Fluent Essays

Tell the story you are most interested in. What environmental problem do you aspire to solve? My topic is Actions to take to Minimize Air Pollution caused by Transportation in Mexico City What’s happening? Why do we care? [10%] Why is it happening? [20%] Ways to respond – Consider alternative ways we can respond – policies, practices, projects, programs [10%] Finding the “best” way – Describe an appropriate multi-attribute decision making (MADM) method for policy analysis, including the ways you might choose to define “best”. Use what you have learned from the class to date, what you learn from two professors (week 12,13), and any literature sources (Method was introduced in Week 12, 13 was benefit/cost analysis (BCA), multi-attribute methods (MADM) and decision making under high uncertainty that involves systemic risk analysis) [50%] Concluding Remarks and Reflection [10%] This is a Policy Analysis class, so make sure you focus most on the MADM , BCA, Smart and AHP (and other methods) to use for comparing policy options. This should be clear in the PowerPoint slide that describes the paper. How do you compare the policy options you will identify to address the air pollution problem? I will share you information about the course later. It is the require of term paper, it is the same as I have written above. However it more details, and it also have the introduction about what we learned in the course. Please read it carefully. Another is my topic proposal, it just talked what is my topic. Especially my last paragraph in the proposal, how to analyze the article may be wrong. Thus, please be sure to complete the homework according to the teacher's homework requirements, and do not refer to my proposal to write. The Power Point slide that describes the paper： Your Capstone Assignment: Term Paper (revised 04/22/20) Tell the story you are most interested in. What environmental problem do you aspire to solve? 1. What’s happening? Why do we care? [10%] 2. Why is it happening? [20%] 3. Ways to respond – Consider alternative ways we can respond – policies, practices, projects, programs [10%] 4. Finding the “best” way – Describe an appropriate multi-attribute decision making (MADM) method for policy analysis, including the ways you might choose to define “best”. Use what you have learned from the class to date, what you learn from me, Prof. Ratick (week 12,13), and any literature sources [50%] 5. Concluding Remarks and Reflection [10%] Guidance: Work individually or in groups with the same interest. As a rough guide only, an individual paper is about 6-8 double-spaced pages, a group paper about 10-12 (not including references and any Appended materials). If you have anxiety about writing a paper of sufficient quality in the time available, I am willing to receive requests to do a short presentation in addition (but this is optional). Grade weight: 40% of total. The PowerPoint slide that describes the paper in the week 11 slides and it was revised word acount. Week 11 slides introduced the paper and talked how to write 1. what’s happening? Why do we care? 2. Why is it happening? 3. Ways to respond. About 4. Find the “Best” way, comparing policy option the way needs to use MADM and other methods, which is introduced in week 11, 12, 13, 14. Pay Attention: This is a Policy Analysis class, so make sure you focus most on the MADM (and other methods) to use for comparing policy options. This should be clear in the PowerPoint slide that describes the paper. How do you compare the policy options you will identify to address the air pollution problem? Use the methods which were introduced in Week 11, 12, 13, 14. a) indicators and scenarios of SD and climate change; b) being willing to challenge the decision criteria used in benefit/cost analysis (BCA) and multi-attribute methods (MADM) (Sam, Rob & Tim);  and c) decision making under high uncertainty that involves systemic risk analysis  Course Introduction: Week 11: We will be talking to class about enhanced EIA applied to Sustainable Development Visioning & Planning. Week 12:  we will be going over Benefit Cost Analysis, Discounting and Net Present value. Please use the attached documents and for the below -   · Students should read the Word document “Cost Benefit Analysis Chapter 12_2_19 V1 SR.docx” before class.    · The Excel Workbook “Discounting for PRACTICE.xlsx” goes along with the book chapter and contains a tutorial on how to perform discounting.  Students should attempt this before Thursdays class. · The attached PowerPoint “Benefit-Cost Analysis First and Second Lecture.pptx” will be used in the class on Thursday. · For optional reading the pdf “Ch9_10_Stokey_Zeck.pdf”.  Week 13: · Read “Chapter 5 SMART and AHP V8 1 18 2016.docx” and try the example in it. It discusses Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique (SMART) and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). · Practice on the Excel workbook “Student Examples for SMART_AHP Chapter AHP added V1.xlsx” as it follows along with the text and works you through the techniques. · We will use the “MCS Chapter 5 SAMRT and AHP SR FOR Cases in ……” Powerpoint presentation for class · Please glance over the Monte Carlo simulation again as we will go over it again in class if we have time Week 14: we will be placing “Policy Analysis” (PA) in the context of Sustainable Development for the 21st Century (SD21 Report – attached). Skim through the report, landing on places where PA has a key role. Think of the types of PA being called for: context, methods, and applications. Play attention to the kinds of scenarios being considered, and the impacts and indicators that can be used to compare options. Name Prof. Case Studies in Environmental Issues and Policy Analysis Date Actions to take to Minimize Air Pollution caused by Transportation in Mexico City Air pollution is a serious environmental problem that many cities are grappling with presently. This has prompted stakeholders in the field to try to come up with strategies of curbing it as a way of alleviating associated health problems and preserving mother earth for posterity. Many planners and managers in urban areas prefer the use of public transport over the private ones in controlling air pollution arising as seen in the case of Mexico City. Mexico was considered one of the most populated areas in the early 1990s, and air pollution has been of great concern since then. For people between thirty and seventy years, air pollution has contributed to approximately seventeen percent of all deaths caused by non-communicable diseases (Betancourt et al., 2019). Individuals in urban areas are of specific interest since they are exposed to a significant amount of air pollutants, which can lead to serious health issues. Exposure to air pollutants harms people’s health. The leading causes of air pollution in Mexico City include transportation, industrialization, urbanization, and individuals’ daily activities. The geographical environment further exacerbates pollution. The metropolitan area of Mexico City covers the city itself and the surrounding states and cities located in the Mexico Valley. This annular basin formed by the eruption of ancient volcanoes is not conducive to the dissipation of emissions. Besides, the altitude with less oxygen results in a reduction in the efficiency of the vehicle engine and increase of the releasing pollutants. Over the past two decades, Mexico has introduced different measures, programs, and policies to reduce pollution and enhance the urban public transport network in Mexico City. For instance, Metrobus, Mexico City’s bus rapid transport (BRT) network, was introduced in June 2005 to ease the congestion, cut air-polluting emissions, and enhance the city’s transport efficiency (Bel & Holst, 2018). In 2016, a Supreme Court overturned a ruling that barred all cars that are over eight years old from the streets. This ruling introduced more than 1.4 million cars back on the road each day. The city reported an air pollution alert during this period, which indicated that its air pollution problems still exist. As such, there is a need to come up with effective strategies to address the air pollution problems in the city. This paper will take advantage of field data and existing literature to establish how the current public transportation impacts on air pollution and whether the existing environmental policy is effective in reducing air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter of bellow 10µm (PM10) (Shinohara et al., 2017). This paper will also discuss economic factors such as the legal, administrative, and enforcement costs; operation costs; and capital costs when deciding on the policies that would be adopted to address the air pollution problem. From the obtained results and the conclusions regarding public transportation and air pollution, this paper will recommend policy changes to improve the city’s air quality while considering the health perspective of the existing public transportation. References Bel, G., & Holst, M. (2018). Evaluation of the impact of bus rapid transit on air pollution in Mexico City. Transport Policy, 63, 209-220. Betancourt, R. M., Galvis, B., Rincón-Riveros, J. M., Rincón-Caro, M. A., Rodriguez-Valencia, A., & Sarmiento, O. L. (2019). Personal exposure to air pollutants in a Bus Rapid Transit System: Impact of fleet age and emission standard. Atmospheric Environment, 202, 117-127. Shinohara, N., Ángeles, F., Basaldud, R., Cardenas, B., & Wakamatsu, S. (2017). Reductions in commuter exposure to volatile organic compounds in Mexico City due to the environmental program ProAire2002–2010. Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology, 27(3), 339-345.