Fluent Essays

Using four of the 5 sources listed in the attached annotated bibliography, complete writing assignment #2. see attached for assignment instructions. Topic-What effects does the DACA policy have on American society. wa_2_instructions.pdf wa_2_sample.docx wa_1_annotated_bibliography.docx Unformatted Attachment Preview Writing Assignment #2 The Four-Source Essay: Basic Synthesis Summary of assignment • • • • Task: The four-source essay asks you to synthesize the arguments of four sources. Length: Minimum of 1000 words. The instructor will give you comments on the first draft and let you know if you need more development beyond 1000 words. Format: APA Sources: Four sources, all of which you will find through library searches. You will select a topic of your choice, conduct searches in the library databases, focus the topic, and determine four sources to use in this essay. o All of your sources must be from scholarly journals or credible trade journals. No sources can be from popular journals. o Please use only four sources. Please do not incorporate more than four sources into this essay. Articles to Use for the Essay For this essay, you will select four articles on a topic of your choice. The articles should be on the same topic but feature different perspectives, opinions, or conclusions about some aspects of the topic. For example, if you are majoring in cybersecurity, you might locate four articles about the need for improved training for employees on mobile security issues. The four articles might take different angles on the topic, perhaps even disagreeing in some respects. To use another example, if you are majoring in criminal justice, you might locate four articles on the CSI Effect. The articles should take different perspectives on the topic. Perhaps one or two of them say that the CSI Effect exists and one or two say that it does not exist. Or perhaps all agree that it exists but they all take slightly different approaches to addressing the problem. Organization for this Essay You will write an introductory paragraph with a thesis statement. Your thesis statement will demonstrate what the various sources say on the topic. You will also have various body paragraphs that show synthesis. In synthesizing sources, you will divide your paper into themes. For example, let us assume that you find four articles on the need for improved training for employees on mobile security issues. In this situation, assume that the four articles emphasize different issues. One emphasizes the costs of data breaches to companies. Another emphasizes reasons that employees do not practice safe cybersecurity practices. Another discusses methods for training employees. Another mentions costs of training for such initiatives. You might divide the paper into two categories: • Reasons for implementing a training program • Methods of and costs involved in implementing a training program Point of view For this essay, you will use third-person point of view. Please do not use first person point of view (e.g., “I,” “me,” “we”) in writing this essay. In addition, please do not use second-person point of view (“you” or “your”) in writing this essay. For example, instead of “Smith argues that, as a director, you have a duty to coordinate cybersecurity efforts...” you would write, “Smith argues that directors have a duty to coordinate cybersecurity efforts…” APA Style The paper should be formatted in APA style. The video How to format your paper according to APA style might be helpful to watch. In summary, you should observe the following: • • • • • • • • Use one-inch margins. Double space. Use size 12 Times New Roman font. Include a running head. Include page numbers. Include a title page. Include a “References” page on which you list the four articles in APA style Do not include an abstract. This paper is not long enough to warrant an abstract. Submitting the assignment: You will submit a first draft of the essay to the assignment folder. The first draft will not be graded. The instructor will provide comments to it. After receiving comments from the instructor, you will submit a revised draft. The final draft will be graded. Helpful Resources • Kennedy, M.L. and Kennedy, W., “Synthesis,” from Writing in the disciplines: A reader and rhetoric for academic writers. This chapter in in the e-reserves of our class. It provides an excellent description of an exploratory synthesis essay, a literature review, and a thesis-driven synthesis essay. • Graff, G. and Birkenstein, C., They Say / I Say: The Moves that Matter in Academic Writing with Readings. This chapter in in the e-reserves of our class. It mentions various techniques to apply in stating what an author said and your response to the author. It is recommended that you read through that chapter so that you might apply these techniques to this essay. 1 Running head: FOUR SOURCE ESSAY Four Source Essay: Comparison of Methadone and Suboxone for Treatment of Opioid Addiction Student A University of Maryland University College 2 FOUR SOURCE ESSAY Opioid abuse and addiction have become a growing epidemic worldwide. In an attempt to battle the opioid crisis, many countries have “shifted markedly in the past 5 years to move beyond focusing primarily on reducing the prevalence of drug misuse and its associated harms to maximizing drug users’ opportunities to choose recovery as an achievable way of dependency” (Mckeganey, Russell, & Cockayne, 2013, p. 97). Two of the more commonly prescribed medications for treating opioid dependency is methadone and Suboxone. Both methadone and Suboxone are prescribed by medical providers to reduce illicit drug use by reducing a patient’s cravings for opiates, as well as reducing or even eliminating withdrawal symptoms. Unlike methadone, that has been used for decades to treat opiate addiction, Suboxone is much newer and is known for being a combination product of buprenorphine and naloxone. A long-term goal of medication therapy for opioid dependence is to retain patients in treatment and prevent relapse. Many experts and researchers on methadone and Suboxone disagree on which medication is more effective in treating opiate dependency. This paper will synthesize the arguments from four different journal articles that compare the effectiveness of methadone and Suboxone in treating patients for opioid addiction. Journal article 1, titled “Treatment Retention among Patients Randomized to Buprenorphine/Naloxone Compared to Methadone in A Multi-site Trial”, discussed a multi-site study done in the United States (U.S.) that aimed “to examine patient and medication characteristics associated with retention and continued illicit opioid use in methadone versus buprenorphine/naloxone treatment for opioid dependence” (Hser, et al., 2013, p. 1). Journal article 2, titled “A Naturalistic Comparison of the Effectiveness of Methadone and Two Sublingual Formulations of Buprenorphine on Maintenance Treatment Outcomes: Findings from a Retrospective Multisite Study”, was also a multi-site trial done in the U.S. Like the study from 3 FOUR SOURCE ESSAY article 1, article 2’s was performed to compare the efficacy of methadone and Suboxone, as well as monitor retention rates for patients in treatment. Journal article 3, titled “Medically assisted recovery from opiate dependence within the context of the UK drug strategy: Methadone and Suboxone (buprenorphine-naloxone) patients compared,” took place in the United Kingdom and focused on comparing the effectiveness of methadone to Suboxone for preventing patients from relapse back to regular heroin use. Journal article 4, titled “Comparing methadone and Suboxone in applied treatment settings: the experiences of maintenance patients in Lanarkshire” is a Scottish study that “assessed the experiences of clients in Lanarkshire who had experienced [methadone and Suboxone] to report on the strengths and weaknesses of each” (Tanner, Bordon, Conroy, & Best, 2010, p. 171). This study also tested that hypothesis that adverse effects of methadone treatment can include increased dependence on the medication and even cause an escalation of withdrawal symptoms. After analyzing 1,267 opioid-dependent patients that were receiving either methadone or Suboxone, journal article 1 found that the treatment completion rate was 74\% for patients on methadone and only 46\% for patients on Suboxone (Hser, et al., 2013, p. 2). Findings from this study also showed that withdrawal symptoms were more severe for patients tapering off of methadone, than those on Suboxone. Journal article 2 was unique in having a significantly larger treatment sample of patients that were monitored and over a more extended period. This study had similar findings from article 1, showing that retention rates in treatment were higher in patients on methadone when compared to those on Suboxone. Although this study found methadone to be superior in treatment retention rates, it also noted that illicit drug use rates were similar between methadone and Suboxone after six months (Proctor, Copeland, Kopak, Herschman, & Polukhina, 2014, p. 429). 4 FOUR SOURCE ESSAY Articles 3 and 4 discussed studies with results that favored using Suboxone over methadone for treating opioid dependency. Article 3’s methodology involved interviewing 109 opiate dependent study participants that had been taking either methadone or Suboxone for maintenance therapy over six months. Findings showed that while both methadone and Suboxone were highly effective in preventing relapse to heroin use, that “Suboxone yielded a statistically larger reduction of days of heroin use than did methadone” at eight-month follow-up visits (Mckeganey, Russell, & Cockayne, 2013, p. 101). Article 4 was appealing and unique for mentioning that “although there is evidence that buprenorphine is more effective than placebo in suppressing heroin use, and is a recommended treatment for opioid dependence, methadone remains the dominant maintenance treatment” (Tanner, Bordon, Conroy, & Best, 2010, p. 171). Results from this study also favored Suboxone over methadone. Data was gathered by performing structured interviews with drug users who were prescribed either methadone, Suboxone, or both. Data was also collected in the form of narrative accounts given by the same pool of participants. After analyzing the collected information from their opportunistic sources, the study’s findings showed that patient’s on Suboxone had “greater confidence and selfesteem”, as well as “greater clarity of thinking allowing people to do more and to get on with their lives” (Tanner, Bordon, Conroy, & Best, 2010, p. 177). Despite all four articles having different results that favored either methadone or Suboxone, all studies agreed that both methadone and Suboxone were still effective in treating opioid dependency. Articles 1 and 2 had findings that showed treatment retention and completion rates were higher in participants on methadone than those on Suboxone. Articles 3 and 4 favored Suboxone over methadone after results showed that patients on Suboxone had more significant days of abstinence and that mood was also improved in patients on Suboxone. 5 FOUR SOURCE ESSAY Regardless of the medication used to treat opioid dependency, all studies from the articles encourage utilizing some form of psychosocial therapy in conjunction with medication therapy to increase the likelihood of successful treatment and sobriety from opiates. All four articles also mention a need for further studies with a more substantial, randomized, and controlled group of participants to gather more detailed and standardized data to use for comparison. Overall, these studies show that both methadone and Suboxone have proven to be valid forms of medication therapy for treating opioid addiction, with each type of medication having slightly different benefits and risks. Each patient is unique and would have to be assessed by a trained medical provider to decide what would be the best course of treatment for their opioid dependency. 6 FOUR SOURCE ESSAY References Hser, Y., Saxon, A. J., Huang, D., Hasson, A., Thomas, C., Hillhouse, M., ... Ling, W. (2013). Treatment retention among patients randomized to buprenorphine/naloxone compared to methadone in a multi-site trial. Addiction, 109(1), 79-87. doi:10.1111/add.12333 Mckeganey, N., Russell, C., & Cockayne, L. (2013). Medically assisted recovery from opiate dependence within the context of the UK drug strategy: Methadone and Suboxone (buprenorphine–naloxone) patients compared. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 44(1), 97-102. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2012.04.003 Proctor, S. L., Copeland, A. L., Kopak, A. M., Herschman, P. L., & Polukhina, N. (2014). A naturalistic comparison of the effectiveness of methadone and two sublingual formulations of buprenorphine on maintenance treatment outcomes: Findings from a retrospective multisite study. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 22(5), 424-433. doi:10.1037/a0037550 Tanner, G. R., Bordon, N., Conroy, S., & Best, D. (2010). Comparing methadone and Suboxone in applied treatment settings: The experiences of maintenance patients in Lanarkshire. Journal of Substance Use, 16(3), 171-178. doi:10.3109/14659891.2010.526480 Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Annotated Bibliography Christopher Stroud University of Maryland Global Campus 1 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 2 Amuedo-Dorantes, C., & Antman, F. (2016). Can authorization reduce poverty among undocumented immigrants? Evidence from the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program. Economics Letters, 147, 1-4. Retrieved from https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/145279/1/dp10145.pdf This article is relevant to the research because it explores the impact of authorization towards poverty exposure that affects those undocumented in the U.S. The strategies in this study incorporates the use of the DACA program that has provided temporary relief for undocumented workers while reprieving the deportation to those who are eligible. This study utilizes a difference-in-differences approach when comparing those eligible by DACA and those who are not. This study also emphasizes the effects that it has on undocumented immigrants prior to this enactment while comparing the results of the study after the enactment of the DACA. The study concluded that there was an increase in life and economic sustainability concerning those living in lower socioeconomic statuses. Using a quasi-experimental research approach, the study focuses on the intentions of creating and exploiting the arbitrary criteria that have been determined by the DACA as being eligible. The evidence gathered by the study has portrayed a reduction of poverty levels by 38 percent for those who were eligible under the program. Hsin, A., & Ortega, F. (2018). The effects of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals on the educational outcomes of undocumented students. Demography, 55(4), 1487-1506. Retrieved from https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/173988/1/dp11078.pdf This article is relevant to the research because it establishes how the first-large scale immigration reform policy known as the DACA, has affected undocumented immigrants throughout the U.S. The study reveals that although improvements have been made ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 3 towards decreasing poverty levels of those undocumented, there is no proof towards improving the social mobility concerning educational attainments. The study utilized data from university students to gather data so that an estimation of both negative and positive effects concerning the DACA program has on undocumented students attending the public university. This data is unique given that it accurately identifies the legal status of students, accounts for their heterogeneity, and even allows for the separate analysis of each student who participated in the study. The study concluded that the positive effects of the DACA program depend on how well colleges are willing to accommodate the students who are working. Overall, the conclusion of the study shows that there are barriers with the DACA program when it concerns educational investments given the temporary nature of the program. Patler, C., Hamilton, E., & Savinar, R. (2019). The Limits of Legal Transitions: The Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) Program and the Psychological Wellbeing of Undocumented Youth. Retrieved from https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/8dua9/ The article emphasizes how the structural and integrational methods of changes have directly impacted youth towards social acceptance and recognition concerning the DACA program. This article also portrays how the evidence weighs the rights that undocumented immigrants obtain but how it is not inclined towards their social or political inclusion increases. This study uses theories of liminal legality as well as stress processes to provide a framework in understanding how such expansions with legal rights can negatively impact the vulnerable populations in youth. The study uses examples of Hispanic and Latino youth who had protected status under California from 2007-2017 by the DACA program and how suggestions of social and structural inclusion have impacted ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 4 the short and long-term goals for legal transitions. The study concluded that although the DACA program grants undocumented youth to work legally in the U.S., the grounds of not being able to achieve permanent status negatively impacts their mental and physical well-being. Venkataramani, A. S., Shah, S. J., OBrien, R., Kawachi, I., & Tsai, A. C. (2017). Health consequences of the US Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) immigration programme: a quasi-experimental study. The Lancet Public Health, 2(4), e175-e181. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468266717300476 This article depicts the effects and changes in how the DACA program impacts the health of those afforded temporary relief. The study aimed to examine the physical and mental health effects of those under the program by using a quasi-experimental approach that was based on retrospective methods. There was repeated cross-sectional data from 2008 to 2015 that included non-citizens, and Hispanic adults. This study also used a differencein-difference technique to gather results in comparing the health outcomes who had met the criteria of the DACA program. The study concluded that the economic opportunities and the protection gained from being deported for those undocumented could confer towards the larger mental health benefits but that the health consequences would be concerned with the evaluations of the welfare effects towards the policies enactments. The findings of the study also emphasized that there is strong evidence among linking the immigration policy choices to the health outcomes and that the temporary status the DACA program offers is only short-lived. Wasson, K., Chaidez, C., Hatchett, L., Manrique, B. G., Nieto, E. G., Martinez, A., & Kuczewski, M. G. (2019). “We Have a Lot of Power…”: A Medical School’s Journey ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 5 Through Its New Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) Initiative. Cureus, 11(10). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6886652/ This study includes the use of focus groups to gather data on the effects of both DACA eligible students and non-eligible. The students participating in the study was attending medical school and the study reveals their journey and experiences of the SDI and their institutional culture. The study took place from 2017 to 2018 and used a grounded theory approach that helped the researchers analyze the qualitative data gathered. The results of the study included 11 themes and subthemes based on attitudes and beliefs as well as motivations and resilience. The study concluded that those in physician statutes and achieving higher employment opportunities found positive outcomes for the underserved populations. The responses by the students achieving a medical degree described the diverse benefits that the DACA program offer ... Purchase answer to see full attachment