A SHORT CASE STUDY BASED ON GENETICS

A short case study based on genetics - Science
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There is an attached file with questions related to genetics. They dont need to be written professionally, but detailed explanations would be very good. genetics_hw.docx Unformatted Attachment Preview Introduction To date different risk factors have been identified regarding the likelihood of contracting COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. For example, there is a lower risk of contracting COVID-19 if you remain 2 metres away from someone who is known to be infected. The risk becomes much greater if you are in close contact with someone who has been infected with the virus because the virus is known to be carried on particles expelled from the respiratory system of the infected person, and can remain viable (active) on surfaces for up to several days. And yet, some who are exposed to people infected with the virus do not seem to be as likely to get COVID-19 as others. Why is this? It is possible that natural differences in our cells influence the risk of getting a disease after you are exposed. For example, it has been shown that some viruses like the hepatitis C virus and the norovirus take advantage of the differences in proteins found on the surfaces of our cells. These proteins are known as antigens and are shown in figure 1 below. These differences can have interesting consequences regarding who gets sick and who does not when they are exposed to the virus. Figure 1. Red blood cells with antigens on the surface of their membranes. https://i.stack.imgur.com/ObHfP.jpg The idea that proteins called antigens found on your cells influence whether or not you get sick has also been associated with blood type. This is because your blood type is determined by the presence of antigens as shown in the table below. If you have blood type A, your blood cells express the A antigen. If you have blood type B, your blood cells express the B antigen. If you have blood type AB it means you express both A and B antigens on the surface of your blood cells. If you have blood type O you do not express any antigens at all. The genetics of blood types Your blood type and thus the presence of these antigens are determined by a gene which has three different alleles - A, B and O. The table below shows the different possible combinations of alleles (genotypes) that you could inherit from your mother and father to get different blood types. Mother’s alleles Father’s alleles A B O A AA AB AO B AB BB BO O AO BO OO Alleles A and B are both dominant - meaning if you inherit one copy of each, you will express both of them and have blood genotype AB. Allele O is recessive - meaning the only way to have type O blood is if you inherit two copies of this allele and have blood genotype OO. Questions: Use your understanding of genetics and Punnett squares to answer the following questions about blood types. 1. The Punnett square below shows the result of a cross between a mother who is heterozygous for blood type A and a father who is heterozygous for blood type B. Mother’s alleles Father’s alleles A O B AB BO O AO OO a) What are the chances of producing offspring with the following blood types: Blood type O? __________ Blood type AB? __________ b) What is the blood type of the offspring that have the genotype AO? 2. Predict the genotypes and phenotypes for a cross between a mother who is homozygous for blood type A and a father who is blood type O. 3. A father is questioning the paternity of his child. He has blood type B, the mother has blood type AB and the son has blood type A. Is it possible that the child could be his? If so, under what conditions? What does this have to do with COVID-19? Blood antigen proteins such as A and B can be expressed by many of the body’s cells like the lungs and intestines and are known to act as places where viruses can attach to your cells. Thus, a person’s blood type may be associated with how likely they are to get sick, even if that disease does not directly impact blood cells. In a study that was released by Zhao et al. (2020), the authors investigated a potential relationship between blood type and risk of being hospitalized with COVID-19. They looked at the blood types of patients and people who died and compared that to controls (people without COVID-19) in both Wuhan and Shenzen. The scientists collected and checked the blood types from 1,775 patients with COVID-19, including 206 dead cases, at the Jinyintan Hospital in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. Another 285 patients were recruited from Shenzhen Third Peoples Hospital, Guangdong province, China. Blood types were also checked for 3,694 normal people from Wuhan City and 23,386 normal people from Shenzhen City to be used as “controls.” The following is a table of the data they collected as well as two graphs that visually show the data. The ABO blood group distribution in patients with COVID-19 and normal controls. Data from Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital Percentage of Individuals with Each Blood Type Controls (people in Wuhan area) A B AB O 32.16\% 24.91\% 9.10\% 33.84\% Patients 37.75\% 26.42\% 10.03\% 25.80\% Deaths 41.26\% 24.27\% 9.22\% 25.24\% Data from Shenzen Third Peoples Hospital Percentage of Individuals with Each Blood Type A B AB O Controls (people in Shenzen area) 28.77\% 25.14\% 7.32\% 38.77\% Patients 28.77\% 29.12\% 13.68\% 28.42\% Figure 1. The ABO blood group distribution in patients with COVID-19 and normal controls from Wuhan area and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital. Figure 2. The ABO blood group distribution in patients with COVID-19 and normal controls from Shenzen area and Shenzen Third People’s Hospital. Questions: Use the data in the table and graphs to answer the following questions. 1. What conclusions can you draw about the differences in the chances of getting sick with COVID-19 based on blood type? 2. Compared to data from the Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, some data are missing from the Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital. What are these missing data and how does this impact the conclusions you can make from this study? 3. How could the study by Zhao et al. (2020) be improved to make it more accurate? 4. Do you think there is any danger in presenting “raw” data like that presented in the table to the public? Why or why not? ... Purchase answer to see full attachment
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