Fluent Essays

Use at least 1-inch margins all around.Type your paper double spaced using 12 pt font, Times Roman.Acceptable format is MSWord.Reminder: You are bound by the university’s honor code and may not receive assistance in completingthis assignment. It is your individual work.1. Briefly describe the history, structure and functioning of the IAEA.2. Briefly describe the origin and purpose of the NPT. Also describe obligations of the NPT oncountries that are signatory to the treaty. In particular, summarize the safeguards obligationsunder Article III of the NPT, the goals and mission.3. Describe the different types of safeguards agreements between the IAEA and States depending onwhether they are a nuclear weapon state or a non-nuclear weapon state and whether they are asignatory to the NPT (or not).A sufficient exploration of the topic might yield a paper between 1200 and 1500 words.Cite all sources in the body of the paper and include a list of complete references. Some references areincluded on Blackboard. Utilize the materials provided in the course and find at least two additionalreferences using the library (electronic resources available through the library are acceptable/encouragedsuch as the open literature).Rubric for grading each computational problem with points assessed for or related to:Is all work shown and the solution legibly and logically developed? If the answer is “no” then the grade iszero automatically since the problem can’t be graded as given in the exam instructions and discussed inclass. If the answer is “yes”, then continue grading.If the work and answer are determined to be plagiarized, then the grade is zero points assessed.Are the correct governing equations clearly identified?Are all referenced or assumed values given correctly with proper units?Was the problem worked properly (e.g. correctly complete steps for a solution)?If graphs or tables are required, properly label and title all parts with correct units additionally.Did the student get the correct final answer with proper units given?Is the problem free of conceptual errors?Rubric for essay and short answer questions with points assessed for or related to:Is the answer typed and written in a professional and grammatically correct manner? If the answer is “no”then the grade is zero automatically since the problem can’t be graded as given in the exam instructions. Ifthe answer is “yes”, then continue grading.If the answer is determined to be plagiarized, then the grade is zero points assessed.Does the response address each of the key concepts identified for this problem?Correct explanation and exploration of the topic assignedUse and citation of sources provided in the course and additional required source(s)Grammar and readabilityOverall content and format including following directions in the assignment and any additions orclarifications made via Blackboard.Is the answer free of conceptual errors?Remember:In accordance with the syllabus, 75\% of the grade for this assignment is based on performance related tothe assignment. The other 25\% is for the self-assessment to come afterward.note: all sources and references are in the attachment as well as the rubric for the essay, try to write an academic essay for student. _seminar_usc_columbia_international_safeguards2015.pdf hanks_university_engagement_usc_2014.pdf lecture_1_nuclear_nonproliferation_regime_a_bit_of_history_approved_.pdf rubric.docx safegureds_and_npt.pdf _seminar_usc_columbia_international_safeguards2015.pdf hanks_university_engagement_usc_2014.pdf lecture_1_nuclear_nonproliferation_regime_a_bit_of_history_approved_.pdf safegureds_and_npt.pdf satructure_npt_and_iaea.pdf Unformatted Attachment Preview International Nuclear Safeguards & Job Opportunities Helly Diaz Marcano April 23, 2015 SRNL-MS-2013-00042 International nuclear safeguards play an essential role to help ensure that nuclear materials are not used to make weapons. Nuclear Material Testing Delivery Systems Arming, Firing & Fuzing Systems Technical Know-How High Explosive Note: Here “safeguards” are not the same as nuclear safety. 2 The technical objective of International Nuclear Safeguards is: “…the timely detection of diversion of significant quantities of nuclear material from peaceful nuclear activities; • to the manufacture of nuclear weapons • or of other nuclear explosive devices • or for purposes unknown, and deterrence of such diversion by risk of early detection.” IAEA Information Circular (INFCIRC)153 paragraph 28 3 What are the technical tools that can be used for nuclear material safeguards? 4 Nuclear materials can be sampled for and weighed for Destructive Analysis (DA). Destructive Analysis (DA) + Weighing 5 Typical Destructive Analysis Methods Used by the IAEA for Safeguards NBL Davies & Gray Potentiometric Titration • gram sized sample • For all types of U compounds (few interferences) Ignition Gravimetry • gram sized sample • For pure U or Pu oxides, with impurity correction required Pu Concentration by Coulometry 3-5 mg sample • For all types of Pu materials, after removal of potential interfering elements • Mostly applied for certification of inhouse reference materials U, Pu Conc. & Ratios by IDMS (TIMS) Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS) • 50-500 ng filament loads • For all pure and mixed U, Pu materials • Requires chemical separation to remove interferences • Latest generation of TIMS instruments have 3 x or more higher precision on the U ratios 6 DA methods for IAEA for Environmental Samples • Environmental safeguards sampling and analysis is a powerful method for verifying declared operations at safeguards facilities • Analyses completed at IAEA Network of World Analytical Laboratories (NWAL) • Swipe Analysis – NDA Gamma-ray Spectrometry – X-ray fluorescence – Uranium Assay by ICP-MS or ID TIMS, Isotopics by TIMS – Plutonium Assay and Isotopics by ID TIMS • Rigorous QA program – Process blank(s) run with every batch – Blind QC samples analyzed at least once per year • Much smaller quantities of material than traditional accountability measurements – Uranium: 1 ng – 10 mg – Plutonium: 1 fg – 10 ng 7 Detection of gamma radiation is used in a variety of nuclear material measurements (NDA). Portable gamma spectroscopy Attribute Measurement for Uranium-235 Measurement of holdup 8 Containment & Surveillance methods assure “continuity of knowledge” (COK) about nuclear materials. EOSS seal Metal seal COBRA seal DCM-14 video camera 9 How are the technical measures applied to achieve a Safeguards objective? 10 Measures for nuclear material safeguards depend upon the form, amount, and strategic value of the material. Form: Item Amount: , or Bulk Plutonium 8 kg – “Significant Quantity” (SQ) – as defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency HEU 25 kg Strategic Value: – “Direct Use”: Plutonium, High Enriched U (HEU), and 233U • unirradiated • irradiated – “Indirect Use”: uranium (except HEU), and thorium The timeliness of Safeguards measures is dictated by the strategic value of the material. 11 Safeguards are based on accountancy, which seeks to verify the “material balance” for a “material balance area”. Material Balance Area (MBA) Beginning Physical Inventory Increases to inventory Ending Physical Inventory Time Decreases Material Balance: (Beginning Inventory) + (In) - (Out) = (Ending Inventory) But it’s never perfect: the difference is termed “Material Unaccounted For” (MUF) MUF = (Beginning Inventory) + (In) - (Out) - (Ending Inventory) 12 For international nuclear safeguards, accountancy assures that nuclear materials are present and used as intended. State declares nuclear materials and facilities Independent inspections periodically verify the declaration: – – – – confirm facility design information examine operator records & reports identify & count items assay nuclear materials Containment and surveillance measures ensure “Continuity of Knowledge”: i.e., that no changes occur between inspections – tags & seals – video cameras 13 International nuclear safeguards resemble the auditing function in banking: (Material Accountancy) Camera Auditor Security Guard Accountant Bank Vault (Facility) (IAEA Inspector) (Physical Protection) (Nuclear Material) 14 How are Nuclear Safeguards applied internationally? “Traditional” IAEA Safeguards 15 International safeguards are called for by treaties and other agreements between parties. For assurance that nuclear materials are properly protected, controlled, accounted for, and used for peaceful purposes: Parties monitor each other bilaterally, or A 3rd party (international authority) is delegated the monitoring function 16 The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) both promotes and safeguards atomic energy. Created in 1957 by Statute Affiliated with the United Nations Objective: “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world.” Now comprises 159 Member States, which IAEA headquarters, Vienna – participate in formulating Agency policies – are eligible for technical assistance in the peaceful use of nuclear energy – share the costs of its operation 17 IAEA Inspectorswho they are and where they go • Professionals from around the world • With specific in-house training (ICAS, CIE, etc.) • Approved by the Board of Governors (BoG) • Designation for countries • Total number of inspectors in three Operation Divisions: 250 • Female: 40 Male: 210 • Each of the three Operations Divisions is responsible for the implementation of safeguards in a different geographical area; •Division of Operations A is responsible for inspections in Australasia and East Asia; Division of Operations B is responsible for the Middle East, South Asia, Africa, some non-EU European states, and the Americas; • and • Division of Operations C is responsible for Europe, the Russian Federation and Central Asia 18 An IAEA Inspector is expected to perform a wide range of tasks. audit bookkeeping records of a facility determine stratification & sampling verify inventory of materials perform nondestructive assay measurements service containment & surveillance equipment count controlled items take samples for destructive analysis perform design information verification carry out complementary access write reports & documentation travel other – negotiate facility attachments – develop new measurements – train other inspectors 19 Verification Process Preparation Travelling Scheduling Planning Verification process Reporting Follow-up Verification Activities Analysis of verification results 20 Commonly used portable NDA equipment IdentiFinder (HM-5) Cerenkov Viewing Device (ICVD) Mini MCA (MMCA) w/ NaI & Cd ZnTe InSpector-2000 MCA w/ Ge detector Swipe Sampling Kit Portable HPGe 21 Inspector activities in the field Design Information Verification Inspection Inspector activities Complementary Access 22 Verification Activities under Safeguards Agreements • Auditing of Accounting and Operating Records • Comparison of Record and Reports • Verification of • Inventory changes • Inventories • Use of Containment and Surveillance systems • Use of Environmental Sampling • Design Information Verification • Evaluation of collected data and available information • Reporting of results and conclusions 23 Measures under Additional Protocol • Information on the entire nuclear fuel cycle (from Mines to Waste) • Analysis of: • States’ Additional Protocol declarations • All available information • Complementary Access • Visual observations • Environmental sampling • Radiation detection equipment • Examination of records 24 All-source information analysis • The basis for soundly based safeguards conclusions Satellite imagery Satellite imagery Remote monitoring data News reports Continuous, collaborative allsource information analysis for State Evaluations NDA equipment Metal seals evaluation Seibersdorf Analytical Laboratory COBRA image analysis COBRA seal 25 IAEA Employment Requirements
University degree in relevant subject Preparation
Relevant work experience Travelling Scheduling
Fluency in English (oral and written)
Ability to work overseas in an international setting AdditionalVerification Desired Qualifications process Verification Activities
Multilingual proficiencies
International work experience
Knowledge Reportingof IAEA mission, non-proliferation and international security Follow-up
Good social skills 26 BNL Recruitment Responsibilities
Home of the International Safeguards Project Office (ISPO) (www.bnl.gov/ispo)
ISPO is responsible for managing the U.S. Support Program to IAEA Safeguards (USSP)
ISPO recruits for positions in the Department of Safeguards
Regular Staff
Cost Free Experts
Junior Professional Officers 27 Safeguards Staffing Needs
Chemistry Destructive Analysis Environmental Sample Analysis Secondary Ion Mass Spec. Thermal Ionization Mass Spec. Calorimetry







Satellite imagery







Training Safeguards analysis Diversion path analysis Safeguards approaches Procedures Quality management Technical writing Finance Nondestructive assay Surveillance Tamper indicating seals Information architecture Software development Open source information analysis Unattended and remote monitoring systems 28 ANL Recruitment Responsibilities
Home of the International Program (international.anl.gov)
Manages the U.S. Support Program for IAEA non-Safeguards
Recruits for positions in all non-Safeguards departments
Regular Staff
Cost Free Experts
Junior Professional Officers 29 Non-Safeguards Staffing Needs
Inspection Chemical, Physical & Life Sciences
Nuclear Security (Prevention, Detection, Response, Threat Analysis)
Nuclear Safety (Regulatory Activities, Health Physics, Assessment)
Environmental Monitoring (Terrestrial, Marine, Climate)
Raw Materials (Evaluation, Mining, Analysis, Processing)
Power Plants (Planning, Operation, Management, Decommissioning)
Fuel & Waste Management (Technology, Infrastructure)
Information Technology (Systems, Network & Telecommunications)
Human Resources (Training, Nuclear Knowledge Management) Complementary
Other (Human Health, Agriculture, Law, Communications, etc) Access 30 Job Categories



Regular Staff Positions Cost Free Experts (CFEs) Junior Professional Officers (JPOs) Internships 31 Regular Staff Regular staff are mid- to late-career professionals who work at the IAEA for 5 to 7 years to help the IAEA carry out its mission.



Approximately 2000 IAEA Staff (600 in Safeguards) Approximately 12\% from the United States Vacancies posted online (www.iaea.org/phf/p_vacancies.asp) Submit applications online (https://recruitment.iaea.org) Qualifications & requirements
P2 - college degree and 2 years of experience
P3 - advanced college degree and 5 years of experience
P4 - advanced college degree and 7 years of experience
P5 - advanced college degree and 10 years of experience
Specific requirements for each vacancy
3-year initial contract 32 Cost Free Experts CFEs are sponsored by the U.S. government to address short term, technical projects for which the IAEA does not have the necessary expertise or manpower.
Appointments from 2-5 years
Over 200 experts placed since 1977
Currently 22 CFEs in the Department of Safeguards Qualifications & requirements
U.S. citizens
Advanced college degree
5 or more years of work experience
Specific requirements for each vacancy
2-year initial contract
Typically placed at the P3, P4, or P5 level Safeguards CFEs are advertised on the ISPO website. Applications should be submitted to ISPO as directed on the website. Candidates interested in non-Safeguards CFEs should contact ANL. 33 Junior Professional Officers JPOs are entry-level employees that obtain professional experience while performing essential duties. The program is intended to introduce a new generation to international civil service and the nuclear industry, and assist IAEA with basic, yet essential work.
Assignments from 1-2 years
Over 25 JPOs placed in the Department of Safeguards
Currently 8 JPOs in the Department of Safeguards Qualifications & requirements
U.S. citizens (Safeguards also accepts permanent residents)
College degree in relevant field
0-2 years of work experience
Less than 32 years of age
Ability to work independently
Typically placed at the P1 or P2 level Safeguards JPOs are advertised on the ISPO website. Applications should be submitted to ISPO as directed on the website. Candidates interested in non-Safeguards JPOs should contact ANL. 34 Internships





Program is administered directly by the IAEA IAEA takes around 125 interns per year ISPO and ANL have some information Small stipends are provided by IAEA Between three months - one year in duration Limited benefits NDA equipment Applications should be submitted directly to IAEA: http://www.iaea.org/About/Jobs/internships.html 35 IAEA Employment Benefits
Salaries & benefits of UN Common System (Education grant, rental subsidy, dependency allowances)
Relocation expenses
Family support services (Housing, schooling, child-care center)
6 weeks annual leave & home leave NDA equipment
Compensatory time off
Medical insurance and pension plan
Training and staff development
Flexible working hours 36 Living & Working in Vienna
Culturally rich and close to other major European cities




NDA equipment Ranked #1 for best quality of living in the world (Mercer) Very safe with low crime IAEA Working language is English Excellent public transportation Maintain American citizenship 37 Support for Potential Applicants




Working for the IAEA: A Guidebook for U.S. Citizens One-on-one consultations about opportunities Answers to questions about benefits Assistance with applications and interviews Tracking of applications through the selection process NDA equipment 38 Additional Information




www.bnl.gov/ispo http://international.anl.gov/careers http://www.linkedin.com/groups?home=&gid=2144464 www.usvienna.com www.iaea.org Tanya Collins BNL - Bldg 197C P.O. Box 5000 Upton, NY 11973-5000 Phone: 631-344-2380 E-mail: TCollins@bnl.gov Allison Holiski or Sunaree Hamilton NDA equipment Argonne National Laboratory 9700 South Cass Avenue Argonne, IL 60439 Phone: 630-252-5491 E-mail: IAEAStaffing@anl.gov 39 Acknowledgement
Our Sponsor;
DOE-NNSA / NGSI (Next Generation Safeguards Initiatives) http://nnsa.energy.gov/mediaroom/factsheets/nextgenerationsafeguards “While safeguards demands are growing rapidly, many safeguards professionals are nearing retirement age. To alleviate the human capital shortage, NGSI will work to recruit, train and retain the next generation of international safeguards professionals and encourage U.S. experts to seek employment at the IAEA.” Interested in participating in the NGSI internship program? NDA equipment Contact Melissa Scholz at melissa.scholz@nnsa.doe.gov. 40 Questions? Helly Diaz Marcano Office: 803-725-9305 Cell: 803-645-0458 helly.diazmarcano@srnl.doe.gov 41 THANK YOU! 42 Basic Overview of International Atomic Energy Agency Safeguards; Implementation in the U.S. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission David H. Hanks Senior International Nuclear Safeguards Analyst Eric Freeman International Nuclear Safeguards Analyst Key Points ■ Why does the world need an International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) ■ Basic Agreements and Arrangements ■ Goals and objectives of the IAEA ■ State System of Accounting and Control of Nuclear Material (SSAC) ■ US Nuclear Regulatory Commission International Safeguards Responsibilities Spring 2014 International Nuclear Safeguards 2 Atoms for Peace • Why a Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT): – – – – • All NPT parties required to bring into force a safeguards agreement with the IAEA – • Atomic weapon first used in 1945 Secrecy fails as USSR and UK test A-bomb in 1949, 1952 U.S. and USSR test H-bomb in 1952, 1953 Disarmament negotiations deadlocked Allow safeguards on all source and special fissionable material in Non-nuclear-weapon States Proposed establishing international organization to promote peaceful uses of nuclear energy – Foster the exchange of scientific and technical information – Assistance subject to verification of peaceful use – To administer safeguards on source and special nuclear material • U.S. Atomic Energy Act of 1954 – Establish a national program of fostering research and development – A program to encourage participation in use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes – Codified U.S. bilateral program of cooperation Spring 2014 International Nuclear Safeguards 3 4 International Atomic Energy Agency Nuclear Safeguards ■ Cornerstone of Nuclear Nonproliferation: ■ Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (Non-Proliferation Treaty, NPT) ■ Statute of International Atomic Energy Agency 1956 ■ NPT open for signature 1968 & entered into force 1970 ■ When NPT went into force: 5 States with nuclear weapons ■ USA, UK, France, Russia, China ■ Considered permanent members of United Nations Security Council ■ Some other States with nuclear capability; Pakistan, India, North Korea ■ Israel has not confirmed or denied having nuclear weapons ■ Voluntary Offer Agreements for all 5 NWS Spring 2014 International Nuclear Safeguards 5 International Safeguards Evolution Information circulars (INFCIRCs) are the legal instruments that establish IAEA safeguards objectives and practices International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Atoms for Peace 1945 1953 1957 Spring 2014 Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) The NPT requires NNWS to accept full-scope safeguards and to conclude a comprehensive safeguards agreement with the IAEA INFCIRC/66 INFCIRC/153 INFCIRC/540 Pre-NPT Safeguards Model Comprehensive Safeguards Model Additional Protocol Model 1965 1970 1972 International Nuclear Safeguards 1997 6 Agreements and Arrangements Safeguards Agreement (INFCIRC/153) Defines safeguards requirements for a State Submitted to the Board of Governors for approval Subsidiary Arrangement Specifies details of safeguards implementation Facility Attachment UYKO Facility Attachment UYLM A facility attachment defines safeguards measures for a specific facility Spring 2014 International Nuclear Safeguards IAEA Goals and Objectives • Objectives of IAEA Safeguards – – – – Verify compliance with commitments made by States under Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement Nuclear material used for peaceful nuclear activities Nuclear material not diverted to nuclear weapons program Nuclear material not diverted to other nuclear explosive devices—radiation bomb • Safeguards focus is verification of declared materials in declared facilities • Safeguards on all source and special fissionable material in a State allow the IAEA to provide credible assurance of the non-diversion of nuclear material from declared activities • Safeguards is based on design verification and materials accountancy, augmented by containment and surveillance • Provision is provided for special inspections by the Agency, in principle at any location, but the provision is rarely used • A conc ... Purchase answer to see full attachment