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Please fix an assigned discussion board answer. needs in-text citation and references. proofreading it! origin_of_osha_2.docx Unformatted Attachment Preview [Type the document title] [Type the document subtitle] [Pick the date] [Type the company name] YC Abstract 1) Research and discuss the origin of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), its mission and agency vision. Differentiate the enforcement and compliance assistance elements of the Agency. 2) Research and discuss the origin of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), its mission, and agency vision. Define its jurisdictional authority and enforcement elements. 3) Review Executive Order 13650. List and discuss 3 highlights of the executive order focusing on community/environmental health and safety. In addition, discuss Federal government collaboration, integration, and compliance and outreach efforts. 4) Research and review 29 CFR 1910.119, Process Safety of Highly Hazardous Chemicals. Define and discuss its origin, purpose, scope, and goals of the standard. Origin of OSHA The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is an agency in the US Department of Labor that was created in 1970, after being signed into law by President Richard M. Nixon. Efforts and regulations by the federal government concerning workplace health and safety were sparse before OSHA but there were significant strides that led to the formation of the department. Massachusetts was the first state to pass safety laws in 1887 and the Department of Labor was created in 1913 by President Taft. In 1933, Frances Perkins became the first woman to serve on a Cabinet when she was appointed Secretary of Labor. There she created the Bureau of Labor Standards that helped states improve workplace safety standards. Much of what they did would be implemented by OSHA. Mission OSHA The mission of OSHA is to assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education and assistance. It’s goal is to both improve the health and safety of working conditions and also to ensure all employees are aware of their rights. OSHA’s mission is “To assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women; by authorizing enforcement of the standards developed under the Act; by assisting and encouraging the States in their efforts to assure safe and healthful working conditions; by providing for research, information, education, and training in the field of occupational safety and health; and for other purposes.” To achieve this, federal and state governments work together with more than 100 million working men and women and eight million employers. Some of the things OSHA does to carry out its mission are: • Developing job safety and health standards and enforcing them through worksite inspections. • Providing training programs to increase knowledge about occupational safety and health. • Maintaining a reporting and recordkeeping system to keep track of jobrelated injuries and illnesses. Vision OSHA OSHAs vision is to make Americas workplaces the safest in the world. OSHA is striving to eliminate workplace injuries, illnesses, and deaths so that all of Americas workers can return home safely every day. To realize this vision, workplace environments must be characterized by a genuine commitment to workplace safety and health shared by both employers and workers, and the necessary training, resources, and support systems must be in place to make this happen. To achieve this vision, OSHA will be a results-oriented Agency, using data proactively to identify workplace safety and health problems and apply a comprehensive strategy that combines common sense regulation; a firm, fair, and consistent enforcement policy; and wide-ranging approaches to compliance assistance that meet the needs of workers and employers and effectively use the nations resources. Successful achievement of the strategic goals outlined in this Strategic Plan - a commitment to reducing injuries and illnesses in the workplace, changing workplace culture to increase the awareness of and commitment to safety and health, and delivering OSHA programs and services in an effective manner should result in realization of this vision. Enforcement Carrying Out Our Mission Enforcement plays an important part in OSHA’s efforts to reduce workplace injuries, illnesses, and fatalities. When OSHA finds employers who fail to uphold their safety and health responsibilities, the agency takes strong, decisive actions. Inspections are initiated without advance notice, conducted using on-site or telephone and facsimile investigations, performed by highly trained compliance officers and scheduled based on the following priorities: • Imminent danger; • Catastrophes – fatalities or hospitalizations; • Worker complaints and referrals • Targeted inspections – particular hazards, high injury rates; and • Follow-up inspections. Current workers or their representatives may file a written complaint and ask OSHA to inspect their work place if they believe there is a serious hazard or that their employer is not following OSHA standards. Workers and their representatives have the right to ask for an inspection without OSHA telling their employer who filed the complaint. It is a violation of the OSH Act for an employer to fire, demote, transfer or in any way retaliate against a worker for filing a complaint or using other OSHA rights. The on-site inspection begins with the presentation of the compliance officer’s credentials. The compliance officer will explain why OSHA selected the workplace for inspection and describe the scope of the inspection process, walk around procedures, employee representation and employee interviews. Following the opening conference, the compliance officer and the representatives will walk through portions of the workplace covered by the inspection, inspecting for hazards that could lead to worker injury or illness. After the walk around, the compliance officer will hold a closing conference with the employer and the employee representative to discuss the findings. When an inspector finds violations of OSHA standards or serious hazards, OSHA may issue citations and fines. A citation includes methods an employer may use to fix a problem and the date by which the corrective actions must be completed. Employers have the right to contest any part of the citation, including whether a violation actually exists. Workers only have the right to challenge the deadline by which a problem must be resolved. Appeals of citations are heard by the independent Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC). Compliance Assistance Are you ready to learn more about how to prevent workplace injuries and illnesses and comply with the Occupational Safety and Health Act, but arent sure where to start? By following this step-by-step guide, you can identify many of the major OSHA requirements and guidance materials that may apply to your workplace. Small and new businesses may find Quick Start helpful as an introduction to the compliance assistance resources on OSHAs website. The Quick Start feature is not comprehensive - there may be additional OSHA standards and guidance materials that also apply to your business. If you are in a state with an OSHA-approved state program, you are subject to state occupational safety and health regulations that may have more stringent or supplemental requirements. These state programs also provide compliance assistance services. Please contact your state program for additional information. In addition, you can request a free, confidential on-site consultation from the OSHA On-site Consultation Program. Origin of EPA The American conversation about protecting the environment began in the 1960s. Rachel Carson had published her attack on the indiscriminate use of pesticides, Silent Spring, in 1962. Concern about air and water pollution had spread in the wake of disasters. An offshore oil rig in California fouled beaches with millions of gallons of spilled oil. Near Cleveland, Ohio, the Cuyahoga River, choking with chemical contaminants, had spontaneously burst into flames. Astronauts had begun photographing the Earth from space, heightening awareness that the Earth’s resources are finite. In early 1970, as a result of heightened public concerns about deteriorating city air, natural areas littered with debris, and urban water supplies contaminated with dangerous impurities, President Richard Nixon presented the House and Senate a groundbreaking 37-point message on the environment. These points included: • requesting four billion dollars for the improvement of water treatment facilities; • asking for national air quality standards and stringent guidelines to lower motor vehicle emissions; • launching federally-funded research to reduce automobile pollution; • ordering a clean-up of federal facilities that had fouled air and water; • seeking legislation to end the dumping of wastes into the Great Lakes; • proposing a tax on lead additives in gasoline; • forwarding to Congress a plan to tighten safeguards on the seaborne transportation of oil; and • approving a National Contingency Plan for the treatment of oil spills. Mission of EPA The mission of EPA is to protect human health and the environment. EPA works to ensure that: • Americans have clean air, land and water; • National efforts to reduce environmental risks are based on the best available scientific information; • Federal laws protecting human health and the environment are administered and enforced fairly, effectively and as Congress intended; • Environmental stewardship is integral to U.S. policies concerning natural resources, human health, economic growth, energy, transportation, agriculture, industry, and international trade, and these factors are similarly considered in establishing environmental policy; • All parts of society--communities, individuals, businesses, and state, local and tribal governments--have access to accurate information sufficient to effectively participate in managing human health and environmental risks; • Contaminated lands and toxic sites are cleaned up by potentially responsible parties and revitalized; and • Chemicals in the marketplace are reviewed for safety. Vision of EPA EPA’s vision statement is to promote “a clean, healthy and well-protected environment supporting a sustainable society and economy.” In this vision statement, the focus on the environment as the main element that determines the overall wellness of a nation emerges as EPA’s responsibility. The statement has the following characteristics: • A clean and healthy environment • Sustainable society and economy To meet the needs of the first characteristic, EPA uses various strategies, with the enforcement of regulations being the most effective one. The company exercises its powers by compelling other stakeholders to take up the responsibilities of cleaning up the wastes related to their work. For instance, EPA requires all companies that emit smoke in their factories to participate in efforts of reducing air pollution. While applying these measures, EPA directly contributes to the creation of a viable economy where the American society can thrive, satisfying the second component in this vision statement. Jurisdictional authority On March 30 2018 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Administrator Scott Pruitt issued a memorandum and accompanying revised Delegation of Authority 243 retaining the EPA headquarters authority to make certain jurisdictional determinations under the Clean Water Act Section 404 discharge of dredged or fill material permitting programme. Jurisdictional determinations are important because they delineate whether, and to what extent, a water body is subject to Section 404 permitting, and the Supreme Court held several years ago that they are final agency action reviewable in court. Among other elements, the memorandum delegates authority to designate special cases to the assistant administrator for water (and then redelegates it to the director of the Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds). Under a 1989 memorandum of understanding between the Department of Army and the EPA, regional administrators made jurisdictional determinations for special cases, which are situations where significant issues or technical difficulties are anticipated or exist in determining the exact scope of waters subject to the Clean Water Act. The memorandum also delegates the ability to restrict or prohibit designation of disposal sites under Section 404(c) to the assistant administrator for water. The memorandum states that the EPA is taking these actions to ensure consistency and certainty while the agency completes its re-evaluation of the definition of waters of the United States under the Clean Water Act. Elements of Enforcement Enforcing environmental laws is a central part of EPAs Strategic Plan to protect human health and the environment. EPA works to ensure compliance with environmental requirements. When warranted, EPA will take civil or criminal enforcement action against violators of environmental laws. Learn more about our enforcement goals. One of EPAs top priorities is to protect communities disproportionately affected by pollution through our environmental justice (EJ) work. EPA is integrating EJ into areas such as: • enforcement and compliance program planning and implementation, • identifying cases to pursue and • developing solutions to benefit overburdened communities. Executive order 13650, Process Safety of Highly Hazardous Chemicals. Origin and Purpose The small town of West, Texas will never be the same after April 17, 2013, when the community was deeply shaken by a powerful explosion at the West Fertilizer Company storage and distribution facility that killed fifteen people and injured more than 160. Investigators found that the explosion was caused by improperly stored Ammonium Nitrate. The working group released a status report to the president, entitled Actions to Improve Chemical Facility Safety and Security – A Shared Commitment, which summarized the Working Group’s actions, findings and lessons learned, challenges, and short and long-term priority actions to that point. Last year’s status report was a milestone, not an end-point. Today we are releasing another update to highlight actions that have been taken since the release of the Final Status Report last year. These highlights include: ▪ Developing an on-line training module on the key requirements under Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA); ▪ Initiating a multi-organization working group to identify a list of government approved training courses for first responders and emergency planners, Training Repository; ▪ Institutionalizing a Federal Working Group to improve communication and coordination between agencies; In response, President Obama issued Executive Order 13650 Improving Chemical Facility Safety and Security in August of 2013. The order asks the Tri-Chairs of the Chemical Facility Safety and Security Working Group (the Department of Homeland Security, the Department of Labor, and the Environmental Protection Agency), to work closely together to improve the of safety and security of chemical facilities across the country. The chairs have worked diligently over the past two years on the following areas: ▪ Strengthening community planning and preparedness; ▪ Enhancing federal operation coordination; ▪ Improving data management; ▪ Modernizing policies and regulations; and ▪ Incorporating stakeholder feedback and developing best practices. The working group knows that stakeholders are essential to managing and mitigating the risks of potential chemical facility hazards and has engaged in a robust stakeholder outreach effort to identify successes and best practices. This outreach included engagement across all levels of government, with owners and operators, industry associations, labor organizations, and communities affected by chemical plant disasters. Origin of 29 CFR 1910.119, Process Safety of Highly Hazardous Chemicals. Occupational Safety and Health Agency (OSHA)s first major process safety regulation, 29 CFR 1910.119, Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals (PSM) was enacted in 1992. However, OSHAs experience with process safety began in the 1980s when a series of catastrophic chemical incidents occurred. Learnings from investigations of these incidents helped to shape PSM. More than 15 years after PSM, lessons from incidents and inspection experience continue to shape the history of process safety at OSHA. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2009 Purpose This instruction transmits page changes to OSHA Instruction CPL2-2.45A, which established uniform policies, procedures, standard clarifications, and compliance guidance for enforcement of the standard for Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, 29 CFR 1910.119 (PSM standard), and amendments to the standard for Explosives and Blasting Agents, 29 CFR 1910.109. Safety and security are a shared commitment. We are committed to preventing more incidents like those in West, Texas, and ensuring that every worker comes home to their family safe and healthy at the end of every shift.Process Safety Management (PSM) is a regulation issued by the U.S. Department of Labors Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The regulation is designated as OSHA 1910.119, Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals. Its purpose is to prevent or minimize the consequences of releasing hazardous chemicals in a facility or the environment surrounding a facility. Hazardous chemicals are those that may be toxic, reactive, flammable, explosive, or a combination of these properties. Industries handling hazardous chemicals are required to develop an effective PSM program that protects employees, contractors, and visitors of the facility. These industries include: petrochemical, pharmaceutical, paints, adhesives and sealants, food processing, industrial organics and inorganics, and paper mills. Scope and goals of standards of 1910.119 - PSM of Highly Hazardous Chemicals How do companies know they are complying with the OSHA regulation when implementing a PSM program? To answer this question, companies should be familiar with the following 14 elements that are required for PSM program compliance. These elements are the minimum requirements extracted from OSHA 1910.119. All information (date, equipment, personnel, process safety information, and process hazard analyses) should be recorded and stored in the event that future audits need to refer back to historical information about the facility and equipment. 1. Employee Involvement All employees that play a role in facility operations should be involved in a PSM program. Each of the following elements requires a competent and experienced team of individuals. Ideally, a team should include at least one person who specializes in the specific process being used. 2. Process Safety Information (PSI) The PSI element requires that employers collect and document highly hazardous chemical (HHC) information before conducting a process hazard analysis. This information pertains to the chemicals, technology, and equipment used in the process. Furthermore, the information should be accessible to all employees in order to understand the HHC related risks they may face during the job. 3. Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) A PHA is performed by a team of engineering and maintenance experts that are able to identify, evaluate, and control hazards. PHAs can be conducted using a number of techniques, including: • what-if analyses • checklist methods • hazard and operability studies • failure modes and effects analyses • fault-tree analyses Additi ... Purchase answer to see full attachment