Fluent Essays

Review “Common Tendencies in Perception” (pp. 119–123) section in the chapter and choose at least three to discuss. Think of a time when you have experienced each one. What were the outcomes? Would they have been different if the common tendency had not played a part in your perception? How might greater empathy (p.126) have helped the people involved communicate more smoothly? Note: Alternatively, you can use examples from “!2 Angry Men” movie for this assignment (look for video clips on youtube). the ebook is attached below so you can reference to chapter 4. no citations required. 1 page, double spaced, 12 pt font, times new roman response required.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------note #2: This is an exit task for my Communications 120 class and my instructor checks for little details, so please accomplish the response as if you were required to do it. Thank you adler___interplay__the_process_of_interpersonal_communication_14th_edition_c2018_txtbk_1_.pdf Unformatted Attachment Preview Interplay Interplay The Process of Interpersonal Communication FOURTEENTH EDITION Ronald B. Adler Santa Barbara City College Lawrence B. Rosenfeld The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Russell F. Proctor II Northern Kentucky University New York • Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America. © 2018, 2015, 2013, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2001 by Oxford University Press For titles covered by Section 112 of the US Higher Education Opportunity Act, please visit www.oup.com/us/he for the latest ­ ­information about pricing and alternate formats. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Adler, Ronald B. (Ronald Brian), 1946– author. | Rosenfeld, Lawrence B., author. | Proctor, Russell F., author. Title: Interplay: the process of interpersonal communication / Ronald B. Adler, Santa Barbara City College, Lawrence B. Rosenfeld, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Russell F. Proctor II, Northern Kentucky University. Description: Fourteenth edition. | New York, NY: Oxford University Press, [2018] Identifiers: LCCN 2017031955 | ISBN 9780190646257 (pbk.) | ISBN 9780190646264 (pbk.) Subjects: LCSH: Interpersonal communication. Classification: LCC BF637.C45 A33 2018 | DDC 302.2—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017031955 987654321 Printed by LSC Communications, United States of America Brief Contents Preface PART PART PART 1 2 3 xv FOUNDATIONS OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION 1 Interpersonal Process 3 2 Culture and Interpersonal Communication 37 3 Interpersonal Communication and the Self 4 Perceiving Others 69 103 CREATING AND RESPONDING TO MESSAGES 5 Language 135 6 Nonverbal Communication 7 Listening: Receiving and Responding 195 8 Emotions 227 165 DIMENSIONS OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS 9 Dynamics of Interpersonal Relationships 259 10 Communication in Close Relationships: Friends, Family, and Romantic Partners 291 11 Managing Conflict 323 12 Communication Climate Glossary G-1 References R-1 Credits C-1 Author Index AI-1 Subject Index SI-1 353 Contents Preface xv PART 1 FOUNDATIONS OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION 1 Interpersonal Process 3 Why We Communicate 4 Physical Needs 5 Identity Needs 6 Social Needs 7 Practical Needs 8 FEATURES MEDIA CLIP: Solitude and Connection: Wild 6 DARK SIDE OF COMMUNICATION: Loneliness and the Internet: A Delicate Balance 7 AT WORK: Communication and Career Advancement 9 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Tweeting: The Channel Affects the Message 12 MEDIA CLIP: Pathologically Competent: House of Cards 22 ASSESSING YOUR COMMUNICATION: Your Use of Social Media 24 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: ­Sidestepping Permanence: The Attraction of Snapchat 27 WATCH AND DISCUSS: “Men Read Mean Tweets to Female Sports Reporters” 31 2 The Communication Process 9 Early Models of Communication 9 Insights from the Transactional Communication Model Communication Principles 13 The Nature of Interpersonal Communication 15 Communication Misconceptions 17 Communication Competence 19 Principles of Communication Competence 19 Characteristics of Competent Communication 21 Social Media and Interpersonal Communication Characteristics of Social Media 23 Social Media and Relational Quality 28 Communicating Competently with Social Media CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING KEY TERMS 34 ACTIVITIES 34 29 33 Culture and Interpersonal Communication 37 Culture and Communication 38 Culture and Co-Culture 38 Intercultural Communication vi 10 40 23 CO N T EN T S MEDIA CLIP: Embracing Tradition and Change: Meet the Patels 39 Interpersonal and Intercultural Dimensions of Communication 42 Intercultural Differences as Generalizations 43 MEDIA CLIP: Straddling Cultures: ­black-ish 49 Cultural Values and Norms FEATURES DARK SIDE OF COMMUNICATION: When “Harmless” Labels Do Harm 50 AT WORK: Organizations Are Cultures 55 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Saying “I’m Sorry” in Japanese and English: ­Different Codes 58 ASSESSING YOUR COMMUNICATION: What Is Your Intercultural Communication Competence? 60 WATCH AND DISCUSS: “Momondo: The DNA Journey” 62 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Living in Another Culture: Adapting and Adopting 63 43 High Versus Low Context 43 Individualism Versus Collectivism 44 Power Distance 46 Uncertainty Avoidance 47 Achievement Versus Nurturing 48 Co-Cultures and Communication 48 Race and Ethnicity 48 Gender Identity/Sexual Orientation 50 Age/Generation 51 (Dis)abilities 52 Socioeconomic Status 53 Codes and Culture 54 Verbal Codes 54 Nonverbal Codes 58 Developing Intercultural Communication Competence 59 Motivation and Attitude 60 Tolerance for Ambiguity 61 Open-Mindedness 61 Knowledge and Skill 62 Patience and Perseverance 63 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 64 KEY TERMS 65 ACTIVITIES 3 66 Interpersonal Communication and the Self 69 Communication and the Self-Concept 70 How the Self-Concept Develops 71 Characteristics of the Self-Concept 73 The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy and Communication 76 vii viii CONTENTS FEATURES Presenting the Self FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Does Instagram = #Instasad? 73 Public and Private Selves 78 Characteristics of Impression Management 79 Face-to-Face Impression Management 80 Impression Management in Social Media 80 Impression Management and Honesty 83 WATCH AND DISCUSS: “Dove Evolution Commercial” 74 MEDIA CLIP: Reflecting Years of ­Appraisal: This Is Us 75 AT WORK: Impression Management in the Workplace 81 MEDIA CLIP: The Promise and Perils of Online Relationships: Catfish: The TV Show 82 DARK SIDE OF COMMUNICATION: Talking Frankly About STDs 90 ASSESSING YOUR COMMUNICATION: Online and Offline Self-Disclosure 93 77 Disclosing the Self 84 Self-Disclosure Factors 85 Models of Self-Disclosure 86 Benefits and Risks of Self-Disclosure 88 Guidelines for Self-Disclosure 91 Alternatives to Self-Disclosure 93 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 98 KEY TERMS 99 ACTIVITIES 100 4 Perceiving Others 103 The Perception Process 104 Reality Is Constructed 104 Steps in the Perception Process 106 FEATURES FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Online Channels Affect Perception 108 WATCH AND DISCUSS: “All That We Share” 110 AT WORK: Sexual Harassment and Perception 115 MEDIA CLIP: Master of Perception: Sherlock 118 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Hurtful Communication: A Matter of Perception 122 DARK SIDE OF COMMUNICATION: Distorting Perception: The Gaslight Effect 126 MEDIA CLIP: Gaining Empathy: ­Undercover Boss 128 ASSESSING YOUR COMMUNICATION: Your Empathy Quotient 129 Influences on Perception 110 Access to Information 110 Physiological Influences 110 Psychological Influences 112 Social Influences 113 Cultural Influences 117 Common Tendencies in Perception 118 We Make Snap Judgments 119 We Cling to First Impressions 120 We Judge Ourselves More Charitably Than We Do Others 121 We Are Influenced by Our Expectations 122 We Are Influenced by the Obvious 123 We Assume Others Are Like Us 123 Synchronizing Our Perceptions 124 Perception Checking 124 Building Empathy 126 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 130 KEY TERMS 131 ACTIVITIES 131 CO N T EN T S PART 2 ix CREATING AND RESPONDING TO MESSAGES 5 Language 135 The Nature of Language 136 Language Is Symbolic 136 Language Is Rule-Governed 137 Language Is Subjective 139 Language and Worldview 139 FEATURES MEDIA CLIP: Invented Languages: Game of Thrones 137 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: The Negative Consequences of Fat Talk 141 AT WORK: Swearing on the Job 144 DARK SIDE OF COMMUNICATION: Sorry, Not Sorry 145 ASSESSING YOUR COMMUNICATION: Sexist Language 146 The Impact of Language 141 Naming and Identity 141 Affiliation 142 Power and Politeness 143 Sexism and Racism 145 Precision and Vagueness 148 The Language of Responsibility 152 Gender and Language 156 WATCH AND DISCUSS: “Vague Facebook Posts—Congressional Hearings” 149 Extent of Gender Differences 156 Non-Gender Influences on Language Use 158 MEDIA CLIP: Damning with Faint Praise: Florence Foster Jenkins 151 Social Media and Language FOCUS ON RESEARCH: The Language of Online Community 159 158 Online Language and Impression Management 158 Online Language and Gender 160 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 161 KEY TERMS 162 ACTIVITIES 6 162 Nonverbal Communication 165 Nonverbal Communication Defined 166 Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication 167 FEATURES FOCUS ON RESEARCH: The Power of Periods. In Texting. 171 ASSESSING YOUR COMMUNICATION: Nonverbal Immediacy Behaviors 174 WATCH AND DISCUSS: “Body Language” 175 MEDIA CLIP: A Life of Deception: The Americans 176 MEDIA CLIP: In a Different Voice: Speechless 179 Nonverbal Communication Is Always Occurring 167 Nonverbal Communication Is Primarily Relational 168 Nonverbal Communication Is Ambiguous 169 Nonverbal Communication Occurs in Mediated Messages 170 Nonverbal Communication Is Influenced by Culture and Gender 170 Functions of Nonverbal Communication Creating and Maintaining Relationships 172 Regulating Interaction 173 Influencing Others 175 Influencing Ourselves 175 172 x CONTENTS FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Nonverbal Imitation: The Sincerest Form of Flattery 180 Concealing/Deceiving 175 Managing Impressions 177 AT WORK: Let Your Voice Be Heard 183 Types of Nonverbal Communication DARK SIDE OF COMMUNICATION: The Inequality of “Lookism” 188 Body Movement 178 Touch 181 Voice 182 Distance 184 Territoriality 187 Time 187 Physical Attractiveness 188 Clothing 189 Physical Environment 189 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 178 190 KEY TERMS 191 ACTIVITIES 7 192 Listening: Receiving and Responding 195 The Nature of Listening 196 The Importance of Listening 196 Listening Defined 197 Listening Styles 199 FEATURES AT WORK: Listening on the Job 197 ASSESSING YOUR COMMUNICATION: Your Listening Styles 200 MEDIA CLIP: Multifaceted Listening: The Profit 201 DARK SIDE OF COMMUNICATION: The Myth of Multitasking 205 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Responding Helps Speakers Tell Their Stories 207 WATCH AND DISCUSS: “Brené Brown on Empathy” 215 MEDIA CLIP: Responding Directively: Scandal 219 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Exchanging Advice Online 220 The Challenge of Listening 202 Recognizing Barriers to Listening 202 Avoiding Poor Listening Habits 203 Components of Listening 204 Hearing 204 Attending 204 Understanding 205 Remembering 206 Responding 206 Types of Listening Responses Silent Listening 208 Questioning 209 Paraphrasing 211 Empathizing 214 Supporting 216 Analyzing 218 207 CO N T EN T S Evaluating 218 Advising 219 Which Response Type to Use? 221 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 222 KEY TERMS 223 ACTIVITIES 8 224 Emotions 227 What Are Emotions? FEATURES MEDIA CLIP: Intelligence of Another Variety: The Big Bang Theory 228 WATCH AND DISCUSS: “The Marriage Hack” 231 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Managing Grief with Humor 233 AT WORK: Emotional Labor on the Job 236 DARK SIDE OF COMMUNICATION: Fictional Characters, Real Feelings: Parasocial Relationships 237 ASSESSING YOUR COMMUNICATION: Your Emotional Intelligence 243 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: When Talking About Feelings Makes Things Worse 252 MEDIA CLIP: Self-Talk and Resilience: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt 254 229 Physiological Changes 229 Nonverbal Behavior 230 Cognitive Interpretations 230 Verbal Expression 231 Influences on Emotional Expression 232 Personality 232 Culture 233 Gender 234 Social Conventions and Roles 235 Social Media 235 Emotional Contagion 237 Expressing Emotions Effectively 238 Recognize Your Feelings 238 Choose the Best Language 239 Share Multiple Feelings 241 Recognize the Difference Between Feeling and Acting 242 Accept Responsibility for Your Feelings 242 Choose the Best Time and Place to Express Your Feelings 242 Managing Emotions 244 Facilitative and Debilitative Emotions 244 Thoughts Cause Feelings 245 Irrational Thinking and Debilitative Emotions 247 Minimizing Debilitative Emotions 251 Maximizing Facilitative Emotions 254 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING KEY TERMS 256 ACTIVITIES 256 255 xi xii CONTENTS PART 3 DIMENSIONS OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS 9 Dynamics of Interpersonal Relationships 259 Why We Form Relationships FEATURES DARK SIDE OF COMMUNICATION: The Anguish of Abusive Relationships 263 260 Appearance 260 Similarity 261 Complementarity 262 Rewards 262 Competency 264 Proximity 265 Disclosure 265 MEDIA CLIP: The Power and Peril of Disclosure: Homeland 265 Models of Relational Dynamics FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Communicating About Relational Baggage 268 Stages of Relational Development 266 Dialectical Tensions 273 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: The Dialectical Tensions of Cell Phone Use 275 Communicating About Relationships MEDIA CLIP: Finding Connection: ­Trainwreck 276 WATCH AND DISCUSS: “Couples Swap Phones and Go Through Each Other’s History” 277 ASSESSING YOUR COMMUNICATION: Relational Maintenance 282 266 278 Content and Relational Messages 278 Maintaining and Supporting Relationships 280 Repairing Damaged Relationships 284 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 287 KEY TERMS 288 ACTIVITIES 288 AT WORK: Relational Repair on the Job 284 10 Communication in Close Relationships: Friends, Family, and Romantic Partners 291 Communication in Friendships 292 FEATURES Types of Friendships 292 Friendships, Gender, and Communication 294 Friendship and Social Media 297 Communication in Successful Friendships 298 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Close Friendships: State of the Union 295 Communication in the Family WATCH AND DISCUSS: “Can Men and Women Be Just Friends?” 296 AT WORK: Social Media Relationships with Coworkers 300 301 Creating the Family Through Communication 302 Patterns of Family Communication 304 Effective Communication in Families 307 CO N T EN T S MEDIA CLIP: Voluntary Families: Finding Dory 302 ASSESSING YOUR COMMUNICATION: Your Family’s Communication Pattern 307 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Parental Disclosures with Adult Children 309 MEDIA CLIP: Maybe “I Do,” Maybe I Don’t: Married at First Sight 315 Communication in Romantic Relationships CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 319 KEY TERMS 320 ACTIVITIES 320 DARK SIDE OF COMMUNICATION: Virtually Unfaithful: Emotional Infidelity Online 318 11 Managing Conflict 323 What Is Conflict? FEATURES FOCUS ON RESEARCH: The Dangers of Mind-Reading Expectations 326 MEDIA CLIP: Fighting over Scarce Resources: Empire 327 DARK SIDE OF COMMUNICATION: Ghosting: The Ultimate Silent Treatment 329 WATCH AND DISCUSS: “Signs You’re the Passive Aggressive Friend” 331 ASSESSING YOUR COMMUNICATION: Your Method of Conflict Resolution 335 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: “We Have to Talk”: Men and Women in Conflict 342 MEDIA CLIP: Hostile Takeover: The Founder 345 AT WORK: Third-Party Dispute Resolution 346 311 Characteristics of Romantic Relationships 312 Effective Communication in Romantic Relationships 316 324 Expressed Struggle 325 Interdependence 325 Perceived Incompatible Goals 325 Perceived Scarce Resources 326 Inevitability 326 Conflict Styles 327 Avoidance (Lose-Lose) 328 Accommodation (Lose-Win) 329 Competition (Win-Lose) 330 Compromise 331 Collaboration (Win-Win) 332 Which Style to Use? 334 Conflict in Relational Systems 336 Complementary and Symmetrical Conflict 336 Serial Arguments 338 Toxic Conflict: The “Four Horsemen” 339 Conflict Rituals 340 Variables in Conflict Styles 341 Gender 341 Culture 343 Conflict Management in Practice CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING KEY TERMS 350 ACTIVITIES 350 344 349 xiii xiv CONTENTS 12 Communication Climate 353 What Is a Communication Climate? 354 How Communication Climates Develop Levels of Message Confirmation 356 Causes and Effects of Defensiveness 361 FEATURES DARK SIDE OF COMMUNICATION: Cyberbullying: Inflicting Pain Online 355 ASSESSING YOUR COMMUNICATION: Confirming and Disconfirming Communication 358 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Phubbing: Losing Out to Your Partner’s Phone 359 MEDIA CLIP: Victimized by Aggressiveness: Moonlight 360 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: A Blurt Can Hurt 366 MEDIA CLIP: Changing the Climate, Ever So Slowly: Doc Martin 369 WATCH AND DISCUSS: “Emotional Correctness” 370 Creating Supportive Climates 362 Evaluation Versus Description 363 Control Versus Problem Orientation 364 Strategy Versus Spontaneity 365 Neutrality Versus Empathy 366 Superiority Versus Equality 367 Certainty Versus Provisionalism 368 Invitational Communication 370 The Language of Choice 371 Responding Nondefensively to Criticism 372 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING KEY TERMS 378 ACTIVITIES AT WORK: Taking the High Road: Keeping Cool Under Fire 373 Glossary G-1 References R-1 Credits C-1 Author Index AI-1 Subject Index SI-1 378 377 355 Preface A wise editor once told us that any revision to a successful textbook should be both familiar and fresh. It should include plenty of updated material, but it should retain the essence of its time-tested approach. We have worked hard to make sure this edition of Interplay achieves those goals. This new edition builds on the approach that has served students and professors over almost four decades. The accessible writing style is based on the belief that even complicated ideas can be presented in a straightforward way. A variety of thought-provoking photos, sidebars, and cartoons make the subject more interesting and compelling. In terms of its scholarly grounding, Interplay cites more than 1,500 sources, nearly a third of which are new to this edition. These citations have a strong communication focus, as we continue to spotlight scholarship from our field. Research and theory aren’t presented for their own sake, but rather to explain how the process of interpersonal communication operates in everyday life. NEW IN THIS EDITION One effective way of incorporating new concepts and research is to offer plenty of cutting-edge material in sidebars. Reviewers tell us these sidebars are essential to Interplay’s success, so we’ve updated them across the board. • Focus on Research boxes—18 of which are new to this edition—cover timely subjects including the pros and cons of communicating via Snapchat, cultural differences in how speakers apologize, the relationship between Instagram and social comparison, the role of punctuation in text messages, relational struggles caused by cell phone use, disclosures between parents and their adult children, and the negative effects of mind-reading expectations. • Dark Side of Communication sidebars address problems including how seemingly harmless labels can cause interpersonal damage, talking frankly about STDs, saying “sorry” too often, the dangers of multitasking, and the harmful effects of “ghosting.” • Media Clips use both television shows and films to dramatize how communication concepts operate in everyday life. New TV shows include black-ish (co-cultural communication), This Is Us (self-­ concept), Game of Thrones (language), The Americans (deception), Speechless (nonverbal communication), Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt (emotion management), and Empire (conflict). New feature films include Wild (social needs), Meet the Patels (culture), Trainwreck (relational dial ... Purchase answer to see full attachment