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I attached all the documents & materials required for lab works. There are 3 pdfs to fill out, and putted the ppt it might help. .1_ecology_labpptx.pptx ecology_lab_and_student_handout.pdf lab_2_ecology_food_webs_and_trophic_pyramids_instructions.pdf lab_2_ecology_food_webs_and_trophic_pyramids_student_handout_to_print.pdf Unformatted Attachment Preview Ecology Uh-oh now WHAT???? Narrated PowerPoints Tutorial (In a nutshell) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Using an Apple product, view in Pages Best to view in “Slide Show Mode” Try compressing the file Try saving it as a MP4 file. Other file formats are available. E-mail your professor and they can assist you. • Joint product endorsed by multiple professors • This material correlates directly with lecture • See lecture material for detailed information such as taxonomy • Lecture updates always take priority over lab power points After this lab you should be able to……. • Identify the carrying capacity of a population • Determine the birth rate and death rate of a population • Compare and contrast predator prey graphs • Identify an organisms role in the environment • Create a food web for an environment • Generate a food pyramid from a food web Population Growth and Carrying Capacity • Carrying Capacity – the maximum population size of a species that the environment can support indefinitely. • Populations will fluctuate around their carrying capacity over time. Exponential Growth Phase Birth and Death Rate • Birth rate – number of births in a population per 1000 individuals 𝐵𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑥 1000 • Death rate – number of deaths in a population per 1000 individuals 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑥 1000 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 Factors Affecting Carrying Capacity • Water and mineral supply • Amount of food resources (prey species, vegetation etc) • Number of predators • Ecological conditions • Quality of environment (number and conditions of living spaces, nesting sites etc) Organism types • Autotroph – organism that produces its own food through photosynthesis known as photoautotroph or an organism who makes its own food from inorganic molecules known as a chemoautotroph. • Heterotroph – organism that consumes other organisms (phototrophs, chemotrophs, or other heterotrophs). • Producers – organisms at the bottom of the food chain that produce all of their own food, these are autotrophs. • Consumers – organisms that consume others, heterotrophs. There are 3 types; herbivores that only eat plants, carnivores that only eat meat, and omnivores that eat both plants and meat. Organism Roles in the Ecosystem • Primary producers – organisms at the bottom of the food chain that produce all of their own food • Primary consumers – first level heterotrophs that only eat plants (aka herbivores) • Secondary consumers – heterotrophs that only eat primary consumers (carnivores) or both primary consumers and primary producers (omnivores) • Tertiary consumers - heterotrophs that primarily eat secondary consumers (most are carnivores) some are omnivores that also eat plants. • Quarternary consumers – eat primarily tertiary consumers and are carnivores. Food Web • Used to represent the feeding relationships within a community • Arrows point from prey species to the predators that consume them, demonstrates energy flow. Ecological Food Pyramid (Trophic Pyramid) • Demonstrates the biomass or bio productivity at each trophic level in an ecosystem. • Only 10\% of the energy at one level is transferred to the level above. • Remaining 90\% of energy is used by its current level or lost as heat during energy transfer to upper levels. • Pesticides and other poisons move up the food chain and amplify in concentrations. • DDT was a common pesticide for insects • It caused the eggs of eagles to be so fragile they never made it to hatching and eagle populations plummeted. Biology 1407 Lab 1: Ecology Lab Objectives: ❀ Determine population change over time based on birth and death rates ❀ Identify the carrying capacity of a population ❀ Compare and contrast predator/prey population graphs Introduction An ecosystem can be as small as a drop of water or as large as the entire Earth. The productivity of an ecosystem limits its carrying capacity, that is, the mass of living organisms that the ecosystem can support. As any population increases in size, the same resources must be shared by a greater and greater number of individuals. The decreasing supply of resources may lower the population’s birth rate, increase its death rate, or both – until birth and deaths are in balance. At that point of balance, and as long as the resource supply remains constant, the population should stabilize at some equilibrium size. Ecologists call this balance point of a population’s equilibrium the carrying capacity of the environment the population lives in. Birth rate is the number of new births in a population, usually calculated as the number of birth’s for every 1000 individuals in a year. The death rate of a population is usually calculated as the number of deaths (from predations, starvation, disease etc) for every 1000 individuals in year. The population change each year can be calculated as the number of births minus the number of deaths. If the results are positive there was an increase in the population (more births than deaths occurred), a negative result indicates a decrease in population size (more deaths than births). Birth rate = Death rate = number of births Total population size x 1000 number of deaths x 1000 Total population size Population Change = number of births—number of deaths The carrying capacity of a population can be determined by graphing the population size over time. Initially a population may overshoot the carrying capacity of its environment until resources start to dwindle or predators populations start to increase. Eventually the population change over time will begin to stabilize around the population’s carrying capacity as seen in figure 1.1. Zero population growth occurs when the number of births equals the number of deaths so that there is zero change in the population from one year to the next. Biol 1407 Lab 1 Page 1 Figure 1.1: Example of population growth curve over time. Notice the initial overshoot of the carrying capacity followed by the population eventually stabilizing around the carrying capacity of the population. Carrying capacity is where the population birth rate = the population death rate. (Image source: Professor Mello) Exercise 1.1 Carrying Capacity in Deer Populations In this exercise you will determine the carrying capacity of a newly introduced deer population in an isolated forest with no natural predators. This will be accomplished by analyzing their population growth/ decline over 15 years. Deer are herbivores (meaning they only eat plants) so you will also graph the vegetation population numbers and compare the two populations over time. Procedure 1.1 : Deer Population Graph 1. Using table 1.3 in the student handout at the end of this lab, calculate the deer population change for each generation by subtracting the number of deaths from the number of births. Example: To calculate the population change for the year 1995 you would use the calculation below. Deer offspring — Predation Deaths — Disease Deaths — Starvation Deaths = Deer Population Change 784 — 0 — 100 — 220 = + 464 2. Add the deer population change to the deer population number to determine the next population number for the following year. Example: To calculate the population change for the year 1995 you would use the calculation below. Deer Population Change + Deer population year 1 = Deer Population year 2 3,143 + 464 = 3,607 Year 1972 1973 Vegetation Deer Population Population 2,541 3,143 2,312 3,607 Deer offspring 784 756 Predation Deaths 0 0 Disease Deaths 100 350 Starvation Deer Population Deaths Change 220 + 464 500 - 94 Table 1.1: Example of how to fill data table 1.3 in the student handout section of this lab. The cells are color coded to match the colored lines in the equations above . Biol 1407 Lab 1 Page 2 3. Once you have table 1.3 filled in use the deer population numbers you calculated to graph their population change over the years. 4. Approximate the carrying capacity of the deer population by drawing a dashed line in the middle of the oscillations as seen in Figure 1.1. 5. Label any zero population growth points on the chart. Zero population growth occurs in the year that the population change equals 0. 6. Graph the vegetation population on the same graph sheet. 7. Use the graph to answer the questions at the end of the student handout. Exercise 1.2 Predator Prey Graphs in Deer Populations In this exercise you will determine the carrying capacity of the deer population after wolves (a natural deer predator) were introduced into the forest in 1994. You will then graph the deer, wolf and vegetation populations over time to compare their interactions. Procedure 1.2 : Predator Prey Population Graph 1. Use table 1.4 in the student handout to calculate the deer population change for each generation. Deer Population Change = Deer offspring — Predation Deaths — Disease Deaths — Starvation Deaths Example: To calculate the population change for the year 1995 you would use the calculation below. Deer offspring — Predation Deaths — Disease Deaths — Starvation Deaths = Deer Population Change 832 — 0 — 100 — 220 = + 140 2. Add the deer population change to the deer population number to determine the next population number for the following year. Example: To calculate the population change for the year 1995 you would use the calculation below. Deer Population Change + Deer population year 1 = Deer Population year 2 2,462 + 140 = 2,602 Year 1994 1995 Vegetation Wolf Deer Deer Predation Disease Starvation Population Population Population offspring Deaths Deaths Deaths 1,989 0 2,462 832 0 100 220 2,051 200 2,602 871 815 201 245 Deer Population Change + 140 - 390 Table 1.2: Example of how to fill data table 1.4 in the student handout section of this lab. The cells are color coded to match the colored lines in the equations above . Biol 1407 Lab 1 Page 3 Biology 1407 Lab 1: Student Handout Exercise 1.1: Deer Population Table Calculate the deer population change of each population by subtracting the number of deaths from the number of births using the equation in lab procedure 1.1. The first few rows of the chart have been filled in for you as an example. Table 1.3 Year 1969 Vegetation Deer Population Population 3,987 1,000 Deer offspring 650 Predation Deaths Disease Deaths Starvation Deaths 0 5 Deer Population Change 0 + 645 1970 3,505 1,645 801 0 6 20 + 775 1971 1972 3,000 2,541 2,420 3,143 820 784 0 0 17 100 80 220 + 723 + 464 1973 1974 2,010 1,659 3,607 756 700 0 0 350 389 500 641 - 94 1975 1,200 711 0 401 720 1976 1977 1,415 1,601 715 710 0 0 455 203 788 399 1978 1979 1,912 1,761 721 756 0 0 161 222 287 380 1980 1981 1,574 1,389 731 700 0 0 352 331 614 590 1982 1983 1,614 1,841 651 667 0 0 329 180 451 198 1984 1,633 689 0 191 331 1985 1,300 695 0 278 468 1986 1,341 687 0 341 404 1987 1,589 654 0 304 350 1988 1,603 601 0 379 401 1989 1,791 578 0 313 459 1990 1,981 565 0 289 71 1991 1,641 583 0 229 101 1992 1,408 609 0 301 201 1993 1,613 583 0 379 426 1994 1,803 561 0 321 371 Biol 1407 Lab 1 Page 4 Exercise 1.1: Deer Population Graph Population Size Please graph the deer population numbers by year on the graph below. Then graph the vegetation population numbers by year. Draw a dashed line to approximate the carrying capacity of the deer population and a second dashed line to represent the carrying capacity of the vegetation. Label any zero population growth points on the graph as well. Biol 1407 Lab 1 Time in Years Page 5 Exercise 1.2 Predator Prey Graphs in Deer Population Calculate the deer population change of each population by subtracting the number of deaths from the number of births using the equation in lab procedure 1.2. The first few rows of the chart have been filled in for you as an example. Table 1.4 Year Vegetation Wolf Deer population Population Population 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Biol 1407 Lab 1 1989 2051 2187 2245 2389 2461 2612 2842 2458 2001 1654 1603 1781 2243 2679 2432 2219 1987 1754 1641 1897 2187 2215 2101 2074 1863 0 200 305 428 311 241 142 71 81 176 254 383 479 283 199 178 245 309 410 501 428 301 241 189 241 314 2,512 2,652 Deer offspring 832 871 703 697 548 451 489 552 589 1176 1671 987 724 412 579 718 945 1014 1204 874 717 601 487 579 671 801 Predation Death 0 815 941 1146 855 642 458 364 379 581 917 1200 1325 379 289 196 501 1078 1278 1405 689 431 331 249 289 401 Disease Death 321 201 30 0 2 5 4 3 4 8 3 0 2 0 0 5 7 11 20 15 2 0 0 2 0 1 Starvation Deaths 371 245 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 78 200 205 178 105 5 1 0 1 1 4 Population Change 140 -390 Page 6 Exercise 1.1: Predator Prey Graph in Deer Populations Population Size Please graph the deer population numbers by year on the graph below. Then graph the vegetation and wolf population numbers by year. Draw a dashed lines to approximate the carrying capacity of each population. Label any zero population growth points on the graph as well. Time in Years Biol 1407 Lab 1 Page 7 Data Analysis Compare the two graphs you created to answer the questions below. 1. What is the approximate carrying capacity of the deer in the years 1969-1994 before wolves were introduced. 2.What happened to the carrying capacity after wolves were introduced? 3.How did the carrying capacity of the vegetation before the wolves were introduced compare to its carrying capacity after the wolves were introduced? Why did it effect it this way? 4. If the deer population is decreasing what would you expect to happen to the wolf population? Why? 5. If the vegetation population is increasing what would you expect to happen to the wolf population? 6. Why does the wolf population affect the vegetation and vice versa? 7. What might happen to a ecosystem if you completely removed a predator species like the wolf? Biol 1407 Lab 1 Page 8 Biology 1407 Lab 2: Food Webs & Trophic Pyramids Objec ves: ‫ޝ‬Create food web for an ecosystem ‫ޝ‬Turn a food web into a trophic pyramid Introduc on A food web represents the feeding rela onships within a community and the transfer of energy from its source in plants through herbivores to carnivores. Normally, food webs consist of a number of food chains meshed together. Each food chain is a descrip ve diagram including a series of arrows, each poin ng from one species to another, represen ng the flow of food energy from one feeding group of organisms to another. Figure 2.1: On the le is an example of a food web with pictures of the organisms, on the right is the same food web with only words. Both demonstrate that all organisms experience either preda on or parasi sm of some sort as a popula on control mechanism (photos courtesy of h ps://socra c.org/ques ons/552ffa66581e2a5d39b75fef and Amanda Mello). Biol 1407 Lab 1 Page 1 Food webs can be turned into a ecological food pyramid (also known as a trophic pyramid) which show how energy moves through the system. Moving from one level to another looses 90\% of the original level’s energy. This is because organisms at each level must u lize the energy present for their own metabolism most of the energy at each level is consumer this way. Some energy is also lost as heat (a byproduct of metabolism) to the environment. The bo om level of the pyramid has the most energy and consists of primary producers. The second level on the pyramid is made up of primary consumers (herbivores that only eat plants), followed by the third level which consists of secondary consumers (carnivores and omnivores that feed from the levels below them). The fourth level consists of ter ary consumers most of whom are carnivores with some herbivores mixed in that feed on all the levels below them. Finally the top most level are the quaternary consumers these are all carnivores and are the top predators in the system. Figure 2.2: A trophic food pyramid demonstra ng the 90\% loss of energy when transferring from one level to the next. Note the energy lost as heat and the type of producers/consumers at each level. photos courtesy of h ps://socra c.org/ ques ons/552ffa66581e2a5d39b75fef and Amanda Mello). Exercise 2.1 Food web In this exercise you will create a food web for an environment of your choosing. You may pick any biome from your ecology lecture, you will then use its abio c condi ons (temperature, weather pa erns, water availability, amount of sunlight, types of season etc) as the basis for the organisms you put in your food web. Procedure 2.1 : Food web 1. Pick a biome you are interest in from your ecology lecture 2. Research and record all of the abio c factors for your biome in table 2.1 of the student handout. Biol 1407 Lab 1 Page 2 3. Once you have iden fied the abio c factors you will use them to create your own fic onal organisms to put into your food web. 4. You should have between 6-20 organisms in your food web. You have enough fic onal cri ers when every organism has another organism that eats them (preda on) or keeps them under control through parasi sm. 5. Name your fic onal organisms and list their characteris cs in your student handout. Be sure to include what type of consumer/producer they are and what each of their food sources are in the ecosystem. 6. Draw your food web with your fic onal organisms, you may use just their names or names & pictures. Figure 2.3: Example of food web made of fic onal organisms. Note that everyone has a predator or parasite that consumes them and acts a popula on check. Also note that many organisms have mul ple food sources and overlaps of food sources with other organisms. Exercise 2.2 Trophic Pyramid In this exercise you turn the food web that you created in exercise 2.1 into a food pyramid. Procedure 2.2 : Trophic Pyramid 1. Separate your made up organisms into primary producers and consumers. 2. Place the producers at the bo om of your trophic pyramid. 3. In the second level you will place all consumers that are herbivores only (they do not eat any meat). 4. In the third level you will place consumers that are carnivores and omnivores that only feed on organisms in the first two levels. Biol 1407 Lab 1 Page 3 5. In the fourth level, the ter ary consumers, you will place organisms that are carnivores and maybe a few omnivores that feed on organisms in the bo om three levels. 6. In the final level, the quaternary consumers, you place carnivores that feed on organisms from the ter ary level. They may also feed off of consumers in the other levels but they must feed off ter ary consumers too in order to be a quaternary consumer. Figure 2.4: Example of trophic pyramid made from the food web in figure 2.3. Biol 1407 Lab 1 Page 4 Biology 1407 Lab 2: Student Handout Exercise 2.1: Biome and Food Web Describe the biome you picked for your food web in the table below. Table 2.1: Biome abio c factors. Name of Biome: Abio c Factors Descrip on List any other important factors in your ecosystem Descrip on Temperature Sunlight levels Amount of rain per year Weather pa erns Season types Soil types Atmosphere type Biol 1407 Lab 1 Page 5 Exercise 2.1: Organisms for food web Name and describe your fic onal organisms on this page. Your descrip ons should include what type of consumer/producer they are and what each of their food sources are in the ecosystem. Biol 1407 Lab 1 Page 6 Exercise 2.1 con nued: Food web ... Purchase answer to see full attachment