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VICTIMOLOGYAnswer both question 100 words each and provide the reference. NO FORMAT or TITLE PAGE needed1, Landmark Decisions Box 7.4 on pages 234-235 in Andrew Karmen’s “Crime Victims: An Introduction to Victimology” provides several landmark Supreme Court decisions that directly affect victims and further clarify their rights. Select one of these decisions, and conduct an internet search to find out more information about the crime. Briefly summarize the case and provide the legal reasoning that led to this outcome. In Serial Murderers and their Victims: Chapter 9In Crime Victims: An Introduction to Victimology Chapter 6Chapter 72. Why not leave?While most people would agree that hurting someone is wrong and that if you are the victim of an offense, you would avoid the offender in the future. This is not always the case though. Many people stay in abusive relationships or return to abusive relationships. With children, or the elderly, it could be argued that they do not have or know of anywhere else to go, but for a capable adult, why would they stay? Present an argument, based on information from your readings, on why abused persons might stay in one of these toxic relationships.Serial Murderers and their Victims: Chapter 7 Crime Victims: An Introduction to Victimology Chapter 8 Chapter 9 w4chapter6.ppt w4chapter7.ppt w4chapter09.ppt question_1.docx question_2.docx Unformatted Attachment Preview CHAPTER SIX VICTIMS AND THE POLICE Prepared by Emily Berthelot, University of Arkansas at Little Rock © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Learning Objectives 1. To establish the ways in which victims suffer. 2. To find out what the criminal justice system can accomplish in behalf of victims. 3. To become familiar with the ways that the police can serve the best interests of crime victims. 4. To uncover issues and relationships where victims and law enforcement agencies can find themselves in conflict rather than in an alliance. 5. To become acquainted with the kind of evidence that is useful to evaluate whether a police department is effectively meeting the needs of victims in its jurisdiction. 6. To recognize the features of a victim-oriented police department. © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. How the System Handles Victims  Which CJ professionals are involved with victim issues?     Police Prosecutor Judges Corrections The system often creates more conflict than resolution for victims. © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. What Do Victims Want, Punishment or Restitution?  Three Goals 1. Punish offenders 2. Compel lawbreakers to undergo rehabilitative treatment 3. Repay victims for losses and injuries they suffered © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. What Do Victims Want? 1. Punishment  Make examples of criminal—provided deterrence theory really works  Incapacitate  Prevents future vigilantism  Retribution—morally sound practice  Satisfies victim thirst for revenge © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. What Do Victims Want? Punishment continued—  Opponents of this utilitarian approach have documented that punishment:     Results in high rates of imprisonment Is expensive Is often impractical Can be ineffective © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. What Do Victims Want? 2. Rehabilitation  Some victims want professionals to help offenders become decent, productive, law abiding citizens. ◼   Do not want them to victimize others. Victims most likely to endorse rehabilitation if the offender was NOT a complete stranger. Victims may become dismayed when “heavy handed” policies drive the offender to become more violent and attain new heights of antisocial conduct. © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. What Do Victims Want? 3. Restitution  Some victims want restitution rather than retribution or rehabilitation.  Want to recoup losses and pay bills incurred as result of the crime. ◼ Loss of pay, medical expenses, household bills unpaid due to being out of work © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and the Police  Reporting Incidents  Most likely to report crimes involving brandishing weapons, physical injuries, or substantial financial loss.  Of the violent crimes, aggravated assaults are most often reported; rapes least often. © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and the Police T A B L E 6.1 Trends in Reporting Crimes to the Police, Selected Years, 1973–2013 © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and the Police Leading reasons for victims reporting violent crimes:  “to prevent future violence,” “to stop the offender,” and “to protect others.”  Smaller percentages of respondents’ motivations were:  “to catch and punish the offender” and “to fulfill their civic duty.”  Citizens not required to inform authorities of crimes committed against them on their property.  If they conspire or collaborate in a cover-up to conceal a serious crime, they can be charged with “misprision of a felony.”  © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and the Police  Responding Quickly  Want police to respond quickly and apprehend offender  Calls are prioritized by dispatchers  Sometimes there is a lag in time between the crime and its discovery  Confusion about whether an illegal act occurred  Coping with emotional conflicts, personal trauma, and physical wounds, and then regain their composure before informing authorities © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and the Police Trends in Police Response Times to Violent Crimes, Selected Years, 1990–2008 © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Police Investigating Complaints Victims anticipate that the police will be sensitive and polite, treat them with dignity, respect their rights, and make decisions in an open and transparent manner (Murphy and Barkworth, 2014).  Handling Victims with Care     Officers can seem disinterested, remote, unconcerned about plight of victim Police sometime doubt the victim’s credibility and discontinue investigation Emotional detachment is a necessary defense against burning out © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and the Police  Many police departments conducting training to assist officers with victim issues  Teach how to administer “psychological first aid”  Learning importance of responding quickly, listening attentively, showing concern and refraining from challenging the victim’s versions of events © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and the Police  Complaints  Founded—verified by police  Unfounded—police reject claims  Defounded—police believe a crime occurred but not as serious as reported Police accused of misclassification of above to make statistics look better for themselves and department or the workload was too great. © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and the Police Investigating Complaints/Solving Crimes/Clearance Rates       Homicides— 64\% overall cleared Larceny— 23\% cleared successfully Vehicle Theft— 14\% cleared successfully Robberies— 29\% cleared Rape— 60\% no attacker arrested Aggravated Assault— 42\% no arrests made © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and the Police T A B L E 6.2 Trends in Clearance Rates, United States, Selected Years, 1953–2013 © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and the Police  Law enforcement is under no comparable constitutional pressure to read victims their rights about their obligations and opportunities. © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and the Police Recovering Stolen Property—unlike clearance rates, no good data of recovery  Data remains fairly consistent through the years  Recovered property often kept by police for evidence to be used in a trial  © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and the Police  Victim-Oriented Police Department   Victim advocacy units are a vital component of a Community Oriented Police Department. Police departments must consider a revamp of their operations and reconsider their priorities to deal with the victim’s concerns. © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER SEVEN VICTIMS AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM Prepared by Emily Berthelot, University of Arkansas at Little Rock © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Learning Objectives 1. To realize that some cases of interpersonal violence and theft will be handled in the juvenile justice system. 2. To become familiar with the legal rights victims have gained in recent decades. 3. To become aware of the obstacles and shortcomings of relying upon formal legal rights. 4. To identify the various ways that prosecutors can serve victims who are their clients. 5. To realize how conflicts can arise between victims and the lawyers assigned by the government to represent them in court proceedings. 6. To better understand the complexities of the witness intimidation problem. © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Learning Objectives 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. To appreciate how victims and defense attorneys might become embroiled in conflicts. To discover how judges make crucial decisions affecting victims. To become familiar with the many Supreme Court decisions that affect how victims are handled during legal proceedings. To explore how jurors might react to victims and their plight. To realize how corrections officials make decisions that either help or hurt victims. To become alert to the problem that all victims were not treated equally in the criminal justice process in the past, and the possibility that differential handling probably still occurs. © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Toward Greater Formal Legal Rights Within the CJ System  Victim Rights Flow From . . .      Policies from innovative CJ system officials Case law Laws passed by city, county and state government Sixth Amendment vs. Seventh Amendment approach for victims National Crime Victim’s Rights Act (CVRA) © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victim Rights Categories  Zero-Sum Game Model  Victims’ rights gained at the expense of: ◼ criminals ◼ criminal justice system ◼ either offenders or officials © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Toward Greater Formal Legal Rights Within the CJ System 1. Rights Gained at the Expense of Offenders  Theory is that victim rights should be at the expense of offenders’ rights.  Need to shift balance of power away from offenders towards victims. © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Toward Greater Formal Legal Rights Within the CJ System T A B L E 7.1 Victims’ Rights Gained at the Expense of Suspects, Defendants, and Prisoners © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Toward Greater Formal Legal Rights Within the CJ System 2. Victim Rights Gained at the Expense of the Criminal Justice System Theory based on the fact that the social system is partly at fault for crime in America.   State should be obligated to minimize suffering of victims. Victims should be made whole again even if offender not captured. © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Toward Greater Formal Legal Rights Within the CJ System T A B L E 7.2 Victims’ Rights Gained at the Expense of Criminal Justice Agencies and Officials © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Toward Greater Formal Legal Rights Within the CJ System 3. Rights Gained at the Expense of Offenders, the System, or Both  Victim Participates in:     Bail Setting Arrangements Plea Negotiations Sentencing Hearing Decisions— Allocution Parole Board Appearances © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Toward Greater Formal Legal Rights Within the CJ System  Issues:      Do these formal rights apply to individuals who do not fit the profile of innocent victims? No consequences for non-compliance with aforementioned victim rights. Many countries and colonial America allowed for the victims to hire their own attorney to prosecute. Processes result in “differential handling or differential access to justice.” Provide advocates for victims—ex. Guardian ad Litem © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and Prosecutors  Prosecutors are chief law enforcement officer within the jurisdiction.  How they can serve victims: ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Keep victims informed of status of case. Support victims with judges, bail, continuances, negotiated pleas, dropped charges, sentences and restitution. Protect from harassment, threats, injuries and forms of intimidation and reprisals. Resolve as quickly as possible. Assist victims in recovering property from police. © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and Prosecutors  Victim Witness Assistance Projects (VWAP)   To address witness and victim complaints Intended to restore victims’ faith in CJ system ◼ ◼ Personal intervention as soon as possible Immediate relief to injured parties: ◼ Hotlines, shelter, food, counseling, transportation and immediate lock repairs © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and Prosecutors  VWAP Services  Translators  Recover lost property quickly  Social service and mental health referrals  Provide information about reimbursement for losses and compensation benefits  Keep victims informed of case developments  1974—35\% of DA offices routinely notified felony victims of case outcomes ◼ 1992—97\% © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and Prosecutors  Protecting Victim Witnesses  Intimidation ◼ Criminals, families and acquaintances of offenders, gangs, own family attempting to have victim drop charges—cultural issues. © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and Prosecutors ◼ Prosecutor should offer victim: ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Protective services Phone number change Door locks/alarms Improved police patrols Orders of Protection New home or relocate Victim Witness-Protection Program © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and Prosecutors   Dismissing or rejecting charges based on several issues:  Lack of evidence, unreliable witnesses  Police officials, others in prosecutor’s office, defense attorneys, judges, community leaders, media, and vocal interest groups can all affect prosecutor’s decision Surveys revealed that nearly half of all cases that were solved by arrest were not carried forward (either rejected at screening by prosecutors, dismissed in court by judges, or diverted out of the system) (Boland and Sones, 1986; and Boland, Mahanna, and Sones, 1992). © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and Prosecutors  Negotiating Pleas    Defendant agrees to plead guilty in exchange for some kind of consideration (usually a reduction in charges). 95\% of convictions secured by accused admitting guilt—often reduced from felony to misdemeanor. In anticipation of the above, police and prosecutors engage in: ◼ Bedsheeting ◼ Overcharging © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and Prosecutors  Plea negotiations result in:  Reducing court caseloads  Definite conviction (which might not happen if the case goes to trial)  Preventing victims from testifying to reduce emotional distress ◼ ◼ Children Rape victims © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and Prosecutors  Plea negotiations continued:  Reducing the prosecution feeling threatened by involvement of victims— revenge motive  No opportunity for victims to have a defined role  No mechanisms for victims to challenge decisions of prosecutor © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and Defense Attorneys  Defense Attorney      Natural enemy to victim Attempts to protract the process, discredit witnesses Sixth Amendment guarantees a “Speedy Trial”— states have time limits for trial after arrest Efforts to delay wear down witnesses, affect memory of witnesses, find info about witnesses and victims Eventually encourages victim to drop or reduce charges © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and Defense Attorneys  General Rule: The more serious the charge, the longer it takes to go to trial.  Sixth Amendment provides that defendants have the right to confront their accusers.  Trials are relatively rare events. © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and Defense Attorneys  Due to competition between sides, courtroom tactics seem harsh and meanspirited.  Cast aspersions on character of victim  Often trashes victim in controversial cases © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and Judges Most conflict results during bail setting and sentencing.  Eighth Amendment prohibits excessive bail.  More than half of victims of serious crimes face the prospect that the offender harming them will be out on bail prior to case being resolved.  Denying of bail results in offender going to jail and being punished before conviction.  © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and Judges  Sentencing can be influenced by victims in two ways: 1. Conveying their requests in writing to the judge 2. Expressing their views orally in person at sentencing hearing (allocution)  Victim Impact Statements (VIS) can provide valuable information to a judge.  Often included in a pre-sentence investigation and reviewed by judge prior to sentencing © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and Judges  U.S. Supreme Court ruled that VIS were not admissible in the penalty phase of a murder trial (Booth v. Maryland, 1987).  Court reversed itself in 1991, Payne v. Tennessee, stating VIS was admissible during penalty phase if execution was an option for a jury.  Practice of using VIS not widespread for judges.  See Box 7.4 for more U.S. Supreme Court rulings regarding victims—majority of these decisions rejected victim arguments. © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and Juries   Sixth Amendment guarantees a defendant that he will be judged by a jury of his peers. Issues and questions regarding the victim-juror relationship:     Victims influence outcomes because of emotions Which jurors will accept and trust victim testimony Jurors could be victims of serious crime themselves Jurors may consider victim’s characteristics and status when making accusations and determining sentence © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and Corrections Officials    Victims more likely to have contact with probation and parole agents than prison officials. Victims want two things from agents:  Know when offenders are on probation or parole; protected from harassment or harm  If court ordered restitution, want it on time Corrections to keep victim advised of offender’s address—VINE System. © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Victims and Corrections Officials  Parole boards often receive criticism from both victims and victim groups.    Typically opposed to “early release” Want to abolish Support determinate sentencing  Parole Boards to provide victims opportunity to appear at parole hearing—very few victims take advantage.  VIS is included in offender’s file for the parole board to review in making release decisions. © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. “AND JUSTICE FOR ALL”     14th Amendment promises “equal protection under the law” for all citizens. Is justice blind to all groups in the pursuit of justice? Are all victims handled equally? See Box 7.5—Which Victims Get Better Treatment?  “Differential handling” needs to be researched again to see if still persists today. © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Findings of policy decision impacts      No substantial changes in outcomes resulting from implementation of victim rights. “Insiders” resist interference by outsiders (victims). No constitutional standing for victims, which prevents them from suing for damages for the rights being ignored or violated by CJ system. Changes mere “lip service, paper promises, cosmetic changes without much substance.” By 2011, there were 12 legal clinics across the country to boost the degree of compliance by uninformed CJ officials. © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER NINE: The Female Serial Murderer ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  To understand the emergence, societal scope, and impact of female serial murderers  To examine cases of female serial killers and their modus operandi and victim selection  To explore the motives and psychopathology of female serial killers  To review the latest research on female serial killers ©2016 Cenga ... Purchase answer to see full attachment