Fluent Essays

These should be typed, double spaced, approximately 4-5 pages, in (preferably) a Word Document. Please make sure your name is on the paper, as well as the Session numbers you are covering, and please insert page numbers. The paper should open with a review of the two sessions materials - chapters and articles. You must summarize the material - do not cover each article in its own paragraph or even sentence, as it will exceed the page limit. You must synthesize and summarize the information and convey to me that you have an understanding about what you read. This review should not exceed two pages. That means you must be succinct. The rest of the paper will then offer a reflection on the material. This can be presented in a number of different ways. Do the authors convey theories that you agree with or contest? Are they making assumptions about policing that raises questions about their assertions? As many of you are police officers, does something in the material stand out for you, either as entirely accurate and on the mark or something so far off base as to be ludicrous? When the authors convey research, do you agree with their findings or would you challenge them? How? Is there some other means of conducting their research? Is there something they missed? What type of connections did you find in the readings? What kind of contradictions? I will stop there. These are the type of reflections on the material the latter part (and more important part) of your paper should address. This may prove difficult at first, but once you do it once or twice, youll understand what to look for when you read. Remember, though, you must cover all or nearly all of the readings by synthesizing what you read. Please do not exceed the 5 page limit. Anyone in policing knows brevity is golden. article__1.pdf article__3.pdf article__4.pdf article__5.pdf article__6.pdf Unformatted Attachment Preview Article #: 1The Evolving Strategy of Policing George L. Kelling and Mark H. Moore Outline I. The Political Era A. Legitimacy and Authorization B. The Police Function C. Organizational Design D. External Relationships E. Demand Management F. Principal Programs and Technologies G. Measured Outcomes II. The Reform Era A. Legitimacy and Authorization B. The Police Function C. Organizational Design D. External Relationships E. Demand Management F. Principal Programs and Technologies G. Measured Outcomes III. The Community Problem-Solving Era A. Legitimacy and Authorization B. The Police Function C. Organizational Design D. External Relationships E. Demand Management F. Principal Programs and Technologies G. Measured Outcomes Summary This article provides an interpretation of the history of the police in America. Kelling and Moore argued that policing has evolved through two eras, political and reform, and now is moving into the third stage, the community era. Each era has been characterized by differences in police roles and functions, technological advances, demands for service, tactics used to achieve success, and the measurement of success. These eras also differ in the sources from which they derived their legitimacy, the organizational design of police departments, and the relationships police created with their external environment. Kelling and Moore argue that policing has followed a trend that advocates the quest for independent, professional autonomy for police departments. They propose that this strategy must be reconsidered in the light of ongoing professional experience and changing environmental circumstances. The advent of a decentralized, problem-solving approach that involves police in partnerships with the community provides a means for police to achieve their maximum potential and create civil communities. Major Points 1. The present trend of independent, professional autonomy for police departments is impeding the achievement of maximum crime fighting potential. 2. The political era of policing was characterized by political authorization, crime control, order maintenance, social service functions, a decentralized and geographical design, personal relationships with the community, demands made by the public and politicians, and foot patrol. The overall summary of the era was political and citizen satisfaction with social order. 3. The reform era evolved out of the political era and was characterized by legal and professional authorization, a crime control function, a centralized, classical organizational design, a remote relationship between police officers and the community, central dispatching, and rapid response to calls for service. The generalized outcome of the reform era was crime control. 4. The community problem-solving era of police is characterized by a renewed emphasis on community authorization, the addition of a problem solving function, a decentralized organizational design, an intimate relationship between the police and citizens, decentralized demand, more personal and intimate police tactics, and an increase in the quality of life for citizens. Discussion Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What are the seven items that make up Kelling and Moore’s analytic framework? Discuss and define each of these items briefly. What are the three distinct eras delineated in Kelling and Moore’s paradigm? How is each era distinguished under the seven item analytic framework? What is the relationship between the police as an institution and these seven items? Who defines legitimacy, role, design, relationships, demand, activities, and success? Article #3: “Broken Windows” and Fractured History: The Use and Misuse of History in Recent Police Patrol Analysis Samuel Walker Outline I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Policing and Broken Windows A. Metaphor for Deterioration B. Crime Control Orientation of Policing Technological Revolution A. Impact of Patrol Cars, Telephone, and Radio B. Depersonalization Questioned Revolution in Public Expectations A. Availability for Service Creates Demands B. Police Source and Victims of Higher Expectations Mythology of Crime Control A. Self-image of Police B. Reality of Daily Policing Question of Legitimacy A. Historical Evidence B. Challenges to Assumptions Myth of the Watchman A. Historical Inferences B. Questions of Purpose Summary Samuel Walker argues that the “broken windows” thesis is based on a romanticized view of the history of policing in America. Walker asserts that the historical analysis used by James Q. Wilson, George L. Kelling, and Mark Moore is flawed in several ways. These authors have argued that the police should replace their current preoccupation with crime control and concentrate instead on dealing with order maintenance problems. Walker debates this argument on the grounds that they base their paradigm on an aggregate of recent research and an analysis of police history. This article contradicts their contention that American police officers enjoyed a high degree of legitimacy in the eyes of urban neighborhood residents in the years before the arrival of the patrol car. Walker asserts that technological advances, specifically the patrol car, actually led to police citizen contact becoming more intimate. Walker asserts that Wilson, Kelling, and Moore have misinterpreted police history in several important respects and that the most effective form of policing cannot be found in America’s past. Major Points 1. The most effective style of policing cannot be found in our nation’s history, it will have to be created. 2. The increased use of the patrol car and the Uniform Crime Reports greatly impacted the orientation of police patrol. 3. Increasing the number of police and/or intensifying patrol coverage will not reduce crime, nor will the clearance rate be increased by quickening the response time. 4. While the patrol car isolated the police from citizens, the telephone served to bring the police into more intimate contact with the public. 5. The police are the reason for the increase in public expectation and demand. 6. Historically police officers spent much time avoiding supervision and participating in corrupt—sometimes brutal—activities. Discussion Questions 1. Walker is responding to the historical accuracy of the “broken windows” thesis. What is the broken windows argument? 2. What are the principal technologies and innovations that have affected policing and citizens according to Walker? 3. What is the relationship between technology, innovation, demand, expectation, and police success measurements? Why is technology said to be paradoxical? 4. How does technology and innovation affect citizen expectations? 5. What does Walker say about police legitimacy? 6. What does Walker say about Wilson, Kelling, and Moore’s call for a return to the days of watchman style of policing? Describe the old style of policing according to Walker. 7. Walker argues that the police were not inherently racist and that their actions were not strictly levied against minority groups. How convincing and well supported is this argument? Article #4: Revising the Histories and Futures of Policing Victor G. Strecher Outline I. Recent Origins of History of American Policing A. History as Means and End B. Social Context and Interplay of Changing Institutions, Roles, and Values II. The Political Era A. Deviantly Political or Part of Process B. Social Innovation Overlaid on Existing Culture III. The Reform Era A. Pendleton Act B. Ideational versus Actual Activity C. Where and What Is Community IV. Merton’s Unanticipated Consequences A. Impervious Immediacy of Interest B. Dispassionate Examination of Historical and Experimental Information Summary Strecher examines the extent to which uses and interpretations of available historical information differ in purpose—and whether dissimilarities in purpose alter our perception of history. Kelling and Moore’s monograph is appraised in relation to the accuracy of its use of historical materials in support of policy analysis and development. Strecher argues that if history is misread, there is the potential for gross misinterpretation of the present and related inapplicable policy direction for the future. Major Points 1. Uses and interpretations of historical information differ in depth, breadth, scope, methodology, and quality of insight. Interpretations are often made to advocate policy. 2. The three-era framework presented by Kelling and Moore is historiologically unsound, as well as misleading. 3. The Kelling and Moore analysis presents the history of policing and social history as a separate entities. 4. Strecher asserts that nothing in the first two paradigms presented by Kelling and Moore suggests that the third, community policing, should follow. Discussion Questions 1. What observations does Strecher make about Kelling and Moore’s three-part paradigm? What important factors do Kelling and Moore fail to take into consideration when developing their history of policing? 2. What problems do you feel result from the failure to consider these factors? 3. What specific objections does Strecher have about the reform era? 4. What important issues does Strecher raise about the community era? Article #5: The Iron Fist and the Velvet Glove Crime and Social Justice Associates Outline I. Police Function A. Class, Racial, Sex, and Cultural Oppression B. Dealing with Street Crime II. Analysis of Police A. Nature of the State B. The Public Service “Mask” Major Points 1. An important assumption most authors make when writing about the police is that modern society has to have a large and ever-present institution authorized to use coercion and force to maintain order. 2. Police enforce the oppressive social and personal relations of a capitalist society through selective enforcement of laws that have been defined primarily by and for the people who benefit most from the capitalist system. 3. The state has used the issue of street crime to encourage fear and racist attitudes and to divert attention away from corporate and government crime. 4. The real solution to end crime is in the struggle for a society that can meet peoples’ basic needs. 5. The capitalist state serves to facilitate the accumulation of capital in the hands of the ruling class. 6. The “Iron Fist” represents the overtly repressive actions of the police. 7. The “Velvet Glove” represents the community service activities of the police. 8. The legitimating functions provided by the public service programs of the police enable them to increase the level of violent repression. Summary The police have mainly served to enforce class, racial, sexual, and cultural oppression that have been an integral part of the development of capitalism in the United States. The police maintain the oppressive social and personal relations of capitalist society through definitions of crime that have been made by and for the people who benefit most from the capitalist system and selective enforcement of laws. Economic crisis and intensified repression in minority communities means that tactics are needed which take into account the changing organization and forms of policing. Efforts should include support for community investigations of police crimes, lobbying for reductions in wasteful and dangerous police budgets, and maintaining alliances between working class and minority communities. In addition, attention should focus on the material sources of crime and the inability of police to control street crime, plus the development of community crime prevention efforts. Discussion Questions 1. According to the article what is the role of the police? How does this differ from the portrayal of the police role in the previous articles? Which do you agree with? 2. What changes were made in the police institution during and after the 1960s? 3. How do the police enforce the oppressive social and personal relations of capitalist society? 4. What does the article say about the crimes of the United States government and the wealthy rulers of the corporate economy? 5. How does the article present street crime? Do you agree with these arguments? Article #6: The Police Mandate, Strategies, and Appearances Peter K. Manning Outline I. Introduction A. Basis for Strategies B. Occupational Culture of the Police II. The “Impossible” Mandate A. Problematic Nature of Law and Order B. Police Work as Peace Keeping C. The Police in the Political System D. The Efficient, Symptom-Oriented Organization III. Effectiveness of Police Strategies A. Professionalism and the Bureaucratic Ideal B. Technology, Statistics, and the Crime Rate C. Styles of Patrol D. Secrecy and Collaboration E. Symbiosis and Justice IV. Conclusions and Proposed Reforms Summary Manning outlines the police mandate, methods of coping with the social trouble that arises from this mandate, and the consequences of efforts in this regard. Manning discusses a sociological analysis of the paradoxes of police work and the strategies used by police to untangle these paradoxes. The article also considers the recommendations of the president’s crime commission and assesses the value of these recommendations as a means of modifying and ameliorating the practical art of managing public order. Manning asserts that the police institution has defined its task in such a manner that it cannot possibly be honored to the satisfaction of the public. Major Points 1. A “license” is a “legally defined right, and no other group or groups may encroach upon it.” 2. A “mandate” is the right to define the proper conduct of others toward matters concerned with the work.” 3. A profession with more power and authority is able to maintain control over the symbolic meanings that have been associated with it by the public. 4. The police institution has a diverse audience, including the public, politicians, and criminals. 5. The manner in which the police institution has defined its task cannot be honored to meet the public’s satisfaction. 6. The police have manipulated the public’s view and attitudes of their behaviors to encourage an idealized view of the work done by police. 7. When criminal law predominates as the only means of control, it no longer reflects the norms of the society; instead it reflects the interest of the power groups in that society. 8. Law enforcement is made more complex by the problem of police discretion and the tension between order maintenance and individual rights. 9. Theoretically speaking, the police institution is apolitical; in reality, it functions in a political context. 10. The police claim to be an efficient bureaucratic organization, however, they are unable to define what they are being efficient about. 11. The illusion of professionalism is the most important strategy used by the police to defend their mandate and to build self-esteem. Discussion Questions 1. What is a “mandate”? Is Manning’s interpretation of the police mandate an accurate portrayal? 2. What is the difference between a “tactic” and a “strategy”? 3. What is an “occupational culture”? 4. How does Manning contrast “order maintenance” and “law enforcement”? Provide examples of each. 5. What does Manning say about the involvement of the police in the political system? Do you agree with his interpretation? 6. What does Manning say about crime statistics and the crime rate? Do you agree with his statements? 7. How does the article define “symbiosis”? How does this concept affect the police? Can you think of any other effects this may have on the police? 8. What reforms are proposed by the article? Can you think of any others? ... Purchase answer to see full attachment