Fluent Essays

Please read chapter 8 and 9 of the class textbook and review the attached PowerPoint presentations. Once done answer the following questions;1. Give an overview of the Inhabited localities and topography of the Appalachian and Arab heritage.2. Discuss any similarities in the beliefs of the Appalachian and Arab heritages regarding the delivery of healthcare.3. How the religion or folks beliefs influence the delivery of healthcare in these two heritages. You must cite or quote at least two evidence-based references (besides the class textbook) no older than 5 years old. Two replies to any or yours peers sustained with the proper reference (s) are required. A minimum of 600 words excluding the first and references page is required. culture_chapter_8.ppt culture_chapter_9.ppt first_page_example.docx textbook_chapters_8___9.docx Unformatted Attachment Preview Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Appalachians Larry Purnell, PhD, RN, FAAN Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Overview ▪ Heritage from England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, France, and Germany ▪ Came to the United States for religious freedom and better economic opportunities ▪ Purposely isolated themselves in the mountains to live and practice their religions as they chose Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Overview Continued ▪ Appalachia includes 410 counties in 13 states and extends from southern New York to northern Mississippi. ▪ Continuous migration from the country to the city and vice versa ▪ High proportion of aging in Appalachia ▪ Farming, mining, textiles, service industries, etc. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Overview Continued ▪ High poverty and unemployment rates ▪ Originally most educated group in America, now some of the least educated due to isolation ▪ Area still lacks infrastructure Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Communications ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Carry over from Elizabethan English Spellin for spelling Warsh for wash Badder for bad Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Ethic of Neutrality ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Avoid aggression and assertiveness Do not interfere with others’ lives Avoid dominance over others Avoid arguments and seek agreement Accept without judging—use few adjectives and adverbs, resulting in less precise description of emotions and thoughts Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Communications ▪ Sensitive about direct questions and personal issues ▪ Sensitive to hints of criticism. A suggestion may be seen as criticism. ▪ Cordiality precedes information sharing so “sit a spell” and chat before doing business, which is necessary for developing trust Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Communication Continued ▪ A few may avoid direct eye contact because it can be perceived as aggression, hostility, or impoliteness ▪ More being than doing oriented, more relaxed culture and being in tune with body rhythms ▪ Be formal with name format until told to do otherwise. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Communication Continued ▪ Healthcare provider must be flexible and adaptable ▪ Come early or late for an appointment and still expect to be seen ▪ Family lineage is important ▪ Formality with respect—Miz Florence or Mr. John Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Family ▪ Varied decision-making patterns but the more traditional Appalachian family is still primarily patriarchal ▪ Women make decisions about health care and usually carry out the herbal treatments and folk remedies ▪ Women marry at a young age and have larger families than the other white ethnic groups Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Family Continued ▪ Children are accepted regardless of what they do ▪ Hands-on physical punishment is common ▪ Motherhood increases the status of the woman in the eyes of the community ▪ Take great pride in being independent and doing things for oneself Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Family Continued ▪ Family rather than the individual is the treatment unit ▪ Having a job is more important than having a prestigious position ▪ Consistent with the ethic of neutrality, alternative lifestyles are accepted, they are just not talked about ▪ Extended family is the norm Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Biocultural Ecology ▪ High incidence of respiratory conditions due to occupations ▪ Increase of parasitic infections due to lack of modern utilities in some areas ▪ High incidence of cancer, otitis media, anemia, obesity, cardiovascular disease, suicide, accidents, SIDS, and mental illness Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition High-Risk Behaviors ▪ Tobacco is a main farming crop in some areas of Appalachia ▪ Smoke at a young age ▪ Alcohol use at a young age—binge drinking ▪ Believe in the mind, body, spirit connection Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Ten Steps in Seeking Health Care ▪ Use self-care practices learned from mother or grandmother ▪ Call mother or grandmother if available ▪ Then trusted female family member, neighbor, or a nurse ▪ Then go to OTCs they saw on TV ▪ Then use a neighbor’s prescription medicine Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Ten Steps in Seeking Health Care Continued ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Pharmacist or nurse for advice Physician or Advanced Practice Nurse Then to a specialist Then to the closest tertiary medical center DO NOT BE JUDGMENTAL, if you want to keep them in the system Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Nutrition ▪ Food may be synonymous with wealth ▪ Wide variety of meats, do not trim the fat—low-fat wild game is also eaten ▪ Organ meats are common ▪ Bones and bone marrow used for making sauces ▪ Preserve with salt Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Nutrition Continued ▪ Lots of frying (using lard or bacon grease) and pickling ▪ Anytime is the time to celebrate with food, especially in the rural areas ▪ Many teens have particularly poor health ▪ Status symbol to have instant coffee and snack foods for some Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Nutrition Continued ▪ Early introduction of solid foods ▪ May feed babies teaspoons of grease to make them healthy and strong ▪ Diet is frequently deficient in Vitamin A, iron, and calcium Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Childbearing Family ▪ Must eat well to have a healthy baby ▪ Do not reach over your head when pregnant to prevent the cord from wrapping around the neck of the fetus ▪ Being frightened by a snake or eating strawberries or citrus can cause the baby to be marked ▪ Use bands around the belly and asafetida bags Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Death Rituals ▪ Must stay with the dying person ▪ Family should not be left alone ▪ Funerals with personal objects at the viewing and buried in their best clothes ▪ May take the deceased for viewing at home ▪ After the funeral there is more food and singing and for some a “wake” to celebrate life Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Death Rituals Continued ▪ Flowers are more important than donations to charity ▪ Particularly good at working through the grieving process ▪ Funeral directors are commonly used for bereavement ▪ Cremation is acceptable and ashes may be saved or dispersed on the “land” Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Spirituality ▪ Baptist, Pentecostal, Episcopalian, Jehovah’s Witness, Methodist, Presbyterian ▪ Each church adapts to the community ▪ Most are highly religious even though they do not attend church ▪ Common to attend Sunday and other days ▪ Preacher has a calling to “preach” ▪ Ministers are trained Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Spirituality Continued ▪ Meaning in life comes from the family and “living right with God,” which varies by the specific religious sect ▪ Nature is in control—fatalism ▪ Religion and faith is important in a hostile environment ▪ I will be there if the “creek does not rise” or if “God is willing”—fatalism Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Healthcare Practices Good health is due to God’s Will Self-reliance fosters self-care practices Family important for health care May be very ill before a decision is made to see a professional resulting in a more compromised health condition ▪ Direct approaches are frowned upon ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Healthcare Practices Continued ▪ Herbal medicines, poultices, and teas are common ▪ See Table 8–1 in the textbook; these practices are still alive and well ▪ Folk medicines used in conjunction with biomedical treatments Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Barriers ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Fatalism Self-reliance Lack of infrastructure Health profession shortages Culture of “being” Poverty and unemployment Care not acceptable from outsiders Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Responses to Health and Illness ▪ Take care of our own and accept the person as whole individual ▪ Not mentally ill, the person has “bad nerves” or are “odd turned” ▪ Having a disability with aging is natural and inevitable—if you live long enough ▪ Must establish rapport and trust Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Responses to Health and Illness Continued ▪ Pain is something that is to be endured ▪ Some may be stoical ▪ Pain legitimizes not working or fulfilling one’s responsibilities ▪ Withdraw into self when ill ▪ Culture of being works against rehabilitation Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Healthcare Practitioners ▪ Lay and trained nurses and midwives still provide much of the care in some parts of Appalachia ▪ Breckenridge Frontier Nursing Service ▪ Prefer people known to the family and community —the insider versus outsider concept Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Healthcare Practitioners Continued ▪ Culture of “being” says the healthcare provider should not give the perception of being rushed ▪ Physicians may not be trusted due to outsidedness, not to being foreign ▪ Must ask the clients what they think is wrong Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab American Culture Larry Purnell, PhD, RN, FAAN Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Overview/Heritage ▪ Arabs, coming from 22 countries, are united by a common language, Arabic. ▪ No U.S. census category for Arabs; they are absorbed into the White category. ▪ Most earlier Arab immigrants in the late 1880s to 1913 were Christians, educated, and settled in the Northeastern United States Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Overview/Heritage ▪ Post-1965, Arabs in the US were Muslims, highly educated and professional or immigrated for higher education. ▪ Arabism, Muslim, and Islam are intricately interwoven and share basic traditions and beliefs. Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Communication ▪ Arabic is the official language of the Arab world. ▪ English is a common second language among Arabs throughout the world. ▪ Communication is highly contextual. ▪ Conversants stand close and maintain rather intense eye contact. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Communication ▪ For traditional Arabs, touch is only accepted between members of the same sex. ▪ Speech is generally loud and expressive with repetition and gesturing. ▪ Privacy is valued so sharing outside the immediately family is not common. ▪ Etiquette requires handshaking upon arrival and departure but only between same sex individuals. Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Communication ▪ Titles are important and are used in combination with the person’s first name as in Mr. Ali. ▪ Punctuality is not always valued except in cases of professional or business meetings. ▪ Explain the importance of timeliness in healthcare appointments. Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Family Roles and Organization ▪ Traditional Arab families are highly patrilineal. ▪ In public, a wife’s interactions with her husband is formal and respectful. At home, the woman may have tremendous influence in matters pertaining to the home and children. ▪ Gender roles are clearly defined: men are decision-makers, protectors, and breadwinners. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Family Roles and Organization ▪ The authority structure and division of labor within Arab families are often misinterpreted, fueling common stereotypes of the overtly dominant male and the passive and oppressed woman. ▪ Children are dearly loved, indulged, and included in all family activities. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Family Roles and Organization ▪ Children are dearly loved, indulged, and included in all family activities. ▪ Children are raised not to question elders and to be obedient to older brothers and sisters. Discipline may include physical punishment and shaming. ▪ Adolescents are pressed to succeed academically. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Family Roles and Organization ▪ • Adolescents are pressed to succeed academically. ▪ Academic failure, sexual activity, illicit drug use, and juvenile delinquency bring shame to the family. For girls in particular, chastity and decency are required. ▪ Family members live nearby and sometimes intermarry with first cousins. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Family Roles and Organization ▪ Devout Muslim women value modesty. ▪ Many Muslim women view the hijab, “covering the body except for one’s face and hands,” as offering them protection in situations in which the sexes mix. It is a recognized symbol of Muslim identity and good moral character. ▪ Many Americans associate the hijab with oppression rather than protection. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Family Roles and Organization ▪ Sons are held responsible for supporting elderly parents. ▪ Elderly parents are almost always cared for within the home. ▪ Homosexuality is usually highly stigmatized. In some Arab countries, it is considered a crime, and participants may be killed. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Workforce Issues ▪ Discrimination such as intimidation, being treated suspiciously, and negative comments about their religious practices have been reported as a major source of stress among Arab Americans. ▪ Muslim Arabs who wish to attend Friday prayer services and observe religious holidays may encounter job-related conflicts. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Workforce Issues ▪ Impassioned communication may incorrectly be assumed that Arabs are argumentative, confrontational, or aggressive. ▪ Criticism is often taken personally as an affront to dignity and family honor. ▪ Whereas such direct praise may be somewhat embarrassing for Americans, Arabs expect and want praise when they feel they have earned it. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Biocultural Ecology ▪ Most Arabs have dark or olive-colored skin, but some have blonde or auburn hair, blue eyes, and fair complexions. ▪ Infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria, trachoma, typhus, hepatitis, typhoid fever, dysentery, and parasitic infestations are common with newer immigrants. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Biocultural Ecology ▪ Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, sickle cell anemia, and the thalassemias are extremely common in the eastern Mediterranean. ▪ High consanguinity rates (roughly 30 percent of marriages in Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia) occur between first cousins and contribute to the prevalence of genetically determined disorders in Arab countries. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Biocultural Ecology ▪ Some Arabs have difficulty metabolizing debrisoquine, antiarrhythmics, antidepressants, beta blockers, neuroleptics, and opioid agents. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab High-Risk Health Behaviors ▪ Smoking and nonuse of seat belts and helmets are major issues among Arabs in the US. ▪ Some Arab women may be at high risk for domestic violence, especially new immigrants, because of the high rates of stress, poverty, poor spiritual and social support, and isolation from family members. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab High-Risk Health Behaviors ▪ Sedentary lifestyle and high fat intake among Arab Americans place them at higher risk for cardiovascular diseases. ▪ The rates of breast cancer screening, mammography, and cervical Pap smears among Arab Americans are low because of modesty. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Nutrition ▪ Spices and herbs include cinnamon, allspice, cloves, ginger, cumin, mint, parsley, bay leaves, garlic, and onions. ▪ Skewer cooking and slow simmering are typical modes of preparation. All countries have rice and wheat dishes, stuffed vegetables, nut-filled pastries, and fritters soaked in syrup. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Nutrition ▪ Consumption of blood is forbidden; Muslims are required to cook meats and poultry until well done. Some Muslims refuse to eat meat that is not halal (slaughtered in an Islamic manner). ▪ Muslims are prohibited from eating pork and pork products which includes ingredients mouthwashes, toothpastes, alcohol-based syrups and elixirs, and gelatin coated capsules. However, if no substitutes are available, Muslims are permitted to use these preparations. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Nutrition ▪ Grains and legumes are often substituted for meats; fresh fruit and juices are especially popular, and olive oil is widely used. ▪ Food is eaten with the right hand because it is regarded as clean. ▪ Eating and drinking at the same time is viewed as unhealthy. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Nutrition ▪ During Ramadan, the Muslim month of fasting, abstinence from eating, drinking (including water), smoking, and marital intercourse during daylight hours is required. ▪ Although the sick are not required to fast, many pious Muslims insist on fasting while hospitalized. ▪ Lactose intolerance is common among Arab Americans. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices ▪ Fertility practices are influenced by traditional Bedouin values, which support tribal dominance and beliefs that “God decides family size.” ▪ Procreation is regarded as the purpose of marriage; high fertility rates are favored. ▪ Sterility in a woman can lead to rejection and divorce. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition Arab Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices ▪ Many reversible forms of birth control are undesirable but not forbidden. They should be used when t ... Purchase answer to see full attachment