Read chapter 30, develop a PowerPoint presentation that describes the process for annealing plastics, why it is done, and identify at least two products that use this process. Your presentation should be a minimum of 15 slides with no more than 2 videos. - Business Finance
Read chapter 30, develop a PowerPoint presentation that describes the process for annealing plastics, why it is done, and identify at least two products that use this process. Your presentation should be a minimum of 15 slides with no more than 2 videos. ch30.ppt Unformatted Attachment Preview Chapter 30 Processes Used to Condition Plastic Materials Chapter Highlights • Chemical additives and blowing agents can be used to reduce the weight of plastic products. • Manufacturing processes create internal stresses on the material being formed, but with plastics these stresses can be reduced by annealing. • Radiation can be used to increase the rate of polymerization in some plastics. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter Highlights • Polyphenylene sulfide plastic provides up to 50 times more thermal conductivity than conventional plastic and is used in stepper motors to carry heat from the motor into the air. • Filler additives of talc, calcium carbonate, and mica can be mixed with polypropylene to increase thermal conductivity, stiffness, and impact resistance. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Conditioning—What/Why/How? • Changes the internal molecular structure of the material • Heating to promote cross-linking or to relieve stress • Exposure to ionizing or nonionizing radiation to improve qualities such as heat resistance • Incorporation of reinforcements, fillers, or chemical additives to provide desired characteristics © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Plastic Is Unique • Unique behavioral characteristics • Engineered materials that can be modified by changing the internal characteristics • Many surface hardening processes used with metals and ceramics have no impact on plastics • Conditioning of plastics can be done with heat, usually accomplished when the workpiece is formed © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Annealing • Used to reduce part breakage and relieve internal stresses • Plastic develops internal stresses when the external shape is changed • Some finishing processes and chemical treatments can create internal stress • Annealing also improves plastic’s workability • Annealing is done by prolonged heating at just above the molding temperature, then slowly cooling under controlled conditions © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Annealing • The length of time needed to anneal depends on the size of the part and the plastic involved – Annealing of a 1/4 piece of Plexiglas might be done by heating at 230ºF and cooling for 1.5 hours • Annealing is recommended when the part needs to have superior visual appearance, good dimensional stability, and high resistance to solvents • Machining of acrylics causes crazing, or fracturing, in areas of localized stresses © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Radiation Processing • Polymerization can be created through radiation • Two major types of radiation processing: – Ionizing radiation processes – Nonionizing radiation process © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Ionizing Radiation Processing • Ionizing radiation processes produce high level radiation using gamma rays or high energy electron rays created by electron accelerators • Gamma rays can penetrate thick objects • High energy electrons do not penetrate as deeply, but are very powerful (up to several million kilowatts and 5 million volts) • Electron beam acceleration is the most popular method of radiation processing © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Ionizing Radiation Processing • Can be used both with thermoplastics and thermosets • Improves: – – – – – Dimensional stability Ability to withstand higher temperatures Resistance to chemicals Resistance to water Abrasion resistance © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Radiation Processing Uses • Cross-linking insulation material for wire and cable • Cold sterilization of surgical supplies • Grafting of polymers into textile web to improve soil resistance and ability to be dyed • Crosslinking foams • De-polymerization of cellulose pulp • Curing of coatings • Cold pasteurization of food © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Nonionizing Radiation Processing • Induction heating is common • Microwave, infrared, or ultraviolet energy sources are also used • Can be used to achieve polymerization, crosslinking, and grafting © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Nonionizing Radiation Processing • Too much exposure can burn plastics; some plastics are more sensitive to radiation than others • Polystyrenes, polycarbonates, and polyesters work well; polypropylenes and acetals have poor stability • The process is often used to shrink wire and cable insulation, increase the bonding strength of adhesives, and improve the resistance of plastic to cracking © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Conductive Plastics • Synthetic metal research – Concerned with research and development on applications for conductive plastics • Uses: – – – – – Electronic devices Batteries Electrodes Sensors Dissipate heat © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Plastics as Electrical Conductors • Plastics can be made conductive by adding metal to the plastic base material, creating a material referred to as synthetic metal • Metal fibers are used in applications such as antistatic fabrics and yarns, business machines and computers, medical products, and laboratory equipment © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Plastics as Electrical Conductors • Compared to metal, conductive plastics are usually lighter in weight, more durable, and more resistant to scratching and denting • Polyaniline (PANIS) films and powders can even be shaped like putty and used to replace conventional solder © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. EMI/RFI Shielding • Electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI), also known as noise, can degrade the performance of some electronic devices • Plastics are often used to build enclosures for these devices • Materials such as metal flakes, fibers, or powders are added to the plastics to reduce EMI and RFI • These products can be made using conventional injection molding and blow molding equipment © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Applications of Conductive Plastics © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Conductive Plastics Products (MagnaTek) © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Electroless Plating • Produces a continuous and uniform coating of metal on plastic • EMI/RFI shielding • Applied in several thin layers using an autocatalytic plating process – A chemical reaction is autocatalytic if the reaction is a catalyst, increasing the speed of that reaction without itself being changed © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Plating Process • Etching a plastic part in a chromic acid solution improves the plating adhesion • Acid is neutralized by placing the plastic in a solution containing tin and palladium salts • The palladium metal nuclei are deposited on the plastic at this stage • This stimulates nickel or copper growth © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Plating Process • A coating of nickel or copper paint is sprayed on the part – This paint contains flakes of nickel, silver-plated wire, or pure silver coatings • Today, copper is used less frequently than silver because of its cost © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Plastics as Thermal Conductors • Plastics transfer heat quickly • Conventional plastics have a thermal conductivity of approximately 0.2 W/mK (Watts/meter Kelvin) • Thermally conductive plastics normally have from 1-10 W/mK © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Plastics as Thermal Conductors • A major advantage of thermally conductive plastics is they weigh about 40 percent less than aluminum • Common applications: – Gaskets – Sensors – Coils used in appliances • Plastic used: polyphenylene sulfide © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Plastic Additives • Provide plastics with the characteristics desired for a finished product • Usually make up less than 10 percent of the product’s final weight • Plasticizers increase the overall volume of the material, resulting in lower glass transition temperature • Other additives include flame retardants, heat stabilizers, reinforcements, and color pigments © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Preservatives • Elastomers, PVC and other plastics that are heavily plasticized to make them moldable; are susceptible to attack by microorganisms (mold, fungus, mildew, and bacteria) • The base material can even be weakened and vulnerable to attacks by insects and rodents • The best way to discourage this is by adding chemical preservatives like mildewcides, fungicides, and rodenticides © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Mineral Fillers • Reduce the content of high cost resins and fill the space with cheaper material • Offer benefits related to formability and durability – Improved stiffness and high temperature performance • Popular mineral fillers – Calcium carbonate filled polypropylene – Talc filled polypropylene – Mica filled polypropylene © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Microspheres • • • • • • • • Hollow spheres added to plastics Reduce assembly costs Decrease density Reduce weight Improve physical properties of the part Chemically stable Water-resistant Nonporous © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Microspheres • Spheres are made of: – – – – Glass Ureaformaldehyde Silica Phenolics • Typically embedded in a matrix of polyester or epoxy © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Microspheres • Used to make: – – – – – Marine flotation devices Auto parts Compression molding compounds Cultured marble Carpet backing © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Flakes and Frothing • Glass flakes are similar to microspheres • Used to create moisture barriers and corrosionresistant coatings • Foam-frothing is also called cellular, blown, or bubble expansion • Frothing is achieved by adding blowing agents to the mix • Used with the injection molding process © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Glossary • Autocatalytic – A chemical reaction in which the reaction itself is a catalyst, increasing the speed of that reaction without itself being changed as a result of the chemical reaction. • Conductive plastics – Plastic that is designed to be a thermal or electrical conductor. • Crazing – A defect in plastics consisting of a network of fine cracks on or just under the surface. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Glossary • Electroless plating – A process that uses chemical rather than electrolytic action to produce the desired metallic coating on a substrate. • Foam-frothing – Process in which a urethane chemical mixture in a partially expanded state is mixed with chemical blowing agents that give off gases to create a cellular structure. • Glass transition temperature – Temperature below which a thermoplastic material is stiff or brittle, and above which the material becomes plastic and even elastic. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Glossary • Grafting – A condition that occurs under radiation processing, when two or more elastomers attach to a molecular chain without the use of a catalyst. • Ionizing radiation processes – Those that produce high-level radiation, either gamma rays generated from radioactive materials such as Cobalt 60, or high-energy electron rays created by electron accelerators. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Glossary • Radiation processing – A type of polymerization process that produces internal change through exposing the stock to high-energy ionizing radiation. • Synthetic metal research – A field of research concerning conductive polymers and related topics. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. ... Purchase answer to see full attachment
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