Definitions of NGOs - Humanities
The first stop on our journey to discover the role of NGOs, their relationship to governments and other organizations, and the challenges surrounding their missions is a definition of the term NGO. For this discussion, you will select one type of NGO from the following list:Faith-based
Community-based
Social movements
Lobbying associations
Humanitarian organizationsPost to a definition of the type of NGO you selected and at least two organizations that you think fall into this category. Justify your examples by applying them to the corresponding concepts from the assigned readings. Your post should not exceed 200 words.Helpful ref:https://www.intrac.org/resources/ontrac-46/
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Kim Moloney, Ph.D.
Government
Corporate
Media
Civil Society
Within civil society, some groups focus domestically, some focus
internationally.
This course is concerned with the civil society actors who do work in other
countries and in particular, developing countries. In the last half of our
course, we will narrow our focus even further and focus on the problems
faced by NGOs in humanitarian crises.
What is a “developing country”? We can use the World Bank’s income
grouping as our guide.
▪
According to the World Bank, 75 economies are considered “high income” with a GDP
per capita > $12,746 per year, see: http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-andlending-groups
▪ Of these 75 economies, 31 are members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development (OECD). You can learn more about the OECD here:
http://www.oecd.org/about/
▪ Within the “developing country” category, there are three sub-categories. According to
the World Bank, 55 economies are considered “upper-middle income” with a GDP per
capita between US$4,126 to $12,745; 50 economies are considered “lower-middleincome” with a GDP per capita between US$1,046 to $4,125; and 34 economies are
considered “low-income” with a GDP per capita of <$1,045.
In our readings, you will see several phrases which can be considered
interchangeable with the “civil society” phrase. This includes third sector,
voluntary sector, or global civil society.
Within this third sector, our authors often mix the following organizational
descriptions. We will address a majority of those organizations in a moment.
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
Grassroots Organizations
Charities
Social Movements
Private Voluntary Organizations (PVOs) common with USAID
Community-Based Organizations (CBOs)
Faith-Based Organizations (FBOs)
Humanitarian Organizations
Interest Groups
Pressure Groups
Lobbying Organizations
Article 71
▪ “The Economic and Social Council may make suitable arrangements
for consultation with non-governmental organizations which are
concerned with matters within its competence. Such arrangements
may be made with international organizations and, where
appropriate, with national organizations after consultation with the
Member of the United Nations concerned.”
Fundamental Difference Spelled-Out in the UN Charter:
▪ Higher status of “participation without vote” specialized agencies (e.g.
UNDP, UNEP, UNICEF) and NGOs who might be “consulted.”
▪ NGOs should not have the same rights of participation as government
observers and specialized UN agencies.
▪ In 1950, the UN clarified its stance via a “Statute on Arrangements for
Consultation with Non-Government Organizations”. This statute was
modified again in 1968 and in 1996.
NGO: “an independent voluntary association of people acting
together on a continuous basis, for some common purposes, other
than achieving government office, making money or illegal
activities”
International NGO Examples: Red Cross, Transparency
International, Amnesty International, Greenpeace, Oxfam
(www.oxfam.org) , World Vision (www.wvi.org) , Catholic Relief
Services (www.crs.org) , Doctors Without Borders
(www.doctorswithoutborders.org )
There are many more. According to the Union of International
Associations, there are more than 58,000 NGOs, worldwide. See:
http://www.uia.org
1.
They are independent from government control
2.
They do not seek to challenge government as a political party
3.
They are self-governing (equipped to control their own activities)
4.
They are organized (possess some institutional reality)
5.
They do not make a profit
6.
They are often voluntary (at least in part)
7.
They are not engaged in criminal activities
8.
They are not engaged in violent activities
Do not get this confused. An NGO is not an international organization (IO) aka
international governmental organization (IGO).
An IO tends to have the following traits:
▪ Institutionalization of enduring multilateral relations;
▪ Routinized interactions by state members;
▪ Explicit methods of decision-making within organizations;
▪ Enduring bureaucratic structures; and
▪ Evidence of organizational independence from other IOs.
Formal IO Definition: “entities created with sufficient organizational structures
and autonomy to provide formal, ongoing, multilateral processes of decisionmaking between states, along with the capacity to execute the collective will of
their member (states)” (Diehl and Frederking, 2010, p. 15).
Do NGOs have influence? Should they have influence?
What type of influence is “acceptable”? Is it “legitimate”
for NGOs to have influence? Why or why not?
Are NGOs “democratic”? Should NGOs be democratic?
Who do NGOs represent? Does it matter? Should it
matter?
Should we formalize our 58,000 NGOs into some global
forum? What happens if we do? Do NGOs gain or lose
their “cache” if they organize in such a fashion?
There is the perception that NGOs are often more “virtuous” than the
state.
But your answer to the question on virtue may depend upon your
perspective. Is an Islamic NGO virtuous? What about the National Rifle
Association? Or the Unification Church?
And yet with all of this NGO diversity… there is a “new phenomenon –
global public opinion – that is shaping the political agenda and
generating a cosmopolitan set of norms and citizen demands that
transcend national boundaries”… and thus, “enhancing civil society
relations can also keep the United Nations in tune with global public
opinion within individual countries – the ‘second superpower” – and
enhance its legitimacy” (UN Report on UN Relations with NGOs, 2004,
aka “Cardoso Report”)
Now that we have defined NGO, we’ll now look at the
different types of civil society actors.
Do note that these “categories” are fluid and not fixed.
In fact, one can be an NGO and another category that
follows.
Just know that for the purposes of our course, we’ll focus on
the largest NGOs (often Western) who focus on international
development and humanitarian issues.
Tends to pursue a goal which does not directly benefit themselves.
Such goal examples are human rights or environmental protection.
The goals are often subjective and pursue something abstract.
▪ Examples of Abstract Ideas in the Human Rights Arena:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we-do/
Example: Amnesty International is an NGO, which pursues an abstract
goal (human rights) and often acts as a “pressure group” in certain
environments
▪ Latest on AI and the US:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/americas/united-states-of-america/
▪ Latest on AI and China: https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-thepacific/china/
Tends have a more economic focus, but not always.
Committed to free enterprise. Represents businesses
and engages the federal government (and the
Congress) on the Commerce objectives.
The goals are often more objective, i.e. write a piece
of legislation or modify a regulation.
Example: The US Chamber of Commerce is a powerful
lobbying organization based in Washington DC with
>3 million business members, see:
https://www.uschamber.com/about-us/about-uschamber (~7 minute video)
Tend to be viewed as less hierarchical, more informal, more
dynamic, more innovative than NGOs. This is the perception but
the truth may be fuzzier.
Such movements, as known as grassroots movements, have no
real “organization”. By organization, we mean formal structure,
hierarchy, office location, paid staff, Board of Directors, methods
of finance, and so on.
Social movements can evolve into formal NGOs.
Example #1: Egyptian Movement for Change (Kefaya)
Example #2: Occupy Movement
This movement (created in 2004) was
central to Egypt’s “Arab Spring”. They
were upset with regime selfindulgence, corruption,
unemployment, and so on.
Subgroups were created like “Mothers
for Change” or “Youth for Change”.
These movement actors exposed
human rights violations, workplace
violations, and began to protest.
As their protests expanded, the
legitimacy provided to their efforts
increased as more and more people
joined their movement.
They took an “expose, propose,
politicize” stance.
By January 2012, up a million protestors
filled Cairo’s Tahrir Square.
During this period of intensive protest,
Tahrir Square became like a working city.
Hundreds of thousands sleeping there at
night, daycare for protesting parents,
volunteer doctors, creation of a radio
station, and so on.
As one writer wrote, “The production and
organization of a harmonious insurgent
space the size of twenty football fields,
filled with hundreds of thousands of people
with political demands, and resisting
ruthless state violence was possible through
an extremely high spirit of determination,
volunteerism, and cooperation with distinct
anarchist overtones”.
People united against Mubarek, regardless
of religion or class.
The flat organizational structure of the
“organization” also help people feel they
had a voice.
For more information, see:
www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG778.ht
ml
Often similar to a social movement but tends to be more localized. Like a social movement, its creation is more
spontaneous and natural, and not led by a state or corporate actor.
Grassroots movements often help increase social movement capacity via training, canvassing, flyer creation and
distribution, and so on.
Its power often arises out of its particular sense of justice, and the belief that ordinary people can influence
people in powerful positions.
Its power comes from its people, and not from its money, expertise or relationship to a decision-maker.
Activities might include “Letters to the Editor” or canvassing or house parties on an issue, gathering signatures
for a petition, set up information tables, phone banking, putting up posters, holding meetings, etc.
A grassroots movement can evolve into a widespread social movement or some other organizational form.
Generally focused on smaller-scale activities than a NGO.
NGOs are more likely to have a provincial or national focus. CBOs often cover a
smaller area like neighborhoods or a town.
Often formed by the community it serves.
It will be much more reliant on voluntary contributions than a more established
NGO. But this voluntary funding reliance is not an “always”. For example, here is a
CBO in Miami-Dade County which was awarded a grant (FY13-14) to perform social
service delivery within the country, see:
www.miamidade.gov/grants/library/reports/fy-2013-2014-adopted-fundingcommunity-based-organizations.pdf .
Focus areas can be broad… from general welfare improvement to a neighborhood
association. In the examples above, one is a food pantries for seniors aged 62 and
over while the other is an organization focused on using dance as therapy.
Some are formally incorporated while others are smaller and more informal.
The relationship between faith and development is
often uneasy. Donor governments are often hesitant to
directly involve FBOs in their work. Sometimes the
reason is legal (separation of church and state) or
perhaps more informal such the reluctance to associate
with a particular faith.
Due to their religious orientation, many FBOs violate
the neutrality assumption of associational life.
FBOs often must be explicit on their “faith identity” and
to discourage FBOs from wearing “different masks for
different stakeholders”.
Examples: Catholic Relief Services (www.crs.org);
Islamic Relief Worldwide (www.islamic-relief.org).
Many NGOs, CBOs, and FBOs also apply the more generalist term
“charity” to their work.
Charities often focus on educational, religious, or other activities
which serve the public interest or common good.
The definition of charity can vary by country. The impact is via
regulation, tax treatment, practices, and so on.
You may be interested in perusing Charity Navigator, see:
http://www.charitynavigator.org/
Kim Moloney, Ph.D.
The following “generations” are not fixed. Nor are their time periods exclusive nor does it
imply that a first-generation NGO cannot exist today. Many NGOs are “first generation”
type organizations.
First Generation: Largely foreign (to the developing world) or first-world NGOs. Often
service-oriented in welfare, volunteerism, and are ostensibly non-political (1860s to
present). Early focus on their own countries and less on countries outside of their own.
▪ Example: Red Cross (www.ifrc.org). For the origins of the Red Cross, see:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=-TpRymuoACs (~15 min)
▪ Example: Save the Children (www.savethechildren.org). For the origins of Save the
Children, see: http://vimeo.com/1228390 (~2 min)
Second Generation: Both foreign (to the developing world) and local, developing world
NGOs (late 1960s to present). Local, developing world NGOs try and overcome prior
dependencies on foreign NGOs, and to help solve their culturally-specific or localityspecific needs. They might form cooperatives, organize peasants, help citizens
challenge local elites. It is more “bottom-up” than the prior generation. Such groups
may also become involved in more overt political campaigning.
Third Generation (again, 1960s to present)
▪ More focused on community organizing, mobilization, and coalition-building. Often
influenced by Latin American liberation theology (and the Catholic Church). It is a moral
reaction to poverty and social injustice. Often such NGOs worked to raise “critical
consciousness” and to focus on mobilization or even overt political conflict.
▪ Many were left-leaning, but not all. You also had right-wing NGOs financed by local
elites (often local businessman) who might fund, for example, an anti-communist
group.
▪ Example: Left-leaning Landless Workers Movement (Brazil) or Movimento dos
Trabalhadores Sem Terra (MST). At its height, this movement/organization was
considered the largest in Latin America with approximately 1.5 million members
(www.mst.org.br ).
▪ For MST history, see: www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3gKYvCR52Y (~30 min) or this
combination of videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hWjrTKuYsJg (~5 min) and
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjitiULIHPs (~10 min) and
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O6_5G3YejPY (~10 min)
Fourth Generation (generally mid-to-late
1980s or later):
▪
▪
▪
▪
In our post-1989 era, there have been efforts to
coordinate all of this global NGO activity. NGOs
can choose or not to become members of these
associations.
Examples: InterAction (www.interaction.org) in the
US; NGO Council for Overseas Development
Cooperation (KCOC)
(www.ngokcoc.or.kr/english/index.php) in South
Korea.
Video on Interaction (~2 min):
www.youtube.com/watch?v=WIaEcKbumX4
For a sample (only) of InterAction member projects,
see: http://www.ngoaidmap.org/ (video on this
project, see:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=HsSJclRmb_w. ~4
min)
Fifth Generation? (generally post-2007):
▪
▪
NGOs focused on development aid, foreign aid, and
its effectiveness. Arose out of post-Accra efforts to
create space within our global aid effectiveness
discussions for NGO voices.
Examples: Better Aid, International Forum of
National NGO Platforms (www.ongngo.org/en/sections/platforms ), Action Aid
(http://www.actionaid.org/activista), Aid Watch
(Australia)
(http://www.aidwatch.org.au/about/what-we-do/
or even local developing country based groups like
PGAE in Vietnam
(http://www.ngocentre.org.vn/node/6441)
Sixth Generation? (post-2000 or so)
▪
Concurrent to the fifth generation is a
separate group of NGOs which focus on
keeping themselves (as NGOs) accountable.
▪
Examples: NGO Monitor (www.ngomonitor.org/index.php); Charity Navigator
(www.charitynavigator.org) or even
initiatives like the International NGO
Accountability Charter, see:
www.ingoaccountabilitycharter.org (video
~1 minute:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rzb5wi
ir--w)
Kim Moloney, Ph.D.
To link this third sector or civil society to global governance, we should
ask whether and how NGOs influence global decisions and policies.
▪ Identify problems and globalization consequences that might otherwise be
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
ignored;
Articulate new values and norms to guide and constrain international practice;
Building transnational alliance that advocate for otherwise ignored
alternatives;
Altering international institutions to respond to unmet needs;
Disseminating social innovations that have international applications;
Negotiating resolutions to transnational conflicts and disagreements; and
Mobilizing resources and acting directly on important public problems.
As our global civil society spaces become more populated, are we
creating a transnational civil society or global civil society capable of
influencing our evolving global governance arena?
Note: The following potential answers are in no particular order.
1.
Spread of information technology and global communication.
2.
Recognition of new forms of organizations… from our community-based
organizations to those with transnational foci.
3.
Late 1800s and early 1900s creation and then later, spread of labor union
movements worldwide. Tied to industrialization.
4.
Greater interest in environmental advocacy, awareness of climate change, impact
of poor environmental policies since Stockholm (1972) and strengthened with Rio
(1992).
5.
Ending of multiple authoritarian and non-democratic regimes in the developing
countries of Asia, Latin America, and Africa.
6.
Permanence of borders are challenged by increased global movements, global
trade, and exposures to new ideas.
7.
In many “lost decade” economies, the state began to cede control of its service
provision to civil society.
8.
In many countries, increased donor country interest in development (whether for
altruistic or strategic purposes) has led to new NGOs and CBOs in the recipient
country.
In the Matthews article, she wrote about how in the early 1990s, the UN Centre for Human
Rights had a smaller budget than Amnesty International.
▪
In 2014-2015, the UN’s Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights will have a
US$173.5 million budget (see: www.ohchr.org/EN/AboutUs/Pages/FundingBudget.aspx)
while Amnesty International’s Voluntary Income for 2013 was GBP£58,437,000
(~US$98,865,000) (see:
https://www.amnesty.org.uk/sites/default/files/amnesty_international_combined_finan
cial_statements_2013.pdf).
▪
AI is just one NGO. There are others around the world.
▪
What might this say about potential NGO power within our global governance arena?
Or examples of NGOs who influence trade negotiations (from NAFTA, forward)
Or NGOs who were formally invited by the Australian government to participate in the
2014 G20 Meetings
Or UN conferences (or world summits) which would be considered illegitimate if they did
not involve successive and deep consultations with interested civil society actors before,
during, and after the UN conferences.
▪
▪
▪
▪
Example: One of the first was the 1992 UN Conference on the Environment in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The 1992 UN
conference set the stage for later UN-NGO interactions at the UN World Conferences.
Over 2400 NGO representatives attend this 1992 conference. At the parallel NGO Forum, there were 17,000
participants.
While 180 governments agreed to the 1992 Rio Declaration (http://habitat.igc.org/agen ...
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