Read chapter 30, develop a PowerPoint presentation that describes the process for annealing plastics, why it is done, and identify at least two products that use this process. Your presentation should be a minimum of 15 slides with no more than 2 videos. - Business Finance
Read chapter 30, develop a PowerPoint presentation that describes the process for annealing plastics, why it is done, and identify at least two products that use this process. Your presentation should be a minimum of 15 slides with no more than 2 videos.
ch30.ppt
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Chapter 30
Processes Used to Condition
Plastic Materials
Chapter Highlights
• Chemical additives and blowing agents can be
used to reduce the weight of plastic products.
• Manufacturing processes create internal
stresses on the material being formed, but with
plastics these stresses can be reduced by
annealing.
• Radiation can be used to increase the rate of
polymerization in some plastics.
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Chapter Highlights
• Polyphenylene sulfide plastic provides up to 50
times more thermal conductivity than
conventional plastic and is used in stepper
motors to carry heat from the motor into the air.
• Filler additives of talc, calcium carbonate, and
mica can be mixed with polypropylene to
increase thermal conductivity, stiffness, and
impact resistance.
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Conditioning—What/Why/How?
• Changes the internal molecular structure of the
material
• Heating to promote cross-linking or to relieve
stress
• Exposure to ionizing or nonionizing radiation to
improve qualities such as heat resistance
• Incorporation of reinforcements, fillers, or
chemical additives to provide desired
characteristics
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Plastic Is Unique
• Unique behavioral characteristics
• Engineered materials that can be modified by
changing the internal characteristics
• Many surface hardening processes used with
metals and ceramics have no impact on plastics
• Conditioning of plastics can be done with heat,
usually accomplished when the workpiece is
formed
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Annealing
• Used to reduce part breakage and relieve
internal stresses
• Plastic develops internal stresses when the
external shape is changed
• Some finishing processes and chemical
treatments can create internal stress
• Annealing also improves plastic’s workability
• Annealing is done by prolonged heating at just
above the molding temperature, then slowly
cooling under controlled conditions
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Annealing
• The length of time needed to anneal depends on
the size of the part and the plastic involved
– Annealing of a 1/4 piece of Plexiglas might be done
by heating at 230ºF and cooling for 1.5 hours
• Annealing is recommended when the part needs
to have superior visual appearance, good
dimensional stability, and high resistance to
solvents
• Machining of acrylics causes crazing, or
fracturing, in areas of localized stresses
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Radiation Processing
• Polymerization can be created through radiation
• Two major types of radiation processing:
– Ionizing radiation processes
– Nonionizing radiation process
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Ionizing Radiation Processing
• Ionizing radiation processes produce high level
radiation using gamma rays or high energy
electron rays created by electron accelerators
• Gamma rays can penetrate thick objects
• High energy electrons do not penetrate as
deeply, but are very powerful (up to several
million kilowatts and 5 million volts)
• Electron beam acceleration is the most popular
method of radiation processing
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Ionizing Radiation Processing
• Can be used both with thermoplastics and
thermosets
• Improves:
–
–
–
–
–
Dimensional stability
Ability to withstand higher temperatures
Resistance to chemicals
Resistance to water
Abrasion resistance
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Radiation Processing Uses
• Cross-linking insulation material for wire and
cable
• Cold sterilization of surgical supplies
• Grafting of polymers into textile web to improve
soil resistance and ability to be dyed
• Crosslinking foams
• De-polymerization of cellulose pulp
• Curing of coatings
• Cold pasteurization of food
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Nonionizing Radiation Processing
• Induction heating is common
• Microwave, infrared, or ultraviolet energy
sources are also used
• Can be used to achieve polymerization, crosslinking, and grafting
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Nonionizing Radiation Processing
• Too much exposure can burn plastics; some
plastics are more sensitive to radiation than
others
• Polystyrenes, polycarbonates, and polyesters
work well; polypropylenes and acetals have poor
stability
• The process is often used to shrink wire and
cable insulation, increase the bonding strength
of adhesives, and improve the resistance of
plastic to cracking
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Conductive Plastics
• Synthetic metal research
– Concerned with research and development on
applications for conductive plastics
• Uses:
–
–
–
–
–
Electronic devices
Batteries
Electrodes
Sensors
Dissipate heat
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Plastics as Electrical Conductors
• Plastics can be made conductive by adding
metal to the plastic base material, creating a
material referred to as synthetic metal
• Metal fibers are used in applications such as
antistatic fabrics and yarns, business machines
and computers, medical products, and
laboratory equipment
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Plastics as Electrical Conductors
• Compared to metal, conductive plastics are
usually lighter in weight, more durable, and more
resistant to scratching and denting
• Polyaniline (PANIS) films and powders can even
be shaped like putty and used to replace
conventional solder
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
EMI/RFI Shielding
• Electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio
frequency interference (RFI), also known as
noise, can degrade the performance of some
electronic devices
• Plastics are often used to build enclosures for
these devices
• Materials such as metal flakes, fibers, or
powders are added to the plastics to reduce EMI
and RFI
• These products can be made using conventional
injection molding and blow molding equipment
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Applications of Conductive Plastics
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Conductive Plastics Products
(MagnaTek)
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Electroless Plating
• Produces a continuous and uniform coating of
metal on plastic
• EMI/RFI shielding
• Applied in several thin layers using an
autocatalytic plating process
– A chemical reaction is autocatalytic if the reaction is a
catalyst, increasing the speed of that reaction without
itself being changed
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
The Plating Process
• Etching a plastic part in a chromic acid solution
improves the plating adhesion
• Acid is neutralized by placing the plastic in a
solution containing tin and palladium salts
• The palladium metal nuclei are deposited on the
plastic at this stage
• This stimulates nickel or copper growth
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
The Plating Process
• A coating of nickel or copper paint is sprayed on
the part
– This paint contains flakes of nickel, silver-plated wire,
or pure silver coatings
• Today, copper is used less frequently than silver
because of its cost
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Plastics as Thermal Conductors
• Plastics transfer heat quickly
• Conventional plastics have a thermal
conductivity of approximately 0.2 W/mK
(Watts/meter Kelvin)
• Thermally conductive plastics normally have
from 1-10 W/mK
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Plastics as Thermal Conductors
• A major advantage of thermally conductive
plastics is they weigh about 40 percent less than
aluminum
• Common applications:
– Gaskets
– Sensors
– Coils used in appliances
• Plastic used: polyphenylene sulfide
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Plastic Additives
• Provide plastics with the characteristics desired
for a finished product
• Usually make up less than 10 percent of the
product’s final weight
• Plasticizers increase the overall volume of the
material, resulting in lower glass transition
temperature
• Other additives include flame retardants, heat
stabilizers, reinforcements, and color pigments
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Preservatives
• Elastomers, PVC and other plastics that are
heavily plasticized to make them moldable; are
susceptible to attack by microorganisms (mold,
fungus, mildew, and bacteria)
• The base material can even be weakened and
vulnerable to attacks by insects and rodents
• The best way to discourage this is by adding
chemical preservatives like mildewcides,
fungicides, and rodenticides
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Mineral Fillers
• Reduce the content of high cost resins and fill
the space with cheaper material
• Offer benefits related to formability and durability
– Improved stiffness and high temperature performance
• Popular mineral fillers
– Calcium carbonate filled polypropylene
– Talc filled polypropylene
– Mica filled polypropylene
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Microspheres
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Hollow spheres added to plastics
Reduce assembly costs
Decrease density
Reduce weight
Improve physical properties of the part
Chemically stable
Water-resistant
Nonporous
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Microspheres
• Spheres are made of:
–
–
–
–
Glass
Ureaformaldehyde
Silica
Phenolics
• Typically embedded in a matrix of polyester or
epoxy
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Microspheres
• Used to make:
–
–
–
–
–
Marine flotation devices
Auto parts
Compression molding compounds
Cultured marble
Carpet backing
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Flakes and Frothing
• Glass flakes are similar to microspheres
• Used to create moisture barriers and corrosionresistant coatings
• Foam-frothing is also called cellular, blown, or
bubble expansion
• Frothing is achieved by adding blowing agents
to the mix
• Used with the injection molding process
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Glossary
• Autocatalytic
– A chemical reaction in which the reaction itself is a
catalyst, increasing the speed of that reaction without
itself being changed as a result of the chemical reaction.
• Conductive plastics
– Plastic that is designed to be a thermal or electrical
conductor.
• Crazing
– A defect in plastics consisting of a network of fine cracks
on or just under the surface.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Glossary
• Electroless plating
– A process that uses chemical rather than electrolytic
action to produce the desired metallic coating on a
substrate.
• Foam-frothing
– Process in which a urethane chemical mixture in a
partially expanded state is mixed with chemical blowing
agents that give off gases to create a cellular structure.
• Glass transition temperature
– Temperature below which a thermoplastic material is
stiff or brittle, and above which the material becomes
plastic and even elastic.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Glossary
• Grafting
– A condition that occurs under radiation processing,
when two or more elastomers attach to a molecular
chain without the use of a catalyst.
• Ionizing radiation processes
– Those that produce high-level radiation, either gamma
rays generated from radioactive materials such as
Cobalt 60, or high-energy electron rays created by
electron accelerators.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Glossary
• Radiation processing
– A type of polymerization process that produces internal
change through exposing the stock to high-energy
ionizing radiation.
• Synthetic metal research
– A field of research concerning conductive polymers and
related topics.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
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