Fluent Essays

Choose ONE of the following topics: Employment Equity, Mandatory Drug testing or Business EthicsComplete the template for the topic you chose.Please only bid if you are willing to work on the annotated bibliography on for the next 4 weeks. Each week will have any assignment that basically builds on until the paper is complete. This topic will be used for the next 4 weeks. Have to find two scholarly articles, one e-book , and two non-scholarly sources related to the topic throughout the 4 weeks. This is just week 1 assignment. I also attached a copy of what the final paper should look like for week 5. Just so you know what expected at the end of week 5 week_1_research_topic_and_question_worksheet.docx week_5_annotated_bibliography_example.pdf Unformatted Attachment Preview Running head: RESEARCH TOPIC AND QUESTION 1 Research Topic and Question Student Name GEN103: Information Literacy Instructor Name Month Day, Year RESEARCH TOPIC AND QUESTION 2 In the box below, provide a 2-3 sentence description of your research topic and how it is related to your major (HR MANAGEMENT). Research Topic and its Relation to Your Major: To help you explore your topic, fill in the KWHL chart below. 1. Write at least three specific thing you know about your topic in the first column, K (K = know). 2. Write at least three specific questions about your topic that you would like to know the answers to in the second column, W (W = what do I want to know). 3. Write at least three specific tools you might use to find out more about your topic in the third column, H (H = how do I find out). 4. At this point, you need to do background research before you can fill out the fourth column. Use the tools you wrote down in H to find out more about your topic. Focus on the questions you wrote in W: a. When you do background research, it’s fine to do a Google search or to use Wikipedia or other encyclopedias or general reference works; you will not use these sources in your annotated bibliography. b. The 4 Easy Steps to Using the Ashford Library for Background Research provides directions for using the references sources in the Ashford Library 5. After doing your background research, write at least three specific things you have learned about your topic in the fourth column, L (L = what have I learned). You must have at least three distinct items listed in each column to get full credit for this portion of the assignment. K What do I know? W What do I want to know? H How do I find out? L What have I learned? RESEARCH TOPIC AND QUESTION 3 RESEARCH TOPIC AND QUESTION Now that you have done some simple background research, it’s time to write a formal research question. Your research question will help you focus your research by defining the information you are looking for as you research your topic for your annotated bibliography. A quality formal research question must be: ● ● ● ● Open-ended (Review the How to Ask Open-Ended Questions handout) Clear Concise Detailed Remember that research questions should generate the kind of research that is suitable for an academic paper. Avoid questions that: ● ● ● ● ● Are yes/no questions (Often begin with “are” or “do”.) Ask for number or date (Often begin with “how many” or “when”.) Ask for a list Ask for an opinion (Often begin with “what do you think”.) Can be answered with a brief explanation or by referring to a single source. Tip: Open-ended questions usually start with “what,” “why” and “how.” Develop a research question that will allow you room to investigate your topic. Some examples of successful research questions are: What can we do in the United States to prevent acid rain? How do oil spills impact the fishing and tourism businesses in affected areas? What evidence shows that pesticides are significantly harming the bee population? Why is the Clean Water Act an important law for the welfare of urban populations? Type the first draft of your research question in the first row of the table below and fill in all of the shaded areas. Write your final, revised question in the last box. Type the first draft of your research question in the box to the right. 4 RESEARCH TOPIC AND QUESTION 5 Does the first draft ask a yes/no question? If the answer is yes, you need to revise your research question. yes/no Does the first draft ask for a number, date, or a list? If the answer is yes, you need to revise your research question. yes/no Does the first draft ask for an opinion? If the answer is yes, you need to revise your research question. yes/no Can the first draft be answered with a brief explanation or by consulting a single source? If the answer is yes, you need to revise your research question. yes/no Type the final version of your research question in the box to the right. Running head: PRAYER IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS Be sure that you put the title of your paper in the header. Notice that the header on the first page includes the words “Running head:”. 1 The page number should be at the top right of each page. Prayer in Public Schools Sara Lance GEN103: Information Literacy Instructor Smoak April 29, 2018 Fill in the title that you’ve chosen for your paper, your name, your instructor’s name and the date. PRAYER IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS 2 Research Question: How have the courts weighed factors regarding the legality of prayer in American public schools? Remember to include your research question here. Thesis Statement: When considering prayer in public school cases, the courts have sought to balance the Free Exercise and Establishment Clauses of the First Amendment in a way that protects students’ right to pray individually and initiate religious activity but also protects students from being pressured into participating in prayer or other religious activity in school. Convert your research question into a thesis statement and type it here. For help, you can refer to the Writing Center’s Thesis Statement Tutorial. Annotation 1: Scholarly Article 1: Reference: The APA-formattted reference for your scholarly article goes here. If you need help with formatting, visit the Writing Center. Lain, C. B. (2015). God, civic virtue, and the American way: reconstructing Engel. Stanford Law Review, 67(3), 479-555. doi: 10.31228/osf.io/fzhwp Annotation: This scholarly article focuses on the Supreme Court case Engel v Vitale (1963), which set the precedent that state-sponsored prayer in school is unconstitutional. The author argues that while the decision was originally seen as, and continues to be seen as, protecting religious minorities from being forced to participate in the religious Your annotation practices of the religious majority, the Supreme Court Justices did not view it that way belongs here. during the decision making process. Rather, the Supreme Court Justices took into account Be sure to include all of demographic changes (a significant increase in the Catholic population) as well as the elements outlined in cultural changes (a substantial decrease in anti-Semitism after the Holocaust) that had the assignment created a more pluralistic society; they did not see themselves as protecting a religious instructions. minority but as recognizing that there was not a prayer, no matter now bland and generic, that could avoid offending some parties. In addition, the Supreme Court Justices looked at the plain text of the First Amendment and determined that requiring public school PRAYER IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS 3 students to recite a state-written prayer was clearly endorsing religion. There was little disagreement on these points as indicated by the 6-1 decision, with one vacancy on the court and one justice too ill to participate in deliberations. The author used a variety of sources as evidence for this article, including the text of this and other Supreme Court decisions, quotes from an interview with Justice Black, many newspaper and magazine You will copy and paste the articles from the time period as well as historical and legal books and journal articles. references and annotations for Many of the sources that I’ve read mentioned the Engel v. Vitale decision and indicated the two its importance to this issue but this journal article provides detailed explanation of why scholarly articles and and how the case began as well as the reasoning behind the decision, backed up a varietyeBook from your week 3 of historical and legal sources. assignment into this assignment. The author thoroughly supported her points throughout the article with extensive Be sure to make sources. In addition to the text of the decision and an interview with Justice Black, the any revisions recommended author also used the personal papers of Justice Black to support her argument. This article by your instructor provides relatively current information, having been published in 2015. A significant portion of the evidence supporting the thesis from the original court case in the early 1960s but the author also used more contemporary legal, scholarly, and news sources, all the way up to the year before this article was published. The author has significant authority on this topic as a Professor of Law and Associate Dean at the University of Richmond School of Law. In addition, this article was published by the Stanford Law Review, which is well-known and well-respected as a scholarly law journal. The most obvious limitation of this article is that it focuses on the Engel v Vitale ruling; a number of other court rulings, both by the Supreme Court and by lower courts, are relevant to my research question but are not addressed in this article. This journal article answers my PRAYER IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS Please notice that the header should be changed to match your title. 4 research question by explaining the reasoning behind the Engel v Vitale ruling, which set the original precedent by which other religion in school cases were decided. It provides specific information from the ruling and the historical context in which the ruling was made as well as information about the public and media reaction to the ruling. Annotation 2: Scholarly Article 2: The title of your article should be written like sentence with only the first word and proper nouns capitalized. Also remember to italicize the name of the journal. Reference: Warnick, B. R. (2012). Student rights to religious expression and the special characteristics of schools. Educational Theory, 62(1), 59-74. doi:10.1111/j.17415446.2011.00435.x Annotation: In this scholarly peer-reviewed article, Warnick examines the difficulty in balancing two different parts of the First Amendment of the Constitution, the Establishment Clause with the Free Exercise Clause, to show why it is difficult to determine what religious activities are permissible for students in the public school environment. The Establishment Clause prevents any part of the government from establishing or endorsing religion while the Free Exercise Clause guarantees individuals the right to freely engage in religious activities. Within the public school environment, students have the right to engage in student-initiated prayer or other religious activity. Student-initiated religious activity must be accommodated by school officials and it is often accommodated by allowing the use of school property and other resources, which may give the appearance of official endorsement of the religious activity. This can create difficulty in determining when student-initiated religious activity has crossed the line into unconstitutional activity. The author also argues that school are unique areas in American society because education is compulsory, they serve a range of ages, and PRAYER IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS 5 because students are expected to gain a wide range of competencies, eventually becoming capable members of society who understand how ideas (both religious and secular) function to produce political outcomes. These three elements that make schools a special place in American society contribute to the difficulty with balancing the Free Exercise Clause with the Establishment Clause and make the issue particularly controversial. Warnick used many scholarly sources as references. He cited numerous education, legal, and philosophy journal articles and books to support his points as well as relevant Supreme Court cases. This article is different from many of the sources I’ve read because it explains why the issue of religious expression in schools is complicated, both from the Be sure to discuss the sources (evidence) that the author used to support his/her points. viewpoint of allowing students the freedom of expression in a constitutional way and from the viewpoint of ensuring that students receive a complete educational experience. In this article, the author argues that the issue of prayer and religious activity in public school is nuanced and complex; he supports that thesis well by citing many educational, legal and philosophical sources that validated each element of his argument. Provide enough detail in Warnick, has authority on this issue as professor of Philosophy of Education at Ohio your State University. The journal, Educational Theory, was founded in 1951 and is a peerannotations to fully reviewed journal so this article is credible. The article is interesting but limited in describe your usefulness to me because the factors that courts consider is not the main focus. Instead, sources and explain the author discussed balancing the Free Exercise Clause and the Free Establishment how they Clause as part of a larger discussion of the complexities of prayer and religious activities fit into your in public school. This article answers my research question by explaining how the two research project. clauses of the First Amendment that are relevant to the issue of religious activity in The article was published in 2012, so it is relatively current. The author, Bryan R. PRAYER IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS 6 public school, the Free Exercise Clause and the Establishment Clause, apply in a school setting and how they can be difficult to reconcile. The title of the eBook should be italicized Annotation 3: eBook: Reference: Haiman, F. S. (2003). Religious Expression and the American Constitution. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. Retrieved from Ashford Library eBook Collection. Annotation: This eBook examines many different facets of the First Amendment of the For the eBook, you American society and the evolution of First Amendment cases throughout American history. Of may choose to focus on particular relevance to my research question is chapter four, “Religious Expression in Public a specific chapter that Schools.” This chapter is broken into six parts, covering prayer in school and school-sponsored is of events, the Pledge of Allegiance, use of school resources for religious meetings outside of school particular importance to your hours, evolution curriculum, school officials’ religious expression, and censorship of library and topic. Be curricular resources. The author discusses many Supreme Court and lower court cases, arguing sure to clearly that schools, because they are viewed as shaping young minds, are a particular focus of conflict explain that chapter’s over the proper church-state balance. The courts have endeavored to both protect the rights of relevance and discuss students and faculty to freely exercise their chosen religion while also protect against state the author’s coercion to engage in a specific religion (or any religion) or state endorsement of religion. In arguments and general, the goal of the courts has been for the state to be neutral in regard to religion and neither evidence in that favor or disfavor either a specific religious sect or religious practice over nonpractice. The chapter. author supported his points in this book by citing and referencing Supreme Court and lower court Constitution, generally focusing on how it has been applied in court cases related to religion in cases, media reports, and scholarly legal articles. This article is similar to other sources that I PRAYER IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS 7 read on this topic in that it discusses some of the same cases and made some similar points. However, it also discussed many lower court cases that were not mentioned in other sources and it addressed issues beyond prayer and student religious activities in school, like religious expression of school officials, censorship of library and curriculum materials, and the teaching of evolution. The thesis of the relevant chapter of this eBook is best summarized by saying that the courts have worked to balance the rights enumerated in the First Amendment on various religious issues that find their way into public schools. The author supported that thesis well by exploring those various topics and explaining how court rulings have evolved over time, building on precedent. Although the author cited some scholarly secondary sources, the majority of sources cited and referenced are court cases, illustrating the focus of the author on discussing court rulings. This eBook is less current than other sources chosen for this project, having been published in 2003. However, it is still current enough for this topic and contains significant useful information. The author, Franklyn S. Haiman, was Emeritus Professor of Communication Studies at Northwestern University. He wrote additional scholarly works on the First No source can cover all aspects appear that he was an authority on this issue. The eBook was published by the Michigan State of a topic so University Press, which indicates that this is a scholarly book and that it is a credible source. they all have some The limitation of this source is primarily that it is older and so does not include any cases or limitations. Think scholarship written since 2003. In addition, the author largely used court cases as sources; while carefully there are some scholarly secondary sources cited and referenced, there are clearly fewer about where the source scholarly secondary sources used in this source than in other scholarly sources used for this might be lacking. project. While this source provides a thorough history of the evolution of the history of religion Amendment and a national award for freedom of expression was named in his honor. It would PRAYER IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS 8 in public school cases, it does not place them in the context of the scholarly discussion as well as other sources in the project. This eBook addresses my research question by looking at issues beyond just prayer in public school. By examining other issues that fall under the First Amendment legal umbrella, it is easier to see how the courts have worked to find a balance between the Free Expression and Establishment Clauses. In addition, because this eBook also discusses lower court cases, it was easier to understand how the precedent set by the Supreme Court cases affected subsequent cases that came before these courts. Annotation 3: Non-Scholarly Source 1: Reference: Linder, D. (n.d.). Exploring constitutional conflicts: prayer in public schools. Retrieved from http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/PROJECTS/FTRIALS/conlaw/schoolprayer.html Annotation: This website was created by Doug Linder, a Professor of Law at the University of Missouri-Kansas City Law School and it is designed to be an educational resource on constitutional issues. This web page specifically addresses the issue of prayer in public schools and it discusses four important Supreme Court cases: Engel v Vitale (1962), Wallace v Jaffree (1985), Lee v Weisman (1992), and Santa Fe Independent School District v Doe (2000). For each of the four cases, there is a paragraph describing the specifics of each case and how the court ruled. The Engel v Vitale (1962) case concerned student recitation of a state-written prayer, which the court ruled 6-1 was unconstitutional regardless of whether students were given the option of opting out. In Wallace v Jaffree (1985), the practice of providing a daily moment of silence along with the instruction that students should use it for meditation or silent prayer was challenged and the justices found it to be unconstitutional, 5 to 4. Of particular import to this Be sure to provide the specific URL (web address) for the nonscholarly sources that you use. PRAYER IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS 9 decision were statements by legislators that their goal was to encourage students to pray. In the Lee v Weisman (1992) case, the Supreme Court considered the practice of inviting clergy to perform invocations and benedictions at public school graduations. The justices ruled 5-4 that this was an uncons ... Purchase answer to see full attachment