Fluent Essays

Read both the articles attached here and do it. The assignmentFor each project, you will be given a news story and a scientific journal article that goes with it, posted to Canvas by the instructor. Each of these journal articles will have been published in a reputable online magazine, newspaper, or journal. The news story may or may not be.You will then write a short essay, 2-3 full pages in length, detailing the parts of the scientific method discussed in your article and comparing that information to what was reported in the news story. Each entry will be written in a logical and professional manner using the APA template attached to the post.The entire entry must be written IN YOUR OWN WORDS. Direct quotes of the articles are not allowed. However, when you summarize or paraphrase something from one of the articles you will need to provide an in-text APA reference. The guide to APA referencing is attached to this post.The essay must be written entirely in third person. DO NOT USE FIRST OR SECOND PERSON. This means you cannot use the words “I”, “we”, or “you”.What is turned in to the instructor?For each week that a journal assignment is due, you will submit your journal entry via Canvas by its due date.Entry ContentYou will be graded on the following content that combines information you obtain from both the news story and the scientific article:Introduction (1 paragraph)This section identify which of the two articles was the scientific study and the subject of the scientific study. You will also identify the problem or observation that spurred the research. DO NOT LIST THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY ITSELF HERE. You will identify the hypothesis the scientists were testing. Remember that a hypothesis is a testable educated guess. Thus, it is not appropriate to pose a question here. However, while reading your articles, it can be helpful to ask yourself what explanation scientists tried to use to explain their initial observation. You will then transition into the body of the journal.Body (~1 paragraph each)Here, you will identify the test or experiment that was performed to address the hypothesis. You should be detailed here. It may be helpful to pull from other sources, if you do not fully understand how the experiment was conducted. After detailing how the experiment was done compared to how it reported in the media, you will transition into a discussion of the results.In this section of your entry you will identify the experimental results that the scientists obtained. What did the scientists find after doing their experiment? Again, you can be detailed here. After detailing the results, you will transition into the conclusion sections.The last paragraph of the body should explain the conclusion of the study. You should address whether the hypothesis was supported or rejected, and how the results led to that finding. Also provide a possible new avenue of research the scientists might pursue based on what was discovered in this study.Evaluation (1 paragraph)Here you will signal the end of your entry. In this section you will identify the new study about the scientific study and discuss whether or not the news story was a representative reporting of the scientific study. Did the news change anything or leave out something important from the scientific study? Summarize the important content from your entry, then you will end with a definitive final statement.Constructing your journal entryIn addition to the criteria above, you will be graded on the quality of your writing; please write with proper grammar, punctuation, and style. The essay will be graded using the Dialogues of Learning Written Communication Rubric.All sources (including the original 2 articles) should be properly documented. You must include an APA style reference page. Your TurnItIn score air_fresheners.pdf air_phthalate.pdf Unformatted Attachment Preview 4/8/2019 Could Using Air Fresheners During Pregnancy Boost Childhood Asthma Risk? - Scientific American Subscribe HE ALTH Could Using Air Fresheners During Pregnancy Boost Childhood Asthma Risk? The first study to look at prenatal phthalate exposure and later effects on respiration suggest some worrisome results By Dina Fine Maron on September 17, 2014 Véalo en español ADVERTISEMENT Everyday exposure to a ubiquitous compound that makes plastics flexible and stabilizes air fresheners may result in lasting damage to children’s respiratory systems. The first study to explore the relationship between phthalates during pregnancy and future childhood asthma reveals a strong link between the two, but cannot conclusively say that asthma is a result of the exposure. Phthalates are known to impede the endocrine system, the regulatory mechanism that dictates hormonal distribution in the body. The chemicals’ disruptive prowess have been linked to health problems including birth defects, cancers and diabetes. Yet until now there has been no data to suggest they were also harming children’s respiratory systems. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/could-using-air-fresheners-during-pregnancy-boost-childhood-asthma-risk/ 1/6 4/8/2019 Could Using Air Fresheners During Pregnancy Boost Childhood Asthma Risk? - Scientific American This new study of 300 inner-city women and their children found that women who were exposed to elevated levels of two common phthalates—butylbenzl phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate—during pregnancy were more likely to have children who developed asthma. The researchers discovered this by scouring metabolites in the women’s urine and then tracking their children via questionnaires and physicians’ diagnoses. Children of women who were exposed to higher levels of phthalate during pregnancy (in some cases a dozen times higher) were some 70 percent likelier to develop asthma by age 11 compared with the offspring of mom’s with lower exposure. But with both exposure groups the levels were still not that high—the concentration of the phthalates among all the women were generally comparable with those of a representative sample of the U.S. population taken over roughly the same time period. If the asthma findings are replicated by other studies, this new link could have serious implications for the general population. In this study all the mothers were from low-income areas and the women selfidentified as African-American or Dominican. Typically people who live in impoverished urban neighborhoods are more prone to have higher asthma rates due to a variety of factors including elevated exposure to harmful pollutants like diesel exhaust. That makes the new findings even more striking because it would typically be harder to pick up increased rates of asthma compared with an already high number of background cases. The women and their children were enrolled in a longitudinal study run by the Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health. This research, published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives, controlled for many factors that could account for the findings like maternal asthma and smoking status. The phthalate levels we see here are typical in the U.S. population and not “whoopingly high,” which makes this an important finding, says Linda Birnbaum, director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. “The population distribution here isn’t that different than [earlier work looking at such exposures in the general population].” The study is also of interest because it indicates that not all phthalate exposures have the same effects, she says. The work looked at four types of phthalate but only two of them were associated with elevated asthma risk. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/could-using-air-fresheners-during-pregnancy-boost-childhood-asthma-risk/ 2/6 4/8/2019 Could Using Air Fresheners During Pregnancy Boost Childhood Asthma Risk? - Scientific American Limiting exposure to worrisome phthalates is doable, says lead author Robin Whyatt, a professor in the Department of Environmental Health Sciences at Columbia University. She tells people worried about these exposures to never microwave plastic, avoid plastics with “3” or “7” on the bottom (because they can be made with phthalates and bisphenol A) and to store food in glass jars instead of plastic. Also, avoid scented products whenever possible, such as room fresheners and scented detergents. Rights & Permissions ABOUT THE AUTHOR(S) Dina Fine Maron Dina Fine Maron, formerly an associate editor at Scientific American, is now a wildlife trade investigative reporter at National Geographic. Credit: Nick Higgins Recent Articles Gene Therapy Tackles a Common Birth Defect: Deafness Data Confirm Semiautomatic Rifles Linked to More Deaths, Injuries CRISPR Gene Editing Shows Promise for Treating a Fatal Muscle Disease LATEST NEWS https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/could-using-air-fresheners-during-pregnancy-boost-childhood-asthma-risk/ 3/6 4/8/2019 Could Using Air Fresheners During Pregnancy Boost Childhood Asthma Risk? - Scientific American POLICY & ETHICS How to Keep Scientific Innovation Alive 3 hours ago — Abraham Loeb S PAC E Gravitational Observatories Hunt for Lumpy Neutron Stars 3 hours ago — David Appell EARTH Geopuzzle: One of These Three Postulations is Right Out 19 hours ago — Dana Hunter BEHAVIOR & SOCIETY Remembering the Great Tomsoni 22 hours ago — Stephen L. Macknik and Susana Martinez-Conde P U B L I C H E A LT H New Zealand Acts to Reduce Mass Shootings. Why Wont the U.S.? April 6, 2019 — John Horgan https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/could-using-air-fresheners-during-pregnancy-boost-childhood-asthma-risk/ 4/6 4/8/2019 Could Using Air Fresheners During Pregnancy Boost Childhood Asthma Risk? - Scientific American S PAC E Are Small Stars a Bit Useless? April 6, 2019 — Caleb A. Scharf NEWSLETTER Sign Up Expertise. Insights. Illumination. Subscribe Now! FOLLOW US SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ARABIC https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/could-using-air-fresheners-during-pregnancy-boost-childhood-asthma-risk/ 5/6 4/8/2019 Could Using Air Fresheners During Pregnancy Boost Childhood Asthma Risk? - Scientific American ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ‬ Store FAQs About Contact Us Press Room Site Map Advertise Privacy Policy SA Custom Media Use of Cookies Terms of Use International Editions Scientific American is part of Springer Nature, which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications (many of them can be found at www.springernature.com/us). Scientific American maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers. © 20 19 SCI EN TI FI C A ME RICA N, A D IVI SIO N OF S P RI NGER NA T U RE A MER IC A, IN C. ALL R IG HT S R ESER VED . https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/could-using-air-fresheners-during-pregnancy-boost-childhood-asthma-risk/ 6/6 Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology (2010) 20, 625–633 r 2010 Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved 1559-0631/10 www.nature.com/jes Urinary and air phthalate concentrations and self-reported use of personal care products among minority pregnant women in New York city ALLAN C. JUSTa, JENNIFER J. ADIBIb, ANDREW G. RUNDLEa, ANTONIA M. CALAFATc, DAVID E. CAMANNd, RUSS HAUSERe,f, MANORI J. SILVAc and ROBIN M. WHYATTa a Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA c National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA d Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA e Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA f Vincent Memorial Obstetrics and Gynecology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA b Diethyl phthalate (DEP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) are used extensively in personal care products, including fragrances (DEP) and nail polish (DnBP). Between May 2003 and July 2006, we gathered questionnaire data on the use of seven product categories (deodorant, perfume, hair spray, hair gel, nail polish/polish remover, liquid soap/body wash, and lotion/mist) over 48 h during the third trimester of pregnancy from 186 inner-city women. A 48-h personal air sample was collected and analyzed for DEP and DnBP; a maternal spot urine sample was collected and analyzed for their monoester metabolites, monoethyl phthalate (MEP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), respectively. In all, 97\% of air samples and 84\% of urine samples were collected within ±2 days of the questionnaire. During the 48 h, 41\% of women reported perfume use and 10\% reported nail polish/polish remover use. In adjusted analyses, no association was seen between nail product use and air DnBP or urine MnBP concentrations. Women reporting perfume use had 2.3 times higher (95\% CI 1.6, 3.3) urinary MEP concentrations. Personal air DEP increased by 7\% for each 25\% increase in a composite indicator of the six other product categories (Po0.05), but was not associated with perfume use. Air DEP was correlated with urine MEP concentrations only among non-perfume users (r ¼ 0.51, Po0.001). Results suggest that perfume use is a significant source of DEP exposure. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology (2010) 20, 625–633; doi:10.1038/jes.2010.13; published online 31 March 2010 Keywords: DEP, DnBP, human biomonitoring, personal care products. Introduction Phthalates are diesters of phthalic acid that are commonly used in a wide variety of consumer products. Human exposures come from their use in toys, household materials, medical devices, in the processing and packaging of foods, and personal care products (Schettler, 2006). Some phthalates are under increasing scrutiny in epidemiological studies examining potential associations with adverse reproductive and developmental outcomes including changes in gestational age, urogenital tract development, sperm quality, and asthma among other end points (Swan, 2008). However, relatively few studies have examined the relation between sources, exposure pathways, and internal dosimeters. 1. Address all correspondence to: Allan C. Just, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 60 Haven Ave., B-109, New York, NY 10032, USA. Tel.: (646) 459 9609. Fax: (646) 459 9610. E-mail: acj2109@columbia.edu Received 6 October 2009; accepted 8 February 2010; published online 31 March 2010 Two phthalates, diethyl phthalate (DEP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), are added as a solvent for fragrances or to prevent products from becoming brittle, and have been found at higher concentrations than other phthalates in testing of personal care products in the United States, South Korea, and China (Houlihan et al., 2002; Koo and Lee, 2004; Hubinger and Havery, 2006; Shen et al., 2007). Among personal care products, DEP and DnBP have been found at the highest concentrations in fragrance products, including perfume (DEP), and in nail polishes (DnBP). Figure 1 shows an adaptation of results from the analysis of DEP in 48 personal care products in the United States (Hubinger and Havery, 2006). The five fragrance products tested had concentrations of DEP ranging from 5486 to 38,663 p.p.m., and the next highest DEP concentration of any other product tested was in a deodorant with 2933 p.p.m. (Hubinger and Havery, 2006). In these data, fragrances have consistently higher concentrations of DEP compared with all other products tested, supporting the separate analysis of perfume from other personal care product categories as potential sources of DEP. According to a review of patent records, nail polishes might contain Phthalates and personal care product use Just et al. Perfume (n=5) Body wash (n=3) Deodorant (n=9) Body or skin lotion (n=4) Hair spray (n=8) Hair gel or mousse (n=10) Nail polish (n=6) < LOD 100 101 102 103 Concentration of DEP (ppm) 104 Figure 1. Diethyl phthalate in personal care products, adapted from Table 2 of Hubinger and Havery (2006). A total of 48 products purchased in the Washington, DC area were tested. Non-detectable values are displayed as less than the limit of detection of 10 p.p.m. Hand cream (n ¼ 2) and shampoo (n ¼ 1) are not shown. No direct product testing took place in this study. 50,000 p.p.m (5\%) DnBP (Houlihan et al., 2002), a finding that was supported by a study that tested six nail enamel products and found concentrations that ranged from below the limit of detection to 59,815 p.p.m., or roughly 6\% (Hubinger and Havery, 2006). Thus, nail polishes should be analyzed separately from other categories of personal care products as potential sources of exposure to DnBP because nail polishes seem to be more likely to contain DnBP and at higher concentrations than other product categories. Under current regulations in which ingredients used in fragrances are exempted from disclosure, phthalates are not generally listed as ingredients on consumer products in the United States (Steinemann, 2009). Phthalates can enter the body through ingestion, dermal absorption, parenteral intake from medical devices, and inhalation. They undergo rapid hydrolysis to monoesters; short-alkyl chain phthalates such as DEP and DnBP are principally excreted in the urine as hydrolytic monoesters or as their corresponding glucuronidated conjugates (Silva et al., 2003). In 16 human volunteers who ingested a labeled dose of DnBP, 69\% was excreted as mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) in urine with undetectable levels of urinary MnBP after the first 24 h (Anderson et al., 2001). Half-lives of DEP were equally short in animal studies (Api, 2001). Both DEP and DnBP are also taken up dermally with an estimated 6\% and 2\%, respectively, excreted as their urinary metabolites monoethyl phthalate (MEP) and MnBP by human volunteers after dermal application (Janjua et al., 2008). The majority of dermally absorbed DEP was excreted within 8 h and MnBP excretion lagged slightly compared with MEP but was largely excreted within 24 h. Urinary MEP concentrations from a representative sample of the US population (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2000) were highest at a midday collection, which was hypothesized to be related to the application of personal care products in the morning (Silva et al., 2004). 626 Some evidence already exists for an association between frequency of personal care product use and urinary concentrations of phthalates. Men reporting the use of cologne or aftershave over 48 h had higher urinary MEP concentrations than other men (Duty et al., 2005). Another study reported an association between the use of baby care products and concentrations of MEP and two other phthalate metabolites but not MnBP in infant urine samples (Sathyanarayana et al., 2008). An increase in the number of personal care products used in the previous 48 h was associated with higher urinary MEP in 19 pregnant women in Israel (Berman et al., 2009). Working as a manicurist in a nail-only salon was associated with urinary concentrations of MnBP in two occupational studies among nail-only salon workers. Post-shift urinary MnBP concentrations were 49\% higher than pre-shift in 37 manicurists from Massachusetts in 2004–05 (Kwapniewski et al., 2008). In 26 manicurists in Maryland studied between 2003 and 2005, those using gloves had 50\% lower post-shift MnBP concentration compared with non-users (Hines et al., 2009). Collectively, these five studies indicate the potential importance of dermal absorption for exposures to DEP and DnBP and the suitability of urinary metabolites to assess these exposures. We have reported previously that DEP and DnBP and their metabolites were found in 100\% of personal air and urine samples collected from inner-city women during pregnancy (Adibi et al., 2008). The purpose of this study was to determine whether personal care product use was associated with measures of phthalate exposure in air and urine samples among the same urban cohort of pregnant women. To carry out this, we evaluated the relationship between self-reported prenatal personal care product use and concentrations of DEP and DnBP in personal air samples and MEP and MnBP in urine samples. The particular focus was on perfume and nail product use and exposures to DEP and DnBP, respectively. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology (2010) 20(7) Phthalates and personal care product use Methods Study Subjects Participants (n ¼ 186) were selected from the Mothers and Newborns cohort study of the Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health (CCCEH) based in Northern Manhattan and the South Bronx, New York (Perera et al., 2003; Whyatt et al., 2003). Selection was based on the availability of a product-use questionnaire and phthalates measured within a week in either a personal air and/or urine sample collected during the third trimester of pregnancy. Overall, 97\% of air samples and 84\% of urine samples were collected within 2 days of the product-use questionnaire. In most cases there was no difference when the analysis was limited to the subsets within 2 days and results are given for the whole cohort unless otherwise specified. The enrollment criteria for the CCCEH cohort have been described elsewhere (Perera et al., 2003; Whyatt et al., 2003). The study was restricted to women 18–35 years old who self-identified as either African American or Dominican and had resided in Northern Manhattan or the South Bronx for at least 1 year before pregnancy. Women were excluded at enrollment if they reported that they smoked cigarettes or used other tobacco products during pregnancy, used illicit drugs, had diabetes, hypertension or known HIV, or had their first prenatal visit after the 20th week of gestation. Study procedures, including questionnaires, personal air monitoring, and collection of biological samples, were explained to each subject at enrollment and a signed consent, approved by the IRB of Columbia University and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), was obtained. Product-Use Questionnaire A brief questionnaire that was administered in the third trimester (mean gestational age 35 weeks) asked participants to recall their use of various types of personal care products over the previous 48 h and throughout the individual trimesters of pregnancy. They were asked about use (yes or no), the number of total uses over 48 h, and the frequency of use during each trimester (41 per day, 1 per day, 2–3 per week, 1 per week, o1 per week-1 per month, and o1 per month). From the questionnaire, we selected seven product categories for this analysis: deodorant, lotion or mist (spray application), perfume, liquid soap or body wash, hair gel, hair spray, and nail polish or polish remover. As the questionnaire asked about nail polish or polish remover together, we refer to this category as nail products. The product categories selected were those that are likely to contain DEP or DnBP and which were used by Z10\% of participants. Information on the frequency of use of product categories in the 48-h period and third trimester was missing for 6 and 20 participants, respectively. Sample Collection and Analysis Participants carried backpacks for 48 h containing pumps drawing personal air samples at 4 l/min from near the Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology (2010) 20(7) Just et al. breathing zone onto a quartz filter with a polyurethane foam cartridge bac ... Purchase answer to see full attachment