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250 words APA format. Remember to include a Title page, Conclusion and References. For References you may use any Articles, books, magazines, and web pages related to the topic. http://youtu.be/fHvlEj2crpg pp_ch02.pdf Unformatted Attachment Preview Principles of Health Care Ethics Principles of Ethics    Extends your foundation of ethics. Gives you ways to apply ethics to practical situations. The four used most often in health care are non-maleficience, beneficence, autonomy, and justice. Non-maleficience     Sometimes this is translated as “do no harm”. Ethical theories define harm in different ways. Consequentialist says harm is that which prevents good. Natural law says harm is something that limits our potential. Non-maleficience    Deontologists say harm is something that prevents you from doing your moral duty. Virtue ethicists say harm is something that leads you away from practicing high moral character. Ethical egoists say that harm is something that goes against your self interest. Harm in the Clinical Setting     Harm is something that negatively affects patients. Clinically, we think of physical harm but other harm is possible. Harm is also caused by negligence. Harm can be caused by violating autonomy. Beneficience     Beneficience comes from the Latin “bene” and means to benefit. Requires a decision to engage in beneficent acts or to be altruistic. It is a fundamental principle of health care practice. What theories support beneficence? Health care and Beneficience    The standard of altruism is higher for health care professionals. Altruism is expected. Beneficience sometimes is extended to paternalism when the health care professional makes decisions for the good of the patient. What is this called? Autonomy     Means that you can rule yourself. Implies a respect for others. We have a duty to treat, but not to judge. What are the conditions necessary for autonomy in health care? Specific Competence   Is defined as the ability to do some things but not others. So, you can be competent in a limited way. Issues of competence and autonomy also are part of informed consent and other health care issues which are discussed in later chapters Justice    The term can be used to mean fairness. Aristotle thought we should treat similar cases in a similar way unless there was some relevant or material difference. Need to examine types of justice: procedural and distributive. Procedural Justice     Sometimes called due process. Means that you get your turn; you are treated like everyone else. Procedural injustice can occur with employee situations. Due process is also involved with policy making. Distributive Justice     Involves balancing benefits and burdens Health care resource allocation is one example of an injustice?? Health care is a scarce resource, so Resource allocation issues are common in health care; what are some examples of these issues? Material Reasons to Discriminate    Basic argument is that the person deserves it or needs it In the U.S., if you work hard, you deserve to be rewarded. In contrast, if you disobey the law, you deserve to be punished. Discrimination based on Need     Need can be based on misfortune or disability. Need can be based on special talents or abilities and on opportunities. Need can be based on past discrimination. Need can also be based on structural social problems. In the larger society,     There is a need to discriminate based on material need You are rewarded based on how much you contribute You are also rewarded based on how much effort you put forth This thinking also applies to patient care. Give some examples? Need based on Misfortune     Discriminate based on or against need for care. For example, life threatening situations are treated before minor emergencies. Special talents or the potential loss of opportunity can be arguments for special treatment. What other groups fall into the need based category? Need based on past Discrimination    Redress of past injustices may be a reason for different treatment The health care system has responded to the needs of some special groups. Structural problems have also been considered in needs based discrimination; what are some examples? Distributive Justice and Rights    Still debating if health care is a right or a commodity Need to think about whether something is a legal right or a moral right There are many types of right and many overlap each other (See figure) Legal or Positive Rights    Legal right means that someone has a legal obligation to fulfill your right. Positive right means that you are entitled to something. Sometimes legal rights become that which you can get enforced. Substantive Rights    Can be legal rights or not They are right to a particular thing such as education, health care, minimum wage, etc. Different nations have differing opinions about substantive rights for their citizens Negative Rights     You have the right to be left alone. The Bill of Rights lists many negative rights. The negative right of one person may be in conflict with the negative right of another (i.e. smokers). Other negative rights include freedom from sexual harassment, and medical record privacy. Process, Natural, and Ideal Rights     You have the right of due process Natural rights means that you respect the attributes that people have in nature These rights allow humans to reach their full potential Natural rights express our common morality and ideal rights inspire Reflective Equilibrium Model     Making ethical decisions requires considered judgments. These judgments require rational moral reasoning. Ethical theories and principles are used to explain moral reasoning. Reflective equilibrium model provides a process for considering and reconsidering decisions. Reflective Equilibrium Model Considered judgments Common morality Health care issue at hand Ethical principles Ethical theories Reflective equilibrium at work In Summary… ... Purchase answer to see full attachment