Fluent Essays

Please read the following article and respond to this discussion question: minimum 300 words https://thecrimereport.org/2021/08/23/are-victims-of-police-shootings-entitled-to-crime-victims-compensation/ (Links to an external site.) What are the reasons why victims of police shootings should, or should not, be compensated for their victimization by police? Be sure to include references to the supplemental article as well as relevant concepts and ideas from Chapter 3 of the textbook. The textbook is attached below. let me know if you have any questions in the chat. Due 8pm today!!! (10 hours) Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Beccaria Kant Brockway Mabbott On Crimes and Punishment (1764) Philosophy The American Punishment of Law (1887) Reformatory (1910) (1939) Bentham Bentham Moral Calculus (1789) The Rationale of Punishment (1830) ORIGIN Classical Theory CONTEMPORARY THEORY Rational Choice Theory (p.92) Maudsley Tarde Freud Pathology of Mind Penal General Introduction (1867) Philosophy to Psychoanalysis (1912) (1920) Pinel Healy Treatise on Insanity (1800) The Individual Deliquent (1915) Marx Bonger Rusche & Kircheimer Communist Manifesto (1848) Criminality and Punishment and Social Economic Structure (1939) Conditions (1916) Glueck & Glueck 500 Criminal Careers (1930) Mead Sutherland The Psychology Principles of of Punitive Justice Criminology (1917) (1939) Sutherland Sutherland Criminology (1924) The Professional Thief (1937) Quetelet Durkheim Park, Burgess, Merton The Propensity The Division of & McKenzie Social Structure of Crime (1831) Labor in Society The City (1925) and Anomi (1938) (1893) Shaw et al. (1925) Delinquency Areas Sellin Thrasher Culture, Conflict The Gang (1926) and Crime (1938) ORIGIN Positivist Theory CONTEMPORARY THEORY Biological Trait Theory (p.129) ORIGIN Positivist Theory CONTEMPORARY THEORY Psychological Trait Theory (p.136) ORIGIN Marxist Theory CONTEMPORARY THEORY Critical Criminology (p.232) ORIGIN Sociological Theory CONTEMPORARY THEORY Social Structure Theory (p.158) ORIGIN Sociological Theory CONTEMPORARY THEORY Social Process Theory (p.194) ORIGIN Multifactor/Integrated Theory CONTEMPORARY THEORY Life Course Theory (p.268) ORIGIN Multifactor/Integrated Theory CONTEMPORARY THEORY Propensity Theory (p.276) Gall Lombroso Garofalo Kretschmer Hooton Cranioscopy/Phrenology Criminal Man Criminology Physique and American (1800) (1863) (1885) Character (1921) Criminal (1939) Dugdale Ferri Goring The Jukes Criminal The English Convict (1913) (1877) Sociology (1884) Timeline of Criminological Theories 1775 1800 1825 1850 1875 1900 1925 1939 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Andenaes Martinson Cohen & Felson Clarke General Preventive Effects What Works (1974) Routine Activities (1979) Situational Crime Prevention (1992) of Punishment (1966) Packer Newman J. Q. Wilson Katz The Limits of Criminal Defensible Thinking About Crime (1975) Seductions of Crime (1988) Sanction (1968) Space (1973) Montagu Jeffery E. O. Wilson Mednick & Volavka Rowe Harris Man and Crime Sociobiology (1975) Biology and Crime (1980) The Limits of The Nurture Aggression Prevention Family Influence Assumption (1998) (1968) (1971) (1995) Sheldon Dalton Ellis Varieties of Delinquent Youth (1949) The Premenstrual Syndrome (1971) Evolutionary Sociobiology (1989) Friedlander Eysenck Bandura Hirschi & Hindelang Henggeler Moffitt Wilson & Daly Psychoanalytic Crime and Aggression (1973) Intelligence and Delinquency in Neuropsychology Evolutionary Psychology Approach to Personality (1964) Delinquency (1977) Adolescence (1989) of Crime (1992) (1997) Delinquency (1947) Murray & Herrnstein The Bell Curve (1994) Vold Chambliss & Seidman Lea & Young Hagan Braithwaite Zehr & Mika Theoretical Criminology Law, Order and Power (1971) Left Realism (1984) Structural Criminology (1989) Crime, Shame, and Fundamental Concepts of (1958) Reintegration (1989) Restorative Justice (1998) Dahrendorf Taylor, Walton, & Young Daly & Chesney-Lind Quinney & Pepinsky Barak & Henry Class and Class Conflict The New Criminology Feminist Theory Criminology as An Integrative-Constitutive in Industrial Society (1959) (1973) (1988) Peacemaking (1991) Theory of Crime (1999) Cloward & Ohlin Kornhauser Wilson Agnew Courtwright Anderson Delinquency and Opportunity Social Sources The Truly General Strain Theory Violent Land (1996) Code of the Street (1960) of Delinquency (1978) Disadvantaged (1987) (1992) (1999) Lewis Blau & Blau Messner & Rosenfeld LaFree The Culture of Poverty (1966) The Cost of Inequality (1982) Crime and the American Losing Legitimacy Dream (1994) (1998) Lemert Hirschi Schur Akers Kaplan Akers Social Causes of Labeling Deviant Deviant Behavior (1977) General Theory Social Learning and Pathology (1951) Delinquency (1969) Behavior (1972) of Deviance (1992) Social Structure (1998) Becker Heimer & Matsueda Outsiders (1963) Differential Social Control (1994) Glueck & Glueck West & Farrington Thornberry Sampson & Laub Loeber Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency Delinquent Way of Life Interactional Crime in the Making (1993) Pathways to Delinquency (1950) (1977) Theory (1987) (1998) Weis Moffitt Social Development Adolescence-Limited and Life-Course Theory (1981) Persistent Antisocial Behavior (1995) Hathaway & Monachesi Wolfgang, Figlio, & Sellin Wilson & Herrnstein Tittle Analyzing and Predicting Delinquency in Birth Cohorts Crime and Human Control Balance: Toward a General Juvenile Delinquency (1972) Nature (1985) Theory of Deviance (1995) with the MMPI (1953) Eysenck Gottfredson & Hirschi Crime and Personality General Theory of Crime (1990) (1964) 1947 1969 1975 1980 1991 1995 1997 1998 Timeline of Criminological Theories (continued) Colvin Farrington Zimmerman, Botchkovar, Crime and Coercion (2000) “Developmental and Life-Course Antonaccio, & Hughes “Low Self- Criminology” (2003) Control in ‘Bad’ Neighborhoods” (2015) Piquero, Farrington, Boutwell, Barnes, Deaton, & Nagin, & Moffitt Beaver “On the Evolutionary Origins of Trajectories of Offending (2010) Life-course Persistent Offending” (2013) Conger Long-term Consequences of Economic Hardship on Romantic Relationships (2015) Laub & Sampson Agnew Larson & Sweeten Bersani & Doherty Shared Beginnings, Divergent Why Do Criminals Offend? “Breaking Up Is “When the Ties That Lives (2003) (2005) Hard to Do” (2012) Bind Unwind” (2013) Topalli “When Being Good Conger Is Bad: An Expansion of “Family Functioning and Crime” (2014) Neutralization Theory” (2005) Maruna Making Good: How Ex-convicts Reform and Rebuild Their Lives (2001) Sampson & Raudenbush LeBlanc Wilson & Taub There Goes the Neighborhood: Wilson Disorder in Urban Neighborhoods— Random Family: Love, Drugs, Trouble, Racial, Ethnic, and Class Tensions in Four Chicago More Than Just Race (2009) Does It Lead to Crime? (2001) and Coming of Age in the Bronx (2003) Neighborhoods and Their Meaning for America (2006) Sullivan & Tifft Western Restorative Justice (2001) Punishment and Inequality in America (2010) Hagan and Wymond-Richmond Chesney-Lind & Morash Darfur and the Crime of Genocide (2009) “Transformative Feminist Criminology” (2013) Bushman & Anderson Dorn, Volavka & Media Violence (2001) Johnson “Mental Disorder and Violence” (2012) Ellis & Hoskin “Criminality and the 2D:4D Ratio: Testing the Prenatal Androgen Hypothesis” (2015) Schoenthaler Friedman Beaver Wright & Cullen Barnes & Jacobs Intelligence, Academic Performance, “Violence and Mental Biosocial Criminology (2009) “The Future of Biosocial “Genetic Risk for Violent and Brain Function (2000) Illness” (2006) Criminology” (2012) Behavior” (2013) Lott Felson Steffensmeier & Ulmer Simon Petrossian & Clarke More Guns, Less Crime (2000) Crime and Everyday Life Confessions of a Dying Thief: Understanding Governing Through Crime (2010) “The CRAVED Theft Model” (2014) (2002) Criminal Careers and Illegal Enterprise (2005) Levitt Understanding Why Crime Fell in the 1990s (2004) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2010 2016 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 CRIMINOLOGY THE CORE Larry J. Siegel University of Massachusetts, Lowell 7 Australia ● Brazil ● Mexico ● Singapore ● United Kingdom ● United States EDITION Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the eBook version. Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 requests online at Cengage USA Criminology: The Core, Larry J. Siegel Meier Printed in the United States of America Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2017 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 This book is dedicated to my children, Eric, Julie, Rachel, and Andrew; my grandchildren, Jack, Brooke, and Kayla Jean; my sons-in-law, Jason Macy and Patrick Stephens; and my wife, partner, and best friend, Therese J. Libby. L. J. S. Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 LARRY J. SIEGEL was born in the Bronx. While liv- ing on Jerome Avenue and attending City College of New York in the 1960s, he was swept up in the social and political currents of the time. He became intrigued with the influence contemporary culture had on individual behavior: Did people shape society, or did society shape people? He applied his interest in social forces and human behavior to the study of crime and justice. Graduating from college in 1968, he was accepted into the first class of the newly opened program in criminal justice at the State University of New York at Albany, where he earned both his MA and PhD degrees. Dr. Siegel began his teaching career at Northeastern University, where he was a faculty member for nine years. He also held teaching positions at the University of Nebraska– Omaha and Saint Anselm College in New Hampshire before being appointed a full professor in the School of Criminology and Jus- tice Studies at the University of Massachusetts, Lowell. Dr. Siegel retired from full-time classroom teaching in 2015 and now teaches exclusively online. He has written extensively in the area of crime and justice, including books on juvenile law, delinquency, criminol- ogy, criminal justice, corrections, and criminal procedure. He is a court-certified expert on police conduct and has testified in numer- ous legal cases. The father of four and grandfather of three, Larry Siegel and his wife, Terry, now reside in Naples, Florida, with their two dogs, Watson and Cody. Therese J. Libby and Larry J. Siegel ABOUT THE AUTHOR Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 PART 1 Concepts of Crime, Law, and Criminology Chapter 1 Crime and Criminology 2 Chapter 2 The Nature and Extent of Crime 30 Chapter 3 Victims and Victimization 64 PART 2 Theories of Crime Causation Chapter 4 Rational Choice Theory 98 Chapter 5 Trait Theory 132 Chapter 6 Social Structure Theory 170 Chapter 7 Social Process Theory 210 Chapter 8 Social Conflict, Critical Criminology, and Restorative Justice 248 Chapter 9 Developmental Theories: Life Course, Propensity, and Trajectory 284 PART 3 Crime Typologies Chapter 10 Violent Crime 318 Chapter 11 Political Crime and Terrorism 366 Chapter 12 Economic Crimes: Blue-Collar, White-Collar, and Green-Collar 404 Chapter 13 Public Order Crimes 444 Chapter 14 Crimes of the New Millennium: Cybercrime and Transnational Organized Crime 488 Brief Contents v Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Preface xv PART 1 Concepts of Crime, Law, and Criminology CHAPTER 1 Crime and Criminology 2 What Criminologists Do: The Elements of Criminology 4 Criminal Statistics/Crime Measurement 4 Sociology of Law/Law and Society/Sociolegal Studies 5 Developing Theories of Crime Causation 6 Explaining Criminal Behavior 7 Penology: Punishment, Sanctions, and Corrections 7 Victimology 8 A Brief History of Criminology 8 Classical Criminology 9 Positivist Criminology 9 Sociological Criminology 10 Conflict Criminology 11 Developmental Criminology 12 Contemporary Criminology 12 Deviant or Criminal? How Criminologists Define Crime 13 Becoming Deviant 14 The Concept of Crime 15 Jo e Ra ed le /G et ty Im ag es N ew s/ G et ty Im ag es Profiles in Crime A SHOOTING IN FERGUSON 16 A Definition of Crime 17 Criminology and the Criminal Law 17 Common Law 18 Contemporary Criminal Law 18 The Evolution of Criminal Law 19 Criminology and Criminal Justice 19 The Criminal Justice System 20 The Process of Justice 21 Policies and Issues in Criminology HATE CRIME IN GEORGIA 23 Ethical Issues in Criminology 24 CHAPTER 2 The Nature and Extent of Crime 30 Primary Sources of Crime Data 32 Official Records: The Uniform Crime Report 32 NIBRS: The Future of the Uniform Crime Report 35 Survey Research 35 The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) 35 Self-Report Surveys 36 Evaluating Crime Data 38 Crime Trends 39 Contemporary Trends 40 Trends in Victimization 41 Ch ris tia n Po ve da /A ge nc e VU /R ed ux Contents vii Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 viii CONTENTS Policies and Issues in Criminology INTERNATIONAL CRIME TRENDS 42 Policies and Issues in Criminology EXPLAINING TRENDS IN CRIME RATES 44 What the Future Holds 46 Policies and Issues in Criminology ARE IMMIGRANTS CRIME PRONE? 47 Crime Patterns 48 Place, Time, Season, Climate 48 Co-Offending and Crime 49 Gender and Crime 49 Race and Crime 51 Use of Firearms 52 Social Class and Crime 53 Unemployment and Crime 54 Age and Crime 54 Chronic Offenders/Criminal Careers 55 What Causes Chronicity? 56 Implications of the Chronic Offender Concept 56 CHAPTER 3 Victims and Victimization 64 The Victim’s Role 66 The Costs of Victimization 66 Societal-Level Costs 66 Individual-Level Costs 67 Legal Costs of Victimization 69 Policies and Issues in Criminology THE IMPACT OF WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS ON CRIME VICTIMS 70 The Nature of Victimization 72 The Social Ecology of Victimization 72 The Victim’s Household 73 Victim Characteristics 73 Policies and Issues in Criminology ELDER VICTIMS 74 A P Im ag es /J im C ol e Victims and Their Criminals 78 Theories of Victimization 78 Victim Precipitation Theory 78 Lifestyle Theories 79 Deviant Place Theory 81 Routine Activities Theory 82 Caring for the Victim 84 Victim Service Programs 85 Victims’ Rights 89 Victim Advocates 89 Self-Protection 89 PART 2 Theories of Crime Causation CHAPTER 4 Rational Choice Theory 98 Development of Rational Choice Theory 100 Concepts of Rational Choice 101 Evaluating the Risks of Crime 101 Offense-Specific/Offender-Specific 102 Structuring Criminality 103 Structuring Crime 104 Is Crime Truly Rational? 106 Is Drug Use Rational? 106 Profiles in Crime PLANNING TO STEAL 107 Is Violence Rational? 108 Is Hate Crime Rational? 108 Is Sex Crime Rational? 109 Analyzing Rational Choice Theory 109 Situational Crime Prevention 110 Crime Prevention Strategies 111 Evaluating Situational Crime Prevention 113 Th om as B ar w ic k/ D ig ita lV is io n/ G et ty Im ag es Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 ixCONTENTS General Deterrence 114 Perception and Deterrence 114 Marginal and Restrictive Deterrence 114 Punishment and Deterrence 115 Policies and Issues in Criminology DOES THE DEATH PENALTY DISCOURAGE MURDER? 116 Evaluating General Deterrence 118 Specific Deterrence 119 Toughen Punishment? 119 Incapacitation 120 Policies and Issues in Criminology RACIAL DISPARITY IN STATE PRISONS 122 Criminal Justice and Rational Choice Theory 123 Police and Rational Choice Theory 123 Courts, Sentencing, and Rational Choice Theory 123 Corrections and Rational Choice Theory 124 CHAPTER 5 Trait Theory 132 Development of Trait Theory 134 Contemporary Trait Theory 135 Individual Vulnerability vs. Differential Susceptibility 136 Biological Trait Theories 136 Biochemical Conditions and Crime 137 Neurophysiological Conditions and Crime 139 Genetics and Crime 142 Evolutionary Views of Crime 143 Psychological Trait View 144 The Psychodynamic Perspective 145 The Behavioral Perspective: Social Learning Theory 145 Policies and Issues in Criminology VIOLENT MEDIA/VIOLENT BEHAVIOR? 146 Cognitive Theory 149 A P Im ag es /M ic ha el S ul liv an / N ew s- Re vi ew Personality and Crime 150 Policies and Issues in Criminology CRIMINAL SUSCEPTIBILITY 151 Psychopathic/Antisocial Personality 151 Profiles in Crime THE ICEMAN: A TRUE SOCIOPATH 153 Intelligence and Criminality 154 Mental Disorders and Crime 155 Crime and Mental Illness 155 Profiles in Crime ADAM LANZA AND THE NEWTOWN MASSACRE 157 Evaluation of Trait Theory 157 Social Policy and Trait Theory 158 Policy and Issues in Criminology COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY 159 CHAPTER 6 Social Structure Theory 170 Economic Structure and American Society 172 Living in Poverty 172 Child Poverty 173 Minority Group Poverty 173 Problems of the Lower Class 174 Social Structure and Crime 175 Policies and Issues in Criminology LABOR’S LOVE LOST 176 Social Structure Theories 177 Social Disorganization Theory 177 The Work of Shaw and McKay 178 The Social Ecology School 180 Collective Efficacy 183 Strain Theories 186 Theory of Anomie 186 Institutional Anomie Theory 187 Relative Deprivation Theory 188 General Strain Theory (GST) 189 A P Im ag es /S te ve n Se nn e Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Cultural Deviance Theory 192 Focal Concerns 192 Policies and Issues in Criminology THE CODE OF THE STREETS 194 Theory of Delinquent Subculture 195 Theory of Differential Opportunity 197 Social Structure Theory and Public Policy 198 Broken Windows 199 CHAPTER 7 Social Process Theory 210 Institutions of Socialization 213 Family Relations 213 Educational Experience 215 Peer Relations 216 Religion and Belief 217 Social Learning Theories 218 Differential Association Theory 218 Profiles in Crime THE AFFLUENZA CASE 221 Differential Reinforcement Theory 222 Neutralization Theory 222 Policies and Issues in Criminology WHITE-COLLAR NEUTRALIZATION 225 Evaluating Learning Theories 226 Social Control Theory 226 Hirschi’s Social Control Theory 226 Testing Social Control Theory: Supportive Research 228 Critiquing Social Control Theory 229 Social Reaction (Labeling) Theory 230 Consequences of Labeling 231 Primary and Secondary Deviance 233 Criminal Careers 233 Differential Enforcement 234 G ab rie lle L ur ie /A FP /G et ty Im ag es Long-Term Effects of Labeling 234 Is Labeling Theory Valid? 235 Social Process Theory and Public Policy 236 CHAPTER 8 Social Conflict, Critical Criminology, and Restorative Justice 248 Origins of Critical Criminology 250 Critical Criminology in the United States 252 Contemporary Critical Criminology 253 How Critical Criminologists Define Crime 253 How Critical Criminologists View the Cause of Crime 254 Failing Social Institutions 255 Globalization 255 State-Organized Crime 257 Policies and Issues in Criminology ARE WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS A STATE CRIME? 260 Instrumental vs. Structural Theory 261 Instrumental Theory 261 Profiles in Crime RUSSIAN STATE-ORGANIZED CRIME 262 Structural Theory 263 Research on Critical Criminology 263 Race and Justice 263 Alternative Views of Critical Theory 264 Left Realism 264 Policies and Issues in Criminology LEFT REALISM AND TERROR 265 Critical Feminist Theory: Gendered Criminology 266 Power–Control Theory 269 Peacemaking Criminology 270 A ni k Ra hm an /R ed ux x CONTENTS Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Critical Theory and Public Policy: Restorative Justice 271 The Concept of Restorative Justice 271 Reintegrative Shaming 272 The Process of Restoration 273 The Challenge of Restorative Justice 276 CHAPTER 9 Developmental Theories: Life Course, Propensity, and Trajectory 284 Foundations of Developmental Theory 286 Three Views of Criminal Career Development 287 Population Heterogeneity vs. State Dependence 288 Life Course Theory 289 Age of Onset 290 Problem Behavior Syndrome 291 Continuity of Crime 291 Age-Graded Theory 292 Policies and Issues in Criminology HUMAN AGENCY, PERSONAL ASSESSMENT, CRIME, AND DESISTANCE 296 Social Schematic Theory (SST) 297 Policies and Issues in Criminology SHARED BEGINNINGS, DIVERGENT LIVES 298 Latent Trait/Propensity Theory 300 Crime and Human Nature 300 General Theory of Crime (GTC) 301 Trajectory Theory 304 Age and Offending Trajectories 304 Personality and Offending Trajectories 305 Chronic Offenders and Non-offenders 305 Pathways to Crime 306 Adolescent-Limited and Life Course Persistent Offenders 306 Public Policy Implications of Developmental Theory 308 H ar tf or d Co ur an t/ Tr ib un e N ew s Se rv ic e/ G et ty Im ag es ; A P Im ag es / Co nn ec tic ut D ep ar tm en t o f C or re ct io n PART 3 Crime Typologies CHAPTER 10 …