Fluent Essays

Please response to at least two classmates posts on HealthCare Emergency related topic. APA Style. healthcare_emergency_responses.docx Unformatted Attachment Preview HealthCare Emergency Responses 1ST Farhan Alanazi Week 1 DB COLLAPSE 1- Based on your readings and experience, compare and contrast how health care emergency management evolved before 9/11 to its evolution after 9/11. After the September 11 attack, the healthcare emergency management was improved. First, there was the development of the National Response Plan (NRP). Before the attack, the country did not have a national emergency plan that could be used to manage disasters or terror attacks. After the 9/11 attacks, however, there was the signing of the Homeland Security Presidential directives 5 and 8. These directives helped bring the new U.S. Department of Homeland Security together to develop an NRP (today is known as the National Response Framework), which outlines how the nation should respond to all types of disasters. Also, the directives provided definitions for response and planning standards for different organizations in the U.S., including private hospitals. Second, many hospitals in the event of the 9/11 attack were not prepared for disasters or stressful events. For example, New York Downtown Hospital, which was one of the hospitals that treated most 9/11 attack patients did not respond so well to the event. The attack served as a lesson to them to improve their response and recovery in the event of a future disaster. The hospital built a huge emergency department after five years, which is specifically meant to respond to major disasters such as terror attacks. The emergency department has the very best equipment to respond to disasters or attacks. Additionally, the hospital has an annual international emergencypreparedness symposium that focuses on the topic of disaster management, including the readiness and response to emergencies (Rose, Murthy, Brooks & Bryant, 2017). Third, healthcare facilities saw additional changes in emergency management. For instance, the alignment with other disaster response organizations was inferior in the event of the 9/11 attack. After the attack, however, the Hospital Preparedness Program evolved to demand more alignment with other response organizations via joint evacuation planning, mass fatality, patient surge. These coalitions help create better resource sharing, relationships, and better responses in the event of a disaster. 2- Why has the scope of healthcare emergency management grown so dramatically? Will the growth continue? Over the years, healthcare emergency management has grown significantly. Some of the top reasons for the drastic growth include continuous and intensive training to the clinical management and healthcare practitioners, better communication among emergency departments, and increased funding towards disaster management. First, the training offered to the medical practitioners concerning disaster preparedness and response is contributing to the growth. The US government introduced emergency preparedness and response training to medical institutions as part of the curriculum. As such, graduates from a medical school are equipped with intensive knowledge regarding disaster management. Secondly, excellent communication among community services, local and state government is playing a significant role in the enhanced healthcare emergency management in the US. Increased technological advancements also play an essential role in the growth of healthcare emergency management. For instance, technology has made it easier for emergency departments to communicate in case of any disaster by creating effective channels. Technology has also made it easy for emergency departments to connect and inform each other about emergency response plans. Technology also has made it possible for government agencies to communicate with the public. Lastly, the local and state government allocates adequate funds to healthcare organizations, mainly in the emergency departments, which has played a significant role in the drastic growth of emergency management in healthcare institutions. Also, health agencies direct patients to the most suitable healthcare institutions, and the healthcare facilities notified before the patients arrive (Sauer, McCarthy, Knebel, & Brewster, 2009). With increased training and technological advancements, I believe that this growth in healthcare emergency management will continue. References Rose, D. A., Murthy, S., Brooks, J., & Bryant, J. (2017). The evolution of public health emergency Management as a field of practice. American journal of public health, 107(S2), S126-S133. Sauer, L. M., McCarthy, M. L., Knebel, A., & Brewster, P. (2009). Major Influences on Hospital Emergency Management and Disaster Preparedness. Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness, S68-S73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/DMP.0b013e31819ef060 2nd Mansour Alkhathami 1. Based on your readings and experience, compare and contrast how health care emergency management evolved before 9/11 to its evolution after 9/11. The United States, among other countries in the world, has so far experienced several large-scale disasters. The 11th September 2001 attack that saw the Pentagon and the World Trade Center buildings hit by hijacked planed as well as the anthrax attack in 2002 was the most memorable attacks that have changed the United States peoples thinking on emergency preparedness and response. Before the attack, mainly in mid and late 20th century, there were no primary emphasis on emergency preparedness, and response since most of the healthcare centers were only designed to only care for the sick and with different health needs and were mainly received funding from the community they were located and various religious organizations (Reilly & Markenson, 2010). Even though this had changed a little, they had limited resources to cater to mega emergency events like 9/11 and anthrax attacks. After the attack in 2001, a lot of advancements have been made to prepare and respond to emergencies of such extent. One of them is funding where hospitals started and are continuing to receive funding from different sources, including the federal government. This has enabled hospitals to acquire the necessary resources, plan, and train medical professionals on mass causality incidents (Sauer et al., 2009). Regulations and standards have also been developed and outlined for hospitals to follow as emergency management measures and requirements. The 11th September experience also became a reference point and an awakening point where the federal government, local government, and hospitals developed a joint mission of improving the level of emergency preparedness and response. 2. Why has the scope of healthcare emergency management grown so dramatically? Will the growth continue? The scope and level of healthcare emergency management have improved significantly, especially for the past two decades. One of the reasons is the strengthening of The Joint Commission (TJC), which was initially established in 1951 as a non-profit making organization for setting standards for healthcare delivery and performance evaluation. TJC has developed emergency management and preparedness standards with major executions and modifications done after the 2001 attack. Secondly, the federal government, through its executive branch, has also significantly influenced the level of healthcare preparedness. For instance, in 2007, the executive branch of government developed the HSPD-21, which established the National Strategy for Public Health and Medical Preparedness. Lastly, the support from Congress has played a significant role in healthcare emergency management. Congress has been passing different laws and regulations, such as the Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act in 2006 (Barbera et al., 2009). The level of healthcare emergency management will continue to grow since the threats are increasing as the years go by, and terrorists are also improving their attack tactics. References Barbera, J. A., Yeatts, D. J., & Macintyre, A. G. (2009). Challenge of hospital emergency preparedness: analysis and recommendations. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 3(S1), S74-S82. file:///C:/Users/LAWI/AppData/Local/Temp/20200109043707challenge_of_hospital_em ergency_preparedness_analysis_and_recommendations.pdf Reilly, M. J., & Markenson, D. S. (2010). Health care emergency management: Principles and practice. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.file:///C:/Users/LAWI/AppData/Local/Temp/20200109043705health_care_em ergency_management__principles_and_practice.pdf Sauer, L. M., McCarthy, M. L., Knebel, A., & Brewster, P. (2009). Major influences on hospital emergency management and disaster preparedness. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 3(S1), S68S73.file:///C:/Users/LAWI/AppData/Local/Temp/20200109043709major_influences_on_ hospital_emergency_management_and_disaster_preparedness.pdf 3rd 3 days ago DB 1 Anne Graf COLLAPSE Based on the readings, it can be determined that the healthcare emergency management system prior to 9/11 ran separately in its own mission and culture of emergency response. Hospitals developed their own methods of handling emergency situations, while public health officials ran their response system and emergency managers would respond independently. It was not until 9/11 that the relationship of public health, hospitals and emergency managers developed coordinated plans for emergency response efforts. For example, public health departments and emergency management departments historically had differing missions. The public health field focused on infectious disease emergencies such as yellow fever or smallpox (Rose et al., 2017). The emergency management field in the 1970s primarily focused on civil defense until the 1990s when biological and chemical terrorism became an increasing threat (Rose et al., 2017) did the public health field and emergency management field began sharing the same scope in their mission. The extent of this overlapping mission did not prove to be until after the anthrax attack prompted the Homeland Security Presidential Directive 10 to launch a biodefence program (Sauer et al., 2009). Simultaneously, hospitals did not align mission and response plans with the overall emergency management field. For example, hospitals were not equipped to handle a catastrophic mass casualty incident. Prior to 9/11, the role of healthcare responders was individualized meaning there was an assumption that EMS would triage patients on-scene, transport them to the appropriate hospital giving the hospital enough warning to prepare for the patient, and the patient would be admitted with their information readily available to track the patient (Simon. & Teperman, 2001). After 9/11, it became abundantly clear that this assumption was not accurate. Therefore, a coordinated emergency management plan between health care providers with emergency responders was developed. The Joint Commission’s standards of emergency preparedness for healthcare facilities was modified to an all-hazards approach and community-based planning (Sauer et al., 2009). Although, healthcare emergency management has evolved a great deal to present day, with increasing threat of infectious disease, acts of terrorism and natural disasters, the field will have to continually evolve. The scope of healthcare emergency management has grown dramatically because of the fallout of 9/11, when bioterrorist attacks and deadly natural disasters exposed a variety of weaknesses within the healthcare emergency field. When these events take place and the weaknesses are scrutinized, the funding and collaboration for solutions increase. These actions in turn catalyze the growing the scope of what the role of healthcare emergency management is. Therefore, the field will continue to grow because natural and man-made disasters will not end. Communities will always seek refuge in a hospital or healthcare facility for injury or resources therefore the capacity and ability for healthcare facilities to accommodate the variety of needs will always be assessed and eventually met. For example, the ability of hospitals to handle and decontaminate patients and staff in the event of chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosive incident has been recognized as not only a measurement of a community’s resilience but as well as a responsibility for the hospital and not EMS (Reilly & Markenson, 2010). Therefore, healthcare managers need to assess the likelihood of those events taking place in their geographical location and meet the needs for the hospital to handle it, if such event were to occur. References: Barbera J.A., M. A. G., &Yeatts, D. J. (2009). Challenge of hospital emergency preparedness: Analysis and recommendations. Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness, 3(1), 74-82 Reilly, M., &Markenson, D. S. (2010). Health Care Emergency Management: Principles and Practice Rose, Dale A. Murthy, Shivani. Brooks, Jennifer. Bryant, Jeffrey. (2017). The evolution of public health emergency management as a field practice. American Journal of Public Health. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2017.303947 Sauer, L. M., McCarthy, M. L., Knebel, A., & Brewster, P. (2009). Major influences on hospital emergency management preparedness and disaster preparedness. Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness, 3(1), S68-S73. Simon, R., & Teperman, S. (2001). The World Trade Center attack. Lessons for disaster management. Critical care (London, England), 5(6), 318–320. doi:10.1186/cc1060 ... Purchase answer to see full attachment