Fluent Essays

Attached is what is needed for a reference for the program used:While studying public health issues in the MPH program, you have learned about the process known as evaluation. The evaluation process is a tool to measure our successes and failures; thus, it pertains to everything done in public health. Evaluation demonstrates what we have done and what the results are. Using the Internet, research the grants and contracting evaluation process. Based on your research, respond to the following:Explain the evaluation process from beginning to end, and describe how you can be sure your program will work by including an evaluation component.What is the most important element of evaluation and why do you believe this tool was the most important?Give reasons and examples in support of your responses. Be sure to cite any relevant resources.Write your initial response in approximately 300 words.By the due date assigned post your response to the below Discussion Area.Through the end of the week, review and comment on at least two peers’ responses. Do you think the way in which your peers wish to evaluate their programs is the best approach? Defend your position.Respond to the assigned question using the lessons and vocabulary found in the reading. Support your answers with examples and research. Your responses should clarify your understanding of the topic. They should be your own, original, and free from plagiarism. Follow the APA format for writing style, spelling and grammar, and citation of sources.Participate in the discussion by analyzing each response for completeness and accuracy and by suggesting specific additions or clarifications for improving the discussion question response.Evaluation Criteria:Analyzed the evaluation process from beginning to end and described how you can be sure your program will work.Identified the most important evaluation tool for your project and explained why this tool was the most important.Responses demonstrated in-depth research and analysis.Justified your answers with appropriate research and reasoning. patricks_w4_a2.doc..docx ch3_discussion.docx patricks_w3_a2.pptx patricks_w1_a3.docx patricks_w2_a2.doc..docx Unformatted Attachment Preview Running head: PUBLIC HEALTH STAFF PLAN Public Health Staff Plan Public Health Staff Plan 1 PUBLIC HEALTH STAFF PLAN 2 Teenage pregnancy is a common public health issue in the US and engaging suitable interventions will be meaningful in reducing its prevalence. Pieces of evidence make it clear that engaging public health education will be ultimate to see a reduction in the incidence of the problem. While this problem is common among the teenagers where those who are highly at risk entails the female teenagers, it would be advisable to implement the intervention in a school setting because it presents a platform where the teenagers can engage each other. Implementing the intervention in a school setting will ensure that most of the teenagers learn about the risks based on the problem and so, restrict themselves from engaging themselves in activities that trigger the concern (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019). That said, this assignment presents a public health staffing plan illustrating the needed staff both full and parttime staff that will be tasked in implementing the selected intervention. It concludes with an organizational chart that corresponds to the plan. Staffing Plan Goal Determinants • It is necessary to find out if the intents of the staffing plan focus on addressing the identified problem and this means that it is appropriate to determine if the goals set are meaningful in addressing the problem. • As the prime issue, the public health staffing seeks to address, it is appropriate to find out if engaging public health education will be thoughtful in reducing the prevalence of the problem in the US • This can be achieved by looking at the prevalence of the problem before engaging the intervention in a certain region and comparing the prevalence of the same problem after engaging the intervention in the same region. PUBLIC HEALTH STAFF PLAN • 3 Centers for Disease Control and Intervention (CDC) reported that in 2019 the incidence of teen pregnancies among the whites was 14\%. Suppose the white teenagers were engaged in this intervention and later noted that there is a reduction in the problem, then it will be apparent that the intervention is impactful (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019). Factors impacting Personnel Availability • The predominance of the teenage pregnancy in the US suggests the need to engage public health staff who will facilitate in creating a suitable intervention that will see a reduction in the prevalence of the problem. • As compared to other ethnic communities in the US, American Indians records the highest rate of teenage pregnancy 32.9\% which suggests the need to engage more public health staff among this population segments as compared to other teenage populations in the US. • Culture could play a vital role in prompting variability of the problem in various races and this means that the public health staff should be involved in educating the teenagers how their respective cultures could predispose them to the problem. • Lifestyle could also be another cause for teenage pregnancy and so, it would be necessary to deploy more public health staff to areas where lifestyle seem to be a common cause of teenage pregnancy in the area (Garney et al., 2019). Organizational Functional Needs PUBLIC HEALTH STAFF PLAN • 4 While not everyone engaged in the staff planning may be aware of the intensity of the problem, it may be necessary to challenge every member of the staff to research about the problem about the prevalence of the concern in the region. • Sensitizing the teenagers about the risks based on the problem will challenge the trainer to inflict his staff with requisite knowledge and skills on how to share their knowledge regarding the matter to the teenagers. • The public health staff will also learn how to perform the sensitization program on teenagers. Conducting a Gap Analysis and Creating a Plan • The resources needed to facilitate the implementation of the intervention are inadequate to facilitate prenatal care • The community also neglects the teenage mother and her child while they need the community desperately following the inexperience mother who is unable to take proper care for her child • As a way of creating the plan, it will be integral to solicit for resources that will meet the demands of the teenage mother and her child • It is also necessary to inform the community about the need for embracing the teenage mother and her child • Based on the organizational chart demonstrated below, the public health superintendent will be providing administrative support to the various sections based on public health. • The environmental health officer will be tasked in enforcing public health legislation alongside environmental concerns. PUBLIC HEALTH STAFF PLAN • 5 The Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Officer will be tasked in coordinating activities that have been piloted towards advancing the health as well as preventing alongside managing communicable as well as non-communicable diseases. • The Public Health Research Officer will be involved in researching the problem and reporting its incidence-based in a certain area as well as its intensity to the unit. • The Public Health Information Needs will be involved in informing the public about the gravity of the public health concern (Fuller et al., 2018). • Similarly, to the Public Health Officer, the Public Health Nurse will also be involved in presenting meaningful information regarding the public health concern to the public Public Health Staff Plan Organizational Chart Public health superintendent Public health information needs Environmental health officer Public health research officer Public health nurse Health promotion and disease prevention officer PUBLIC HEALTH STAFF PLAN 6 References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). The public health system and the 10 essential public health services. National Public Health Performance Standards. Office for State, Tribal, Local and Territorial Support, last modified, 29. Fuller, T. R., White, C. P., Chu, J., Dean, D., Clemmons, N., Chaparro, C., ... & King, P. (2018). Social determinants and teen pregnancy prevention: exploring the role of nontraditional partnerships. Health promotion practice, 19(1), 23-30. Garney, W., Wilson, K., Nelon, J., Muraleetharan, D., McLeroy, K., & Baletka, D. M. (2019). Ecological Approaches to Teen Pregnancy Prevention: An Examination of EvidenceBased Interventions. Health promotion practice, 20(4), 494-501. Running Head: DISCUSSION 1 Discussion: Identifying the Approach Name Institutional Affiliation DISCUSSION 2 Introduction Unplanned pregnancies and teenagers engaging in early sexual activities is one of the major serious issues experienced in modern society, and especially in developing nations. Studies have shown that unintended pregnancy makes 33 percent to 82 percent of the teenage pregnancies globally (Vázquez-Nava et al., 2013). The negative impacts of unplanned pregnancies among teenagers include girls getting married at an early age, dropping out of school to take care of their newborns, practicing unsafe abortions, and being exposed to sexually transmitted diseases such as chlamydia and HPV. The proposed remedy for this issue is increasing sexual health awareness and offering contraceptives among youths (Oringanje et al., 2016). Studies have shown that a combination of sexual health education and providing contraceptives reduced unplanned pregnancies among teenagers significantly. Plan A holistic approach is used when planning for the strategy. After familiarizing ourselves with the three stages of the grant’s lifecycle, the next step is to write a letter of commitment (LOC) and Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) that includes the roles of each partner in addressing the issue of unplanned pregnancies (Gemayel & Martin, 2017). After completing the LOC and MOA, the next step is to review notice of funding opportunity (NOFOs) to establish eligibility. The step is developing the internal strategy. The internal strategy constitutes the organization’s structure, program, expertise, history, project fit for mission, target audience, special needs of audience, activities, staff, and board. Preparation DISCUSSION 3 After collecting all the necessary information including grant application requirements and guidelines, the “cause-effect scenario” is used when preparing the necessary elements of a grant application. This involves identifying the affected population (teenagers, girls), factors contributing to unplanned pregnancies, and offering suggestions (Gemayel & Martin, 2017). After identifying the “cause-effect”, the next step is working with partners to highlight the “grey areas” that need immediate interventions. Finally, the partners would work together to ensure that necessary elements of the grant application (introduction, institution background, program objectives and goals, methods, evaluation, future funding and sustainability, and budget) are incorporated in the plan. Partners The key partners to work together when developing this grant application include physicians, social workers, two nurses, and a financial assistant. The social workers offer strategies on how counseling and education of teenagers in school should be conducted. The financial assistant creates and guides on the budget needed to support the process. The physicians offer suggestions on medicinal management or the quantity and types of contraceptives needed (Fox & Barfield, 2016). Nurses offer suggestions on how to monitor changes after contraceptives have been administered. The interdisciplinary partnerships are critical in ensuring that all the key areas are considered when developing grant application. All partners would be encouraged to exercise due diligence and dedicate themselves fully to the process. Conclusion DISCUSSION 4 A holistic approach is critical when designing a grant application process to be used to address the issue of unplanned pregnancies and teenagers engaging in early sexual activities. A holistic approach is essential because it factors in the major variables such as eligibility, requirements, the role of each partner, and internal strategy. The approach offers an opportunity to prudently and diligently examine whether the organization will meet the grant application guidelines. It brings various stakeholders together and considers all their inputs. Through the use of a holistic approach, it is undeniable that a combination of interventions (education and contraceptives) will reduce unintended teenage pregnancies. Overall, the success of this approach depends on the willingness and abilities of the partners. DISCUSSION 5 References Gemayel, R., & Martin, S. J. (2017). Writing a successful fellowship or grant application. The FEBS journal, 284(22), 3771-3777. Fox, J., & Barfield, W. (2016). Decreasing Unintended Pregnancy. JAMA, 316(8), 815. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.8800 Oringanje, C., Meremikwu, M., Eko, H., Esu, E., Meremikwu, A., & Ehiri, J. (2016). Interventions for preventing unintended pregnancies among adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi: 10.1002/14651858.cd005215.pub3 Vázquez-Nava, F., Vázquez-Rodriguez, C., Saldívar-González, A., Vázquez-Rodríguez, E., Córdova-Fernández, J., Felizardo-Ávalos, J., & Sánchez-Márquez, W. (2013). Unplanned Pregnancy in Adolescents: Association with Family Structure, Employed Mother, and Female Friends with Health-Risk Habits and Behaviors. Journal of Urban Health, 91(1), 176-185. doi: 10.1007/s11524-013-9819-6 MAPP MATRIX: IDENTIFICATION OF FUNDING OPPORTUNITY CHOOSEN PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTIONS ➢ In the US only, 1.88\% (18.8 pregnancies for every 1000) was reported to be teen (15 to 19 years old) pregnancies in 2018. ➢ A major medical concern is the lack of sufficient prenatal care. ➢ The mother and the child lack sufficient care as the community neglects them, yet the young mother is inexperienced in parental matters and falls into mental problems such as depression. How I Completed the MAPP Matrix ➢ In the identification of the community themes and strengths I looked into a matter that can easily be resolved through public education by the public health department. ➢ I realized, in my research that teen pregnancies are decreasing with increased levels of literacy, so there is an opportunity for improvement. ➢ I also noted that there are resources, including public health human resources, that can aid in improving the condition although more human resources might be needed. ➢ I also realized that health in the contemporary US society is measured in terms of biological, social, and psychological health outcomes and economic capabilities, which are all affected by teen pregnancies. How I Completed the MAPP Matrix ➢ In the local public health assessment I realized that there are limited resources which are not used efficiently in dealing with teenage pregnancies (CDC, 2019). ➢ This was noted through the assessment of the essential public health services such as diagnosis, health outcome research, and public health policies implementations among other public health essentials (CDC, 2019). ➢ The community health shows continued improvement of teen pregnancies situation, as the federal numbers have been falling for all ethnic groups, but still they still occur and drastic measures such as public education can improve the outcome (Wisniewski, & OConnell, 2018). How I Completed the MAPP Matrix ➢ In the Forces of Change consideration, I looked into the occurrences at the communal and societal level that affect the teen pregnancies outcomes. ➢ Occurrences that can reduce teen pregnancies include increasing levels of literacy; increased feministic approaches that empower girls to avoid sexual abuse; and use of birth control methods. ➢ Occurrences that may increase the teen pregnancies outcome include the increased use of technological products such as smartphones, and the lack of parent guidance due to extremely busy parents (Campbell, & Lehenbauer, 2019). Importance of the Initiative ➢ Given the improve outcome (lower teen pregnancies) in the previous years, it is clear that there is a chance of reducing these occurrences even further through public health engagement. ➢ The initiative can reduce the negative health outcome for many children born to teenage mothers with little to know knowledge and resources to bring up a child, and also enhance the health outcome of the mothers whose worlds stop, including their education, so they can bring up children at their school going ages. ➢ If these occurrences are stopped, there can be better mental, biological, and social health outcomes to teenage girls and boys who become fathers at tender ages as well, and there can be few to no children suffering from attachment issues due to inexperienced parenthood. Target Audience ➢ The target audience is school going children at the ages of 10 to 18. ➢ The target audience includes both male and female students as teenage boys also contribute to the pregnancies. ➢ All ethnic groups will be considered, but the mostly affected communities such as the Native American and Alaskan natives as well as the AfricanAmericans and Hispanic teenagers need more sex education than other groups as they are the most vulnerable communities to early pregnancies. General Requirements of the FOA ➢ Public health educators, especially nurses, physicians, and PAs. ➢ Travelling arrangements able to penetrate all types of roads. ➢ Access to all schools, religious gatherings, and two commonly used media within the community youths. ➢ Finances to pay the human resource and airtime in the chosen media, as well as the fuel and vehicles service. ➢ Demo materials such as condoms and other resources essential for sex education. Intended Approach to Early Pregnancies ➢ The first step involves development of a sexual education curriculum that the public health educators will use. ➢ The second step involves contacting the educational and other societal gatherings that engage teenagers for permission to take the sex education to the children (from the ages of 10) and the teenagers. ➢ Thirdly, the media (either social or mass media) commonly used in the group should be used to educate the children and teenagers on sexual matters, and sensitize them using the developed curriculum. ➢ Fourth, parents should be reminded of their duties to train their children on proper sexual behaviors and take care of their children’s whereabouts. ➢ Lastly, the team will educate teachers in schools to train the children at the absence of the public health educators on sexual matters. References o Campbell, C., & Lehenbauer, K. R. (2019). Teenage Pregnancy: Time for Change and Action. Available at SSRN 3387949. o Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). The public health system and the 10 essential public health services. National Public Health Performance Standards. Office for State, Tribal, Local and Territorial Support, last modified, 29. o Garney, W., Wilson, K., Nelon, J., Muraleetharan, D., McLeroy, K., & Baletka, D. M. (2019). Ecological Approaches to Teen Pregnancy Prevention: An Examination of Evidence-Based Interventions. Health promotion practice, 20(4), 494-501. o Wisniewski, M. M., & OConnell, H. A. (2018). Clinic access and teenage birth rates: Racial/ethnic and spatial disparities in Houston, TX. Social Science & Medicine, 201, 87-94. Running head: GRANT PROPOSAL 1 A Grant Proposal to the Federal Government on Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive health GRANT PROPOSAL 2 A Grant Proposal to the Federal Government on Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive health Introduction There are approximately 1 billion individuals between 10 and 19 years living the world today. Nearly 70 per cent of them are living in developing countries under different conditions from the previous generations. They have greater access to formal education, technology and social media, which exposes them to more exposure to new ideas at a young age. A combination of these factors results in engagement in sexual activity at a young age, causing early marriages or even unplanned pregnancies. The dangers of engaging in early sexual activities could also have health concerns in the era of HIV/AIDS. The government should be at the forefront of promoting health education to reduce the impacts of sexual activity among adolescents. Background Adolescent sexual and reproductive health involves the development of initiative that educate individuals on the benefits of abstinence as a method of birth control. Nevertheless, those who cannot abstain should be taught the various family planning techniques available so that they can prevent unplanned pregnancies. Vázquez-Nava et al. (2014), estimate that unplanned pregnancy constitutes between 33 and 82\% of the adolescent pregnancies across the world. The impacts of unplanned pregnancy vary depending on the family support of the individual with a majority of the students dropping out of school to take care of their newborns. This is common for students from low-income families and they are more likely to transfer poverty to future generations. A significant portion of the adolescents who get pregnant end up getting married. According to the Science Daily (2017), some of the adverse effects of early marriages include pregnancy-related complications associated with the young body. Adolescents engaging in early marriages may also be susceptible to malnutrition, poor mental health and GRANT PROPOSAL 3 domestic violence. They may also have limited access to contraception and therefore having many child ... Purchase answer to see full attachment