September, 1787, these Deputies recommended for the adoption of the States, the Articles of Union, known as
the Constitution of the United States.
The parties to whom this Constitution was submitted, were the several sovereign States; they were to agree
or disagree, and when nine of them agreed the compact was to take effect among those concurring; and the
General Government, as the common agent, was then invested with their authority.
If only nine of the thirteen States had concurred, the other four would have remained as they then were-separate, sovereign States, independent of any of the provisions of the Constitution. In fact, two of the States did
not accede to the Constitution until long after it had gone into operation among the other eleven; and during that
interval, they each exercised the functions of an independent nation.
By this Constitution, certain duties were imposed upon the several States, and the exercise of certain of
their powers was restrained, which necessarily implied their continued existence as sovereign States. But to
remove all doubt, an amendment was added, which declared that the powers not delegated to the United States
by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States, respectively, or to the people.
On the 23d May , 1788, South Carolina, by a Convention of her People, passed an Ordinance assenting to this
Constitution, and afterwards altered her own Constitution, to conform herself to the obligations she had
undertaken.
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HIST 109: Source Packet #8
Thus was established, by compact between the States, a Government with definite objects and powers,
limited to the express words of the grant. This limitation left the whole remaining mass of power subject to the
clause reserving it to the States or to the people, and rendered unnecessary any specification of reserved rights.
We hold that the Government thus established is subject to the two great principles asserted in
the Declaration of Independence; and we hold further, that the mode of its formation subjects it to a third
fundamental principle, namely: the law of compact. We maintain that in every compact between two or more
parties, the obligation is mutual; that the failure of one of the contracting parties to perform a material part of
the agreement, entirely releases the obligation of the other; and that where no arbiter is provided, each party is
remitted to his own judgment to determine the fact of failure, with all its consequences.
In the present case, that fact is established with certainty. We assert that fourteen of the States have
deliberately refused, for years past, to fulfill their constitutional obligations, and we refer to their own Statutes
for the proof.
The Constitution of the United States, in its fourth Article, provides as follows: No person held to service
or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or
regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up, on claim of the party to
whom such service or labor may be due.
This stipulation was so material to the compact, that without it that compact would not have been made.
The greater number of the contracting parties held slaves, and they had previously evinced their estimate of the
value of such a stipulation by making it a condition in the Ordinance for the government of the territory ceded
by Virginia, which now composes the States north of the Ohio River.
The same article of the Constitution stipulates also for rendition by the several States of fugitives from
justice from the other States.
The General Government, as the common agent, passed laws to carry into effect these stipulations of the
States. For many years these laws were executed. But an increasing hostility on the part of the non-slaveholding
States to the institution of slavery, has led to a disregard of their obligations, and the laws of the General
Government have ceased to effect the objects of the Constitution. The States of Maine, New Hampshire,
Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
Wisconsin and Iowa, have enacted laws which either nullify the Acts of Congress or render useless any attempt
to execute them. In many of these States the fugitive is discharged from service or labor claimed, and in none of
them has the State Government complied with the stipulation made in the Constitution. The State of New
Jersey, at an early day, passed a law in conformity with her constitutional obligation; but the current of antislavery feeling has led her more recently to enact laws which render inoperative the remedies provided by her
own law and by the laws of Congress. In the State of New York even the right of transit for a slave has been
denied by her tribunals; and the States of Ohio and Iowa have refused to surrender to justice fugitives charged
with murder, and with inciting servile insurrection in the State of Virginia. Thus the constituted compact has
been deliberately broken and disregarded by the non-slaveholding States, and the consequence follows that
South Carolina is released from her obligation.
The ends for which the Constitution was framed are declared by itself to be to form a more perfect union,
establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and
secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity.
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HIST 109: Source Packet #8
These ends it endeavored to accomplish by a Federal Government, in which each State was recognized as
an equal, and had separate control over its own institutions. The right of property in slaves was recognized by
giving to free persons distinct political rights, by giving them the right to represent, and burthening them with
direct taxes for three-fifths of their slaves; by authorizing the importation of slaves for twenty years; and by
stipulating for the rendition of fugitives from labor.
We affirm that these ends for which this Government was instituted have been defeated, and the
Government itself has been made destructive of them by the action of the non-slaveholding States. Those States
have assume the right of deciding upon the propriety of our domestic institutions; and have denied the rights of
property established in fifteen of the States and recognized by the Constitution; they have denounced as sinful
the institution of slavery; they have permitted open establishment among them of societies, whose avowed
object is to disturb the peace and to eloign the property of the citizens of other States. They have encouraged
and assisted thousands of our slaves to leave their homes; and those who remain, have been incited by
emissaries, books and pictures to servile insurrection.
For twenty-five years this agitation has been steadily increasing, until it has now secured to its aid the
power of the common Government. Observing the forms of the Constitution, a sectional party has found within
that Article establishing the Executive Department, the means of subverting the Constitution itself. A
geographical line has been drawn across the Union, and all the States north of that line have united in the
election of a man to the high office of President of the United States, whose opinions and purposes are hostile to
slavery. He is to be entrusted with the administration of the common Government, because he has declared that
that Government cannot endure permanently half slave, half free, and that the public mind must rest in the
belief that slavery is in the course of ultimate extinction.
This sectional combination for the submersion of the Constitution, has been aided in some of the States by
elevating to citizenship, persons who, by the supreme law of the land, are incapable of becoming citizens; and
their votes have been used to inaugurate a new policy, hostile to the South, and destructive of its beliefs and
safety.
On the 4th day of March next, this party will take possession of the Government. It has announced that the
South shall be excluded from the common territory, that the judicial tribunals shall be made sectional, and that a
war must be waged against slavery until it shall cease throughout the United States.
The guaranties of the Constitution will then no longer exist; the equal rights of the States will be lost. The
slaveholding States will no longer have the power of self-government, or self-protection, and the Federal
Government will have become their enemy.
Sectional interest and animosity will deepen the irritation, and all hope of remedy is rendered vain, by the
fact that public opinion at the North has invested a great political error with the sanction of more erroneous
religious belief.
We, therefore, the People of South Carolina, by our delegates in Convention assembled, appealing to the
Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, have solemnly declared that the Union
heretofore existing between this State and the other States of North America, is dissolved, and that the State of
South Carolina has resumed her position among the nations of the world, as a separate and independent State;
with full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and
things which independent States may of right do.
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HIST 109: Source Packet #8
Adopted December 24, 1860
Source: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/csapage.asp
3. A Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of
Mississippi from the Federal Union, 1861
In the momentous step which our State has taken of dissolving its connection with the government of which
we so long formed a part, it is but just that we should declare the prominent reasons which have induced our
course.
Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery—the greatest material interest of the
world. Its labor supplies the product which constitutes by far the largest and most important portions of
commerce of the earth. These products are peculiar to the climate verging on the tropical regions, and by an
imperious law of nature, none but the black race can bear exposure to the tropical sun. These products have
become necessities of the world, and a blow at slavery is a blow at commerce and civilization. That blow has
been long aimed at the institution, and was at the point of reaching its consummation. There was no choice left
us but submission to the mandates of abolition, or a dissolution of the Union, whose principles had been
subverted to work out our ruin.
That we do not overstate the dangers to our institution, a reference to a few facts will sufficiently prove.
The hostility to this institution commenced before the adoption of the Constitution, and was manifested in
the well-known Ordinance of 1787, in regard to the Northwestern Territory.
The feeling increased, until, in 1819-20, it deprived the South of more than half the vast territory acquired
from France.
The same hostility dismembered Texas and seized upon all the territory acquired from Mexico.
It has grown until it denies the right of property in slaves, and ...
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