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I have a paper that need to set up the format as IEEE template as attachment within 2 hours blockchain.doc ieee_tamplet.doc Unformatted Attachment Preview Block chain as a solution to Drone Cyber security Jacoup, Valley College of Engineering, University Neywork University Neywork, The United States Email@email.com Abstract - Industry 4.0 has revolutionized industrial processes. Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has increased due to the need to facilitate automation. Initially, drone usage was confined to military usage and other institutions that required high-level government clearance. Back then, the number of operating drones was few who made it easier to regulate and secure. However, with the emergence of Industry 4.0, the need for drone usage has increased in various industries. These industries include insurance, health, e-commerce, learning institutions, conducting and coordinating military airstrikes. INTRODUCTION Current technological advancements have transformed our datadriven society. Existing technologies, especially the Internet-of-Things (IoT), involve the continuous exchange of data.Technological enhancements in semiconductors and other communication technologies have facilitated connection and transfer of data among many devices over a network. Data exchange in these devices constitutes device-device interaction or human-device interaction. IoT comprises of data exchange among devices in various fields such as military, health, agriculture, transport, and smart cities among other areas. Drone usage is also categorized as an IoT device due to its ability to communicate with other devices over the internet, receive input, and send output data as required. According to the Federal Aviation Administration, there were over 1.3 million registered drones in performing weather monitoring, among other crucial functionalities. The increased use and adoption of drones has resulted on the Internet of Drones. [7] As more industries continue to adopt drone usage, the issue of securing them arises. The need for organizations to ensure and coordinate thousands of drones has necessitated the adoption of a security mechanism that guarantees the security of these devices. We explore the use of Block chain technology as a means of enhancing drone cyber security. We research how industrial players perceive Block chain and its contribution to cyber security. the United States by 2015. [7] The federation further reports that there are over hundreds of thousands of unregistered drones. However, these figures have increased recently due to the availability of cheap drones and increased demand in various industries. In some fields like health and military, drones carry sensitive data. One main challenge then remains; guaranteeing the security of the devices and data privacy. In 2014, at least 750, 000 IoT devices were compromised through phishing and spam emails. [8] These figures are worrying, especially where critical missions are concerned. Current IoT networking advocate for devices to authenticate each with respect to some networking parameters. However, despite the fact that these network protocols might be secure, the security of the network device relies on the manufacturer. In a military set up where there are thousands of drones. These drones are controlled from a central place where network administrators can monitor the endpoint devices and the Internet-ofBattle-Field network. [8] In these kinds of organizations, the procurement department is separate from the actual device operators on the ground. The main question is, in case of a drone-controlled airstrike attack, what happens when one drone develops a mechanical issue or restarts midair? This might result in chaos or botched missions. In case countries like Rwanda where drones are used to deliver blood, what happens when a drone is compromised? What is the impact to the medical team on the ground or even the patients? In this paper, we analyze how Block chain can be used to offer a solution to drone cyber security. Through the literature review, we explore the history of drone security. Then we investigate current drone security issues and thetechnological areas that are using Block chain as a solution to the dronecybersecurity. The paper will describe Block chain in details and how Block chain can enhance drone cyber security. Finally, a qualitative analysis will be conducted to determine how security experts perceive Block chain and how Block chain can aid in providing a solution to drone cyber security. Literature review Drone security threats and vulnerabilities The successful operation and adoption of IoD (internet of Drones) are limited by the existing and emerging security threats and vulnerabilities. The drones collect process and carry sensitive data, and this has made it a soft target for intruders. Data loss or leakage can lead to privacy and trust issues. The table below identifies drone threats and vulnerabilities. Drone Threat and Vulnerability Packet sniffing and eavesdropping Backdoor access and confidentiality privilege escalation Access Integrity and control confidentiality Physical and Availability Denial of Service (DOS) attacks GPS spoofing Availability or altering GPS coordinates. Interfering with device performance by leading resources to be depleted faster Total capture of the drone and switch off its accessibility Affected Impact security parameter Integrity and Privacy confidentiality breach Integrity and Access to Availability sensitive data and information The device can be controlled remotely to cause damage or system crash Destroy the device physically. Cause collisions by altering GPS coordinates Mission failure due to faster resource depletion. Confidentiality Disruption and and failure availability of the assigned jobs. Current Public Safety Communications relies on IoDs to facilitate network communication. As a result, attackers have opted to capture the private or public encryption keys between communicating devices. Capturing communication keys is a breach of privacy. Intruders exploit devices or network platform vulnerabilities to access the keys. BLOCK CHAIN IN HEALTH SECTOR Implementation of block chain technology has a greater potential of transforming the health sector, by putting the patients at the center stage of the health ecosystem as well as escalating the security of the health data, interoperability, and privacy. With the application of this technology, there is an assurance of enhancing the new model for health and information sharing by ensuring that the health records remain efficient, accurate, reliable as well as accurate(Bannered, Lee &Coho, 2018). Focusing on the implementation of Block chain within the health industry, it could lead to unlocking the precise values of the interoperability of the health systems. Automating health systems could lead to a reduction and eliminations of the fiction and costs of the possible intermediaries within the sector. Healthcare systems require a secure, reliable as well as more efficient technology that will guarantee information security. As the technology continues advancing, implementation of block chain technologies is growing rapidly, especially in this sector. The paramount thing with this approach is that it solely depends on cryptography, which is a technique in cyber security for ensuring that the data or information is encrypted. Additionally, it ensures that no one can tap the communication or the records stores within a specific location. In a system. The future of Block chain in the health sector is promising has a farreaching insinuation, especially to all the stakeholders within the healthcare ecosystem. Exploiting and harnessing on this technology has a possible implication of connecting the systems that are fragmented for the purposes of developing insights as well as assessing the value of healthcare. In future, such integrations may lead to having a nationwide block chain system in healthcare that can maintain medical health records through distributed systems (Bannered, Lee &Coho, 2018). This may lead to improved access, efficiencies, and support for better health outcomes for the patients all over. A good example of the implementation of block chain technology in healthcare is the roadmap given by United States, through the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology, who issued an integrated nationwide interoperability roadmap that is solely meant for defining critical policies as well as the technical components required for the implementation of interoperable system, nationwide. [10] It is worth to note that, block chain technology is more of cyber security technique whereby all the data is secured through cryptographic techniques. This means that every user within the same network must be solely responsible for ensuring that the data transmitted to the Block chain is accurate. In assessing the work of Garrity (2019), affirms that there are various ways in which block chain technology can be implemented and transform the healthcare sector. Such ways include Medical data, Patient access, Smart Contracts, Paperwork, and fraud. (1) Medical data: It is worth to note that block chain technology can be assessed by all actors within a specific domain such as in healthcare. Nevertheless, based on this technology, many stakeholders, such as physicians, doctors, nurses, as well as the hospitals, would be less vulnerable to thecyberattacks. The service providers would be in a better position to implement a security system and ensure that sharing of information about the patients records is done in a secure manner. (2) Patient access: This is the second way in which block chain technology can transform the healthcare sector. Based on the application of diverse block chains, patients can securely access the information as well as having control and ownership of their medical records. Such records can be easily tracked within the Block chain, thus minimizing the risk of information being deleted or false claims regarding the medications. (3) Smart Contracts: This provides the sturdiest way of introducing Block chain within the healthcare arena. One critical advantage of Block chain is that it minimizes aspects such as inefficiencies and allowing the payments of medical services as well as automatic billing of the insurer. (4) Fraud: Recently, healthcare has experienced an inflow relating to fraud and cyber security issues. The reason behind this is for not having proper communication between the service providers, hospitals as well as the patients. The application of Block chain in the health sector, as well as other sectors, is based on a transparent ledger that records all the transactions being undertaken on a daily basis by the users of the system. The transaction ledger can keep track of the payment’s history made, the prescriptions history, as well as the medication provided and any associated documentation. (5) Paperwork: Providers, as well as the hospitals, can minimize the amount of paper-based information or documentation required, through the implementation of block chain technology. BLOCK CHAIN IN IOT As far as Block chain, technology is concerned, it elucidates many things as far as the connection to the internet and network systems is concerned. Internet of Things refers to the interconnection of computing devices over the internet. Such devices may include phones, computers, tablets, among others. [11] One way that can lead to the improvement of IoT connectivity is by the use of smart contracts, which are automatically undertaken when the set condition is met. One of the paramount roles played by the Block chain is enhancing the connectivity via the IoT. Implementation of block chain technology in IoT, provide pervasive and secure systems since the application of cyber security techniques is guaranteed. In the modern world, most individual and businesses who are dealing with crypto currencies are depending on the block chain technology. The rationale behind the application of block chain technology is that it guarantees high security since the technology depends on cryptography as a security mechanism. Most of the IoT systems within the crypto currencies are dependent on the microtransactions existing between the digital devices. [11] This, in turn, will require the connection of the IoT devices in a manner that will enable the machine to machine economy. Machine to machine economy is generally the exchange of money between different devices that are non-human in nature. Within such a context, there is a rising demand for IoT technology that utilizes Block chain. [11] A good example of the system that integrates Block chain in different IoT devices is Coin Bundles, which provides an online platform for transacting with crypto currencies. According to Scoop (2019), influencing the block chain technology in IoT data provides new and devised mechanisms for automating business processes among the business partners.[2] This can be achieved without necessarily having to set up expensive information technology infrastructure. The protection of block chain data promotes stronger and good working relationships between businesses and their respective partners. Additionally, it fosters grander efficiency since the business partners can take advantage of the information provided. [14]As a recap of Block chain in the IoT, it is worth to note the three fundamental contributions of the IoT. First, it allows the IoT devices to play a part in the block chain transactions. Secondly, reimagining of the world most ultimate business interactions open up ways of incenting the new styles that involve digital interactions. Lastly, is the reduction of the cost as well as minimizing the complexity of minimizing the operational of sustaining enterprises? BLOCK CHAIN IN FINANCE As a fundamental approach for digital cash transactions, block chain technologies are transforming the financial transactions landscape, especially mobilebased transactions. For the financial institutions using block chain technologies, they have started realizing the substantial benefits accrued as a result of implementing this technology within their systems. Such benefits include security, improved efficiencies, and reliability of financial transactions. Most of the block chain capital markets have penetrated the financial markets thus improving the workflow as well as reducing the overheads and delays, by allowing the financial institutions to deliver more secure as well as private services to both the individuals as well as businesses. A good example of the block chain implementation is the crypto projects rolled out by the Bank of America (BOA), which filed a patent about the implementation of permission Block chain for securing and authenticating the financial, personal and business data (Sarim et al., 2019). Other companies that have contemplated implementation of this technology within the financial market include Golden man Sachs Group, among others. Block chain in finance has realized various benefits, such as instant settlements, whereby settling of the transactions is done within a few seconds. The application of Block chain can be optimized to reduce the turnaround time as well as the cost. Additionally, Block chain does not require the presences of backoffice, especially in the banks as well as middle office. The centralized banking system has been enhanced in the banking sector for various reasons. One of the primary reasons is the efficiency and the security while performing the financial transactions though the systems made based on block chain technology. [4] In the modern technological world, the implementation of Block chain in the financial sector is important in the conversion of flat to digital currency through the application of peer to peer protocol. What happens with the decentralized banking, the distributed networks provide support as well as the verification of all the transactions, through a process called mining? A good example is the Bit coin technology that involves financial transactions, which involve the mining process (Li, 2018). PREVIOUS DRONE CYBER SECURITY INCIDENCES Drones are raising threats, especially for law enforcement as well as business security. Recently, especially in the United States, drones have been used extensively as one of the critical components of cyber attacks. According to Soared (2018), drones which are under the category of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) group, have been used considerably in the past few years. Based on the survey conducted by Soared (2018), the global market for a drone is expected from $14 billion in 2018 to over $43 billion by 2024. [3] [13] The malevolent use of the drones has posed a real threat in security as well as the privacy as they can be used as a platform for spying the devices. The rising number of cases has been reported based on the application of the drones. Some of the incidences associated with the previous drone cyber security that have been reported include: (1) Syria and Iraq have used a drone in the past for remote aircraft as flying bombs. (2) The United States used drones to gather intelligent information about their enemies, especially in Afghanistan and Iraq. This poses a real threat to the government and military information stored by their opponents. The existence of unmanned aerial vehicles, for instance, drones, raises so many concerns, especially to the lawmakers. The point raised by different lawmakers is that drones pose a real threat to the privacy and security of information stored in various systems, especially for the governments. However, government agencies argue that drones are important in pervasive surveillance within a large geographical area. Additionally, drones are considered cheaper in terms of operations as well as the cost of maintenance. BLOCK CHAIN AS A SOLUTION TO DRONE SECURITY HOW BLOCK CHAIN CAN BE USED TO ENHANCE DRONE SECURITY Drones are faced with several security challenges such as hacking which cause data breaches and pose a great risk to public safety. Also, drones themselves are being used for cyber attack son networks and other drones. Block Chain technology can be used in securing drones and their networks as they provide trust and integrity in a trustless environment. Blockchain can be implemented in various areas such as data security, identity and fleet management, drone insurance, and drone air traffic management. Data Security Drones collect, process, store, and transmit data as they fly. These data are at risk of being stolen or compromised by malicious actors. Data in areas that a drone can access such as data centers, corporations, and private residences among others, is also at risk. The data should encrypted and decentralized. This is possible by use of block chain and the ‘defense in depth’ approach described in the previous section. The solution will provide cryptographic material that ensures confidential, authentic and secure communication among drones and their ground stations (Li, 2018). Use of block chain identifiers will enable a flexible way of establishing trust models across heterogeneous devices, their access technologies, different network domains and their communication models. IDENTITY MANAGEMENT AND TRAFFIC CONTROL Drones do not have any form of identification as they fly, that is why they can fly near corporations and exploit vulnerabilities in the wireless networks without being recognized. Identification of drones would help the in the monitoring and detecting rogue drones [14]. Using Block chain, data relating to the identity of the drones will be stored blocks which are stored in each node within a network. Identity of a drone joining such a network will be verified by several drones through a consensus. This will ensure that only authorized drone joins a network. Compromised drones will be denied communication with other drones and devices within that network. With the increased number of drones, risk of colli ... Purchase answer to see full attachment