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Help me to Paste the names on the first page of my project and add a table of contents as instructed Please copy and Paste the list of names attached on the first page of the Project And Please add the table of contents in the form of the example I sent youVery quick and simple mmexport1579364834378.jpg australians_at_wars.docx names.docx Unformatted Attachment Preview Running head: THE AUSTRALIAN WAR 1 Australians at War: Colonial period, 1788–1901 Student’s name Course Data THE AUSTRALIAN WAR 2 Australians at War: Colonial period, 1788–1901 Introduction Memorization and preservation of histories regarding people, servicemen and all the members of the army who participated in any war to protect the interest of their country is s significant or widely used way of respecting the contributions made by these people to their nation. Australia is one of the continents that experienced long histories of war, starting from the early Sydney Cove in the 18th century1. This paper will provide a historical account of the contributions of some of the men and women in the Australian wars, which has spanned several decades, starting from the first time the European made contact with Aboriginal Australia. In particular, this report will focus on those who died while taking part in the Colonial wars in Australia, which span between, 1788 and 1901. However, the main aim of this report is to provide an interpretation, or an overview of the different factors that mark or characterize memorization and its significance in the history of Australia, if not any other region. At its center, this paper marvels at the positive impacts memorization have in preserving the legacy of those whose lives were lost in the course of protecting the country, or continent, and the overall history of Australia. For almost the two decades that characterized the colonial period, many lives were lost. Both the soldiers, from both sides of the war, and the civilians, lost their lives in the wars that characterized this period2. At first, settlement in Australia by the British began as a penal economy, protected by Royal Navy’s captain. In the beginning, these colonies were governed by Clark, Chris. 2013. Indigenous Service In Australias Armed Forces In Peace And War – Overview | The Australian War Memorial. Awm.Gov.Au. https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/indigenous-service/report-executivesummary. 2 The Memorial. 2014. Colonial Period, 1788–1901 | The Australian War Memorial. Awm.Gov.Au. https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/atwar/colonial. 1 THE AUSTRALIAN WAR 3 protected by the British regular troops. However, by around the 1850s, recruitment of the local forces began, gaining a different approach and team to garrison the colonies3. In 1790, the marines who used to guard the English settlements were relieved by a group that was specially recruited in service for the colonial government. Among other troops that were later recruited under similar ways, the main responsibility was to protect Australia from outside attack, but more specifically to uphold civil peace, more predominantly counter to the danger of convict revolutions, and to overpower the opposition of the Indigenous inhabitants to British settlement. Australian-based British soldiers who did not take part in martial actions had a high Clark, Chris. 2013. Indigenous Service In Australias Armed Forces In Peace And War – Overview | The Australian War Memorial 3 THE AUSTRALIAN WAR 4 chance of fighting in the Anglo–Maori wars of the 1840s and 1860s4. In other wars that followed, including times in which British troops fired upon fellow Europeans, many lives were lost, with some of them finding their way into the memorial monuments across Australia. Methodology The project used both qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques. In selecting the names on the memorial, I used a critical sampling technique. The critical sampling method uses a part of the population to collect data that is then used or assumed to represent the whole phenomenon. The number of the names in the memorial was too large, and thus taking every name above the specified limit (50-70) would be a violation, hence the choice of the sampling method. Clark, Chris. 2013. Indigenous Service In Australias Armed Forces In Peace And War – Overview | The Australian War Memorial 4 THE AUSTRALIAN WAR 5 The project utilized the use of a wide range of academic sources. Since the project involved both qualitative and quantitative data collection, both websites, books, peer-reviewed journals and articles that had information on the Australian wars during the colonial periods, those who died and their contributions in the war were used. Most of the websites had consistencies in the periods of the war, the enlistments, and the effects of the war on the soldiers and the civilians at those times. However, there were discrepancies in the reporting about the actual figures of those who died, especially during the Anglo–Maori wars. Overall, the perreviewed articles and books had a high percentage of consistency in their reporting regarding the wars within the colonial period. To ensure that the most reliable information was used and to fill in the gaps that appeared on different websites, the project based most of its data on websites with extensions of .gov, .edu and .org. However, the widely used ones were government sources because they have reliable consistency in their reporting. Also, based on the general guidelines in history research, websites with these extensions are the most recommended for academic research, compared to others because of the high reliability and validity of their content, and the fact that they can be easily verified. Since the research used a mixed-method; that is, included both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis, there are limited limitations to the study approach. The mixed-method contains fewer cases of bias, and high validity and reliability level5. Also, since the method used certified academic sources, there is a small possibility of errors in data collection and interpretation. Nonetheless, one possible limitation would be the relatively small Ghosh, Malay, and Tomasz Żądło. 2014. Special Issue: Survey Sampling Methods. Mathematical Population Studies 21 (1): 1-1. doi:10.1080/08898480.2013.836334. 5 THE AUSTRALIAN WAR 6 number of sources used to gather information on the Australian War. The number of sites, books, and articles published within recent years are very minimal, thus the chance that the project did not utilize extensive materials in reporting its findings. Memorialization Monuments are representations of the historical perspective of major events in a community, heroes, and cultures of the people within the specific region. Some memorials are considered monuments, but not all monuments are memorials6. The design and shape of a monument range from stone sculptures, to advanced architecture that depicts the different features of the monument. However, the monument used in this project was a traditional monument, with names and pictures depicting the events that took place in the various battles that characterized the colonial periods in Australia. It is worth noting that although the design of monuments and memorials have changed over the years, their significance in preserving the history of events that facilitated their creation and the significance of those accounts remains the same in the contemporary times. Studies show that by the beginning of the twentieth-century, monuments were no longer conventional edifices with effigies of the people being reminisced with stories or symbols demonstrating their lives and acts engraved inside, but instead, became theoretical depictions of those significant performances or persons7. In Australia, this monument portrays a more chronological account of the events of the Australian colonial period. Images of the warships, soldiers, those who died while on the battlefield and those whose contributions in the wars cannot be forgotten, are both presented in 6 Fout, Jason A. 2017. Architecture And Ritual: How Monuments Shape Urban Identity. Journal Of Urban Affairs 40 (3): 453-454. doi:10.1080/07352166.2017.1380383. 7 Fout, Jason A. 2017. Architecture And Ritual: How Monuments Shape Urban Identity. Journal Of Urban Affairs 40 (3): 453-454. doi:10.1080/07352166.2017.1380383. THE AUSTRALIAN WAR 7 ways that it provides direction and guidelines on the turn of events in the period. It is strategically located in a park, with a green environment background that depicts or seems to symbolize the benefits of the contributions of the heroes who fought for the preservation of Australia. The memorial serves the purpose of reminding the public of the significance of loyalty, and at the same time, the dangers of wars and its adverse effects8. Placed in an environment with cool vegetation and shimmering fountains, the memorial is aimed to remind the visitors, mostly the Australians, of the significance of peace, families, and preservation of the national native practices. These are some of the factors that contributed to and were affected by the wars during the colonial periods. Until today, the monument is a significant memorial in the modern commemoration activities, including cultural practices and celebration of the freedom from colonists in Australia. Service records in the community During the colonial periods, there was no established routine or provisions on the age at which people could join the army and the fights. In most cases, those who fought in the battles constituted volunteer corps. One trend that was visible during this period, and which was not clearly stated in the memorial was the age of the soldiers. Most of the names that appeared on the memorial lacked a clear distinction of the ages of the servicemen. However, judging by the representative names taken from the list, the average age of those who served in the army can be estimated to be 25 years old. At the time of the colonial period, war constituted the British and European soldiers and a part of the Aborigines. To be part of the war required that one had the skills in the use of the riffles, the ammunition and spears, which was common among people of 8 Fout, Jason A. 2017. 40 (3): 453-454. THE AUSTRALIAN WAR 8 the age of averagely 25 years9. However, the issue of the age of the servicepersons remains to be one of the debates of the Australian colonial wars. Although not specified, the colonial times marked a period of religious and spiritual practices among both the Europeans, British and the aboriginal Australian. Although different in many ways, there were consistencies in the identification of religious culture that celebrated their own doctrines between the colonists and the Aborigines. In the Australian War memorial, there are little details on the religious specifications of those who served and fought in the wars. However, the general idea is that the aborigines, unless they converted to the European and British religious influence, maintained their tradition on indigenous spiritual rituals, which were characterized by cremation and other spiritual practices10. However, there are no religious details on the religious affiliations of those who served in the aboriginal service in armed forces of Australia, fighting for amity and war. The number of the servicemen who perished in service was relatively higher among the aboriginals compared to the European settlers and police during the resistance war, which comprised one of the most violent and devastating Australian in the colonial times. Almost 20,000 Aborigines died in the war, constituting more than 48\% of those who served at the time11. On the other hand, 2,600 European colonizers and forces died on the same conflict, whose percentage is relatively lower than that of the Aborigines12. Aboriginal Australians and their immobilized and poorly trained armies were unable to restrain the tide of European settlement; 9 Stanley, Peter. 1986. The Remote Garrison: The British Army In Australia, 1788–1870. Kenthurst, NSW: Kangaroo Press. 10 Stanley, Peter. 1986. The Remote Garrison: The British Army in Australia, 1788–1870. Kenthurst, NSW: Kangaroo Press. 11 Stanley, Peter. 1986. The Remote Garrison: The British Army in Australia, 1788–1870. 12 Stanley, Peter. 1986. THE AUSTRALIAN WAR 9 although confrontation in different forms never stopped, which came with substantial demises of the potential soldiers13. As mentioned earlier in this paper, the Aboriginal Australians lacked a well-organized army, which implies a lack of a consistent enlistment pattern. However, research shows that during the Boer, WW1 and 2, enlistment of soldiers into the army followed a pattern, though troubled with difficulties of establishing the indigenous identities or recruiting native Australians. For instance, in WW2, there was the approval of native females into the armed forces, a trend that was not widely practiced r practiced at all during the First World War14. Also, enlistments in the army in the northern regions of Australia during the Australian wars began to hire local Indigenous and Torres Strait Islanders as laborers and support staff15. Conversely, most 13 Ibid. Clark, Chris. 2013. 15 Clark, Chris. 2013. 14 THE AUSTRALIAN WAR 10 of those who served in the army were volunteers, although there are no clear records on what prompted the native Australians to volunteer into the military service. Discussion The memorial and service records show a mixed-pattern in the intersection between the local communities and the foreign armed conflict. In larger percentages, the local communities are resistant in accepting the influence of the foreigners, fearing for the future of their survival and resources if they allow the foreigners to have full grasp and power over them. On the other hand, there is a small group that seems to accept the impacts of foreign power, although mostly because they feel hapless in the face of the foreign armed conflict. In the end, there is bloodshed, sacrifice, prosperity, and demise. In the colonial wars, this trend can be seen to come out clearly. THE AUSTRALIAN WAR 11 Although the Aborigines were able to contain the tide of the European settlements, hey made an effort to resist their influence, although with less success due to many factors. Even with the minimal efforts, the heroes and heroines who managed to make an effort laid the foundation for what Australia later became. To preserve their efforts and contributions, the memorial, just as we learned from the unit, carries their heroic efforts and the significance of the wars down generation after generation through memorization. THE AUSTRALIAN WAR 12 Bibliography Clark, Chris. 2013. Indigenous Service in Australias Armed Forces in Peace and War – Overview | The Australian War Memorial. Awm.Gov.Au. https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/indigenous-service/report-executive-summary. Fout, Jason A. 2017. Architecture And Ritual: How Monuments Shape Urban Identity. Journal of Urban Affairs 40 (3): 453-454. doi:10.1080/07352166.2017.1380383. Ghosh, Malay, and Tomasz Żądło. 2014. Special Issue: Survey Sampling Methods. Mathematical Population Studies 21 (1): 1-1. doi:10.1080/08898480.2013.836334. Stanley, Peter. 1986. The Remote Garrison: The British Army in Australia, 1788–1870. Kenthurst, NSW: Kangaroo Press. The Memorial. 2014. Colonial Period, 1788–1901 | The Australian War Memorial. Awm.Gov.Au. https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/atwar/colonial. Names of those who served in the Australian colonial army in the colonial wars Arthur Cooper Abbott, Charles Edgar Allason, Sidney Ernest Allen, Henry Allwood, Frederick Theodore Antill, John Macquarie Gartside, Robert Rafferty, Rupert Anstice Scobie, Robert Ryrie, Granville de Laune Cameron, Donald Charles Antill, John Macquarie Bennett, Alfred Joshua Bruggy, Stephen Barnes, Charles Albert Holmes, William Howse, Neville Reginald Scobie, Robert Airey, Henry Parke Basche, Carl Oswald Annat, James Whamond Caskey, Lachlan John Forrest, Anthony Alexander Berry, Robert Edwin Buckingham, Alfred George Kernan Edwards, Frederick Francis Goodman, Herbert John Hamilton, James Brent, Herbert Colston, William Crabtree, John Salmon, Robert Westrup Toll, John Tressilian Cope, William Hopkins, William Fleming Allen, Alfred Edward Elkington Position/description Wars fought Lieutenant between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) Lieutenant Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Major Major Major Major Lieutenant Lieutenant Lieutenant Lieutenant Lieutenant Lieutenant Lieutenant Lieutenant Lieutenant between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) Sergeant Sergeant between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) Sergeant between 1899 to 1918) Sergeant Sergeant Sergeant Captain Captain Captain Captain Captain Captain between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) Corporal between 1899 to 1918) Bennett, Henry Augustus Lamb, James Currie, Walter Buchannan Newlands, Henry Harkus, Rowland Edward Spier, Walter Laishley Bollinger, William Frederick Robertson, Robert Patrick Norton Jones, Hugh Trevor Legge, Franklin Harcourt Bryce, William Henry Wriford, George Norton, Charles William Griffin, George Allman Corporal Corporal Corporal Corporal Corporal Corporal Corporal between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) Corporal between 1899 to 1918) Corporal Corporal Corporal Corporal Corporal Corporal between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) between 1899 to 1918) ... 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