Fluent Essays

Option A: Discuss the American Revolution including the important who, what, when, where, how, why, and why important aspects. How did Enlightenment throught influence the revolution and the development of the United States? Were there limits to the ways in which Enlightenment ideals were understood and applied? Please read chapters 8, 9, & 10 on the American and French Revolutions and information from these links http://www.pbs.org/ktca/liberty/chronicle.html (Links to an external site.)http://www.history.com/topics/french-revolution (Links to an external site.)http://www.history.com/topics/enlightenmenthttps://youtu.be/HlUiSBXQHCw chapter_eight_french_revolutiont.ppt chapter_ten_american_rev___civil_war.ppt Unformatted Attachment Preview Chapter 8 Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World 1 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Popular Sovereignty ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Ancient and medieval notions of kingship: “mandate of heaven,” “divine right of kings” Impact of Enlightenment ideas Kings made responsible to subject populations John Locke (1632-1704) ❑ ❑ ❑ Second Treatise of Civil Government (1609) Argues that rulers derive power from consent of ruled Individuals retain personal rights, give political rights to rulers 2 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Individual Freedoms ◼ Voltaire (pen name of François-Marie Arouet, 1694-1778) ❑ ◼ Écrasez l’infame, “erase the infamy:” criticism of Roman Catholic Church Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) ❑ ❑ Argues for equality of all individuals, regardless of class, before the law The Social Contract (1762), argues that society is collectively the sovereign 3 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. French Revolution 1789-1799 ◼ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGAgu6zI9v0 4 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The French Revolution ◼ Serious fiscal problems in France ❑ War debts, 1780s ◼ ❑ ❑ ◼ 50\% of tax revenues to war debts 25\% of tax revenues to military Inefficient tax system http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/ 5 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Other Causes ◼ Resentment ❑ ❑ ❑ Absolutism Middle class desire for active participation in government Peasant discontent ◼ Famine (climate and non-adoption of potato) Unemployment Anti-clericalism, Religious Divisions ◼ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cAu0YnJOKas ◼ ◼ 6 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Estates General ◼ Three Estates ❑ 1st Estate: Roman Catholic Clergy ◼ ❑ 2nd Estate: Nobles ◼ ❑ ◼ 400,000 3rd Estate: Everyone else ◼ ◼ 100,000 24,000,000 serfs, free peasants, urban residents Estates General founded 1303, had not met since 1614 One vote per estate 7 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1789 ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Attempt to levy taxes on nobles & clergy Protest of nobility forces King Louis to call Estates General for new taxes, May 1789 3rd Estate demands greater social change June, 3rd Estate secedes ❑ ❑ ◼ Renamed “National Assembly” Tennis Court Oath July, mob attacks Bastille, bloody battle won by mob 8 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen ◼ ◼ ◼ August 1789 American influence Equality of men ❑ ◼ ◼ ◼ Women not included: Olympe de Gouges (Marie Gouze) attempts to redress this in 1791 Sovereignty resides in the people Individual rights http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/rightsof.htm 9 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Radicalization of Revolution ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ “liberty, equality, fraternity” National Assembly abolishes old social order Seizes church lands, redefines clergy as civilians New constitution retains king, but subject to legislative authority Convention: elected by universal male suffrage Levée en masse: conscription for war Guillotine invented to execute domestic enemies ❑ 1793: King Louis and Queen Marie Antoinette 10 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ “the Incorruptible,” leader of “Committee of Public Safety” Leader of Jacobin party Dominated Convention, 1793-1794 Churches closed, priests forced to marry ❑ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Promoted “Cult of Reason” as secular alternative to Christianity Calendar reorganized: 10-day weeks, proclaimed Year 1 Executed 40,000; imprisoned 300,000 http://www.historywiz.com/terror.htm http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/robespierre.html http://www.loyno.edu/history/journal/1983-4/mcletchie.htm 11 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Beliefs ◼ Terror is nought but prompt, severe, inflexible justice; it is therefore an emanation of virtue; it is less a particular principle than a consequence of the general principle of democracy applied to the most pressing needs of the fatherland. Maximillien Marie Isidore de Robespierre Address, National Convention, 1794 12 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Directory (1795-1799) ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Revolutionary enemies of the Jacobins 1794 Robespierre arrested, sent to guillotine Men of property take power in the form of the Directory Unable to solve economic and military problems of revolutionary France 13 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ From minor Corsican noble family Army officer under King Louis XIV, general at 24 Brilliant military strategist Joins Directory 1799, then overthrew it Imposed new constitution, named self “Consul for life” in 1802 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJ1Vv_M2MWM &feature=related http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/bonapa rte_napoleon.shtml 14 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Napoleonic France ◼ Concludes agreement with Pope: Concordat ❑ ❑ ◼ 1804 promulgates Napoleonic Code ❑ ❑ ◼ ◼ France retains church lands, but pay salaries to clergy Freedom of religion, also for Protestants, Jews Patriarchal authority Became model for many civil codes Tight control on newspapers, use of secret police Eventually declared himself Emperor 15 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Napoleon’s Empire ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Conquered Iberian, Italian Peninsulas, Netherlands Forced Austria and Prussia to enter into alliance Disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812 Burned Moscow, but defeated by Russian weather ❑ ◼ “General Winter” British, Austrian, Prussian and Russian armies force Napoleon to abdicate, 1814 ❑ ❑ Exiled to Island of Elba, escaped to take power again for 100 days Defeated by British at Waterloo, exiled to St. Helena, dies 1821 16 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Napoleon’s Empire in 1812 17 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Meeting after defeat of Napoleon Prince Klemens von Metternich (Austria, 17731859) supervises dismantling of Napoleon’s empire Established balance of power Worked to suppress development of nationalism among multi-national empires like the Austrian 18 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Revolution in Haiti ◼ ◼ Only successful slave revolt Island of Hispaniola ❑ ❑ ◼ Spanish colony Santo Domingo in east (now Dominican Republic) French colony of Saint-Domingue in west (now Haiti) Rich Caribbean colony ❑ ❑ Sugar, coffee, cotton Almost 1/3 of France’s foreign trade 19 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Society in Saint-Domingue ◼ 1790: ❑ 40,000 white French settlers ◼ ❑ 30,000 gens de couleur (free people of color, i.e. mixed-race, freed slaves) ◼ ❑ Dominated social structure Holders of small plots 500,000 black slaves of African descent ◼ ◼ High mortality rate, many flee to mountains “Maroons,” escaped slaves 20 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Revolt ◼ Inspired by American and French revolutions ❑ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ 500 gens de couleur sent to fight British in American War of Independence 1789 white settlers demand self-rule, but with no equality for gens de couleur 1791 civil war breaks out Slaves revolt under Vodou priest named Boukman French, British, Spanish forces attempt to intervene 21 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. François-Dominique Toussaint (17441803) ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Renames self Louverture (“the opening”), 1791 Descendant of slaves, freed in 1776 Helped his original owners escape, then joined rebel forces Built army of 20,000, eventually dominated SaintDomingue 1801 promulgated constitution of equality 1802 arrested by Napoleon’s forces, died in jail French troops driven out, 1804 Haiti declares independence 22 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Emergence of Ideologies ◼ Conservativism ❑ ❑ ❑ ◼ Edmund Burke (England, 1729-1797) Disavowed rapid revolutionary change Favored slow evolution of society Liberalism ❑ ❑ ❑ Viewed conservatives as defenders of illegitimate status quo Manage, not stifle, social change John Stuart Mill (England, 1806-1873) 23 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The End of the Slave Trade ◼ Campaign to end slavery begins in 18th century ❑ ◼ ◼ ◼ Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797) Gains momentum after American, French and Haitian revolutions William Wilberforce (England, 1759-1833), philanthropist, succeeds in having Parliament outlaw slave trade, 1807 Other states follow suit, but illegal trade continues until 1867 24 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. End of the Institution of Slavery ◼ ◼ Haiti: slavery ends with revolution Mexico slavery abolished 1829 ❑ ◼ ◼ Partially to stop U.S. development of slave-based cotton industry in Mexico 1833 Britain abolishes slavery, offers compensation to former owners Other states follow, but offer freedom without equality ❑ Property requirements, literacy tests, etc. block voting 25 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Enlightenment Ideals and Women ◼ Enlightenment thinkers remained conservative regarding women’s rights ❑ ◼ ◼ Rousseau argues women should receive education to prepare for lives as wives and mothers Mary Astell (England, 1666-1731) argues that women essentially born into slavery Mary Wollstonecraft (England, 1759-1797) ❑ A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) 26 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Women and Revolution ◼ Women active in all phases of French revolution ❑ ❑ ◼ ◼ ◼ Women storm Versailles in 1789, demands for food Republican Revolutionary Women patrol streets of Paris with firearms Yet hold few official positions of authority Revolution grants equality in education, property, legalized divorce Yet women not allowed to vote, major task of 19th century ❑ Elizabeth Cady Stanton (U.S., 1815-1902) 27 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Nations and Nationalism ◼ ◼ ◼ “Nation” a type of community, especially prominent in 19th century Distinct from clan, religious, regional identities Usually based on shared language, customs, values, historical experience ❑ ◼ Sometimes common religion Idea of nation has immediate relationship with political boundaries 28 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Types of Nationalism ◼ Cultural nationalism ❑ ❑ ◼ Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803) praises the Volk (“people”) Literature, folklore, music as expressions of Volksgeist: “spirit of the people” Political nationalism ❑ ❑ ❑ Movement for political independence of nation from other authorities Unification of national lands Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872), “Young Italy” 29 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Nationalism and Anti-Semitism ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Nationalist ideologies distrustful of indigenous minorities Pogroms, violent attacks on Jewish communities in Russian Empire beginning 1881 Anti-Semitism rallying cry of many European nationalists French military Captain Alfred Dreyfus framed for selling military secrets to Germany Eventually exonerated, but great debate on loyalty of Jews in European societies 30 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Zionism ◼ ◼ ◼ Theodor Herzl (Austria, 1860-1904) journalist at Dreyfus trial Observed intense mob anti-semitism, concluded that Enlightenment and revolution could not solve this human ill Worked to create refuge for Jews by reestablishing Jewish state in Palestine ❑ ◼ Zion synonymous with Jerusalem 1897 convened first World Zionist Congress 31 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Chapter 10 The American Revolution & Age of Independence 1 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Revolution in America ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Little indication of forthcoming revolution in mid-18th century 13 colonies regarded themselves as British subjects Long cultural and personal connections with England Mutually profitable military and economic relationship http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofYmhlclqr4&feature =related 2 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. French and Indian War, 1754-1763 ◼ ◼ Expensive, extensive Overlapped with Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) ❑ ❑ ◼ Conflict over territory in Americas & Balance of power in Europe Conflict in Europe, India, Americas http://www.militaryheritage.com/7yrswar.htm 3 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Consequences ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ The Treaty of Paris, signed by Great Britain, France, and Spain on February 10, 1763 France ceded Canada and all its territory east of the Mississippi River to England Spain yielded Florida to England. France limited in Americas & beginning of colonial and maritime supremacy of Great Britain. 4 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Increased Taxation in 1760s ◼ ◼ Bills come due from the Seven Years’ War Tax burden falls to the colonies ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Sugar Act (1764) Stamp Act (1765) Quartering Act (1765) (Housing British Troops) Tea Act (1773) 5 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Declaration of Independence ◼ ◼ British products boycotted, officials attacked Protests ❑ Boston Tea Party (1773), tea dumped into Boston harbor in protest against Tea Act “no taxation without representation” ❑ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0Xj-ydLwSY ❑ ◼ Continental Congress formed (1774), coordinates colonists’ resistance to British policies ❑ ❑ July 4, 1776, adopts Declaration of Independence Influence of Locke: retention of individual rights, sovereignty based on consent of the ruled 6 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Revolutionary War ◼ Colonies: ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Logistic advantage Popular support Support of British rivals George Washington (1732-1799) provides imaginative military leadership ◼ Britain: ❑ ❑ ❑ Strong central government Navy, army Loyalist population 7 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The American Revolution 8 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Building an Independent State ◼ ◼ ◼ War-weariness sets in by 1780 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oeRTv6b4wiw &feature=related British forces surrounded at Yorktown, Virginia ❑ ◼ Military conflict ceases, Peace of Paris, 1783 ❑ ◼ Surrender in October 1781 Recognition of American independence 1787 Constitution of the United States drafted ❑ Political and legal equality for men of property 9 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Latin American Society ◼ ◼ 30,000 peninsulares, colonial officials from Iberian peninsula 3.5 million criollos (creoles), born in the Americas of Spanish or Portuguese descent ❑ ❑ ◼ Privileged class, but grievances with peninsulares 1810-1825 led movements for creole-dominated republics 10 million others ❑ African slaves, mixed-race populations 10 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Mexican Independence ◼ ◼ Napoleon’s invasion of Spain and Portugal (1807) weakens royal authority in colonies Priest Miguel de Hidalgo (1753-1811) leads revolt ❑ ◼ Creole general Augustin de Iturbide (1783-1824) declares independence in 1821 ❑ ◼ Hidalgo captured and executed, but rebellion continues Installs self as Emperor, deposed in 1823, republic established Southern regions form federation, then divide into Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica 11 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Led independence movement in South America Native of Caracas (Venezuela), influenced by Enlightenment, George Washington Rebels against Spanish rule 1811, forced into hiding Forms alliances with many creole leaders ❑ ❑ ◼ José de San Martín (Argentina, 1778-1842) Bernardo O’Higgins (Chile, 1778-1842) Spanish rule destroyed in South America by 1825 12 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Gran Colombia ◼ ◼ Bolívar hoped to form U.S.-style federation Venezuela, Columbia, Equador form Gran Colombia ❑ ◼ ◼ Attempts to bring in Peru and Bolívia Strong political differences, Gran Colombia disintegrates Bolívar goes into self-imposed exile, dies of tuberculosis 13 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Brazilian Independence ◼ ◼ ◼ Napoleon’s invasion sends Portuguese royal court to exile in Rio de Janeiro 1821 King returns, son Pedro left behind as regent Pedro negotiates with creoles, declares independence of Brazil ❑ ◼ Becomes Emperor Pedro I (r. 1822-1844) Social structure remains largely intact 14 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. End of the Institution of Slavery ◼ ◼ Haiti: slavery ends with revolution Mexico slavery abolished 1829 ❑ ◼ ◼ Partially to stop U.S. development of slave-based cotton industry in Mexico 1833 Britain abolishes slavery, offers compensation to former owners Other states follow, but offer freedom without equality ❑ Property requirements, literacy tests, etc. block voting 15 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Zionism ◼ ◼ ◼ Theodor Herzl (Austria, 1860-1904) journalist at Dreyfus trial Observed intense mob anti-semitism, concluded ... Purchase answer to see full attachment