Fluent Essays

Hi, you can do each requirement in individual word file. The reading part is for you to help you doing the questions. I have attached the reading chapters and fix the videos links too for you. .1.docx chapter_2_purpose_rawwr6_2.pdf chapter_3_audience_rawwr6_3.pdf chapter_6_what_ptc_rawwr6_4.pdf chapter_1_rhetoric_rawwr6.pdf Unformatted Attachment Preview 1 Read the following chapters. Chapter 1: Rhetoric in the Workplace This chapter defines rhetoric and its role in professional and technical communication. Topics including the rhetorical situation and purpose, audience, and design (PAD) are introduced. Attached Chapter 2: Purpose This chapter develops the rhetorical concept of purpose. Topics include making sure your purpose is clear and avoiding common mistakes. Attached Chapter 3: Audience This chapter develops the rhetorical concept of audience. Topics include audience types and audience analysis. Attached Chapter 6: What is Professional and Technical Communication? This chapter defines Professional and Technical Communication (PTC) and distinguishes PTC from other types of writing, including academic writing. Attached 2 Part I: Scenario You just won tickets to that thing you love as a prize in a contest sponsored by Cool Ranch Doritos™ that you forgot you entered three months ago! Bummer, though, you have both class and work on the day of the thing. Now you have to write a bunch of emails, because there’s no way you’re going to miss the thing, if at all possible. In one word document, write an email to each of the following people: • • • Your boss: You must get out of work! Your teacher: You are so not going to class, but your teacher is a total freak about attendance and pop quizzes and junk! Your buddy: You wouldn’t dream of going to the thing without your buddy, but--oh, no!-your buddy is in class with you on that day. What do you say to your buddy? Will they write the instructor, ditch, or just not go to the thing? Email your buddy with a plan! Part II: Comparison When you write your emails, imagine your boss, one of your teachers, and your best buddy. Try to imagine what you would say to each person in your email. Make your tone realistic for each situation. Once you have written the emails, use the Comments feature in your Word or Google doc to compare the style you used in each, and address the following: • • • Highlight and comment on the general differences do you see Highlight and identify words and/or sentences that characterize the different styles Comment on which email do you think would be the most effective, and why Submit your answers in Word document. 3 Purpose and Audience Analysis This exercise asks you to apply what you learned in the textbook chapters by analyzing public documents for purpose and audience. You also will compare your analyzes to identify how specific choices in content and design target different the works’ different goals. Select either the website pair or video pair: Website Pair Genetically Modified Organisms • Bayer Crop Science--United States (Link: https://www.cropscience.bayer.us/ • Non-GMO Project (Link: https://www.nongmoproject.org/gmo-facts/ Video Pair Fracking Animation of Hydraulic Fracturing (fracking) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VY34PQUiwOQ How does fracking work? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tudal_4x4F0 Instructions Pick one of these pairs of works about a common subject. Analyze each work and compare it to the other using the following guiding questions: For each work, analyze purpose: 1. What do you think the purpose is? 2. What specific aspects or elements of the work suggest the purpose you have identified? For each work, analyze audience: 1. Identify primary/secondary audiences, as appropriate 2. Identify all relevant audience characteristics and categories for each audience (i.e., knowledge level, personality, biases, etc.) 3. Explain your reasons for characterizing the audience the way you do (i.e., What’s your evidence for your conclusions?). Compare the two analyses: 1. Are the purposes the same for each work? Different? How do you know? 2. Are the audiences the same for each work? Different? How do you know? Submit your answers in Word document. For use only in USF PTC. Not for distribution. Chapter 2: Purpose Chapter 2 Purpose: Why am I Writing? Before starting any writing project, you need to know the answers to the purpose, audience, and design (PAD) questions that will guide your work: If you consider these questions independently, you will quickly realize that they are inextricably connected as part of the rhetorical situation. As such, a complete understanding of a project’s rhetorical situation requires that purpose, audience, and design should always be considered collectively when making decisions about a project. However, to help you explore each question thoroughly, let’s consider them separately, beginning with purpose. Answering the Purpose Question Purpose is defined by what the audience should • know • think • decide • do • be able to do For use only in USF PTC. Not for distribution. after they read your document. Purpose helps you begin the writing process by narrowing the scope of your project based on the project’s goal or desired outcome. Your documents can • • • • • explain evaluate inform entertain persuade • • • • • describe express narrate argue etc. Documents can do almost anything, and, as the rhetor, it’s your job to make sure you • know what the document should do • communicate to the audience what your document is doing An understanding of the document’s purpose is necessary to accomplish this work. To answer the purpose question your strategy requires that you consider the end result of your project, and then make the purpose of your project clear throughout the document, while avoiding mistakes that obscure the document’s intent. You’ll notice that, in order to make decisions about the purpose of a document, you must have an understanding of the audience for whom you’re writing, and, in order to make decisions about how you will achieve the document’s purpose, you have to consider the document design that will facilitate accomplishment of the purpose. As you can see, all the elements of PAD relate when assessing a rhetorical situation: assessing purpose requires assessment of audience and design. Consider the End Result An easy way to consider the end result of a document is to ask a series of questions that may include the following: • Why does the audience want the document? Chapter 2: Purpose 17 For use only in USF PTC. Not for distribution. • How will they use it? • What do you want the document to achieve? • What action(s) do you want your reader/user to do? • Will they respond right away immediately, or file it, publish it, distribute it electronically? Make Sure Your Purpose is Clear In working to a project’s purpose, your primary job is to make sure that your readers/users know what the purpose is. You should state your purpose clearly in the document and, in most cases, you should state your purpose as early in the document as possible. You also need to make sure the document stays focused on the purpose throughout the text. Straying from that purpose compromises the capacity of the document to achieve the purpose. For example: • In an email: Be specific in your subject and stay focused on that subject in your message. • In a report: State the problem in the introduction and make sure all subsequent information relates clearly to the stated problem. • In a description: Immediately identify the “thing” you’re describing and describe only that “thing” throughout the document. Avoid Common Mistakes Below are some common purpose-related errors to avoid: • Burying your purpose: Don’t make it difficult for your audience to figure out what a document is trying to do. • Confusing your end result: You will not achieve your purpose if you set out to do one thing and end up doing another. • Failing to consider the end result: If you start out unclear on what you are doing, then you will not have a clear end result for your audience. A Rhetorical Approach to Workplace Writing 18 For use only in USF PTC. Not for distribution. • Overlooking the idea of multiple purposes: Projects may be used any number of ways by your audience(s). Make sure that you have considered the multiple purposes your document may serve. • Confusing use of language: Your language should be clear, effective, and appropriate, as determined by purpose and audience. • Neglecting to convey vital information: Always include all information necessary for your audience to understand and/or act on the problem or issue you address. • Underestimating, overestimating, or obscuring vital information: You must give vital information the appropriate meaning and weight. Your purpose will not be achieved if you fail to make clear the relative value and/or import of information. • Conveying the wrong information: If you introduce errors, you guarantee your document will not achieve its purpose. Exercise Read the following scenarios and example documents. Write down the purpose of each, what you think each author is trying to achieve, and how effectively they are accomplishing their goal. Scenario 1: A sales manager in a team meeting “I won’t lie, we didn’t hit our quota last month. We didn’t even come close. But, I’ll take the loss on that one, and do you want to know why? Because if I can’t lead this group of hard-working, professional, customer-focused employees to victory, then that’s on me. This month, though, I’m going for a win, I’m going to do whatever it takes that I give it everything I’ve got just like you folks do every day! So let’s get out there and sell some cars people!” Scenario 2: A physician’s assistant at a nursing home on the phone with a patient’s daughter. “No, no ma’am it wasn’t serious, Herman just had a little tumble in the bathroom. Probably just the new meds is all. I promise, he was Chapter 2: Purpose 19 For use only in USF PTC. Not for distribution. already laughing about it at dinner and boy did he eat well tonight.” Scenario 3: A writing instructor to a class of first-year college students “Think of rhetoric as that thing you do before you go to a party. When you get dressed, your making choices based on your purpose for going. Maybe you want to be comfortable to relax with friends or maybe you want to look nice to impress someone new. When you choose what to bring to the party you’re making decisions about your audience and what you expect the environment to be like. Is this the kind of crowd you bring sodas to? How about salsa? Board games?” A Rhetorical Approach to Workplace Writing 20 for use only in USF PTC. Not for distribution. Chapter 3: Audience Chapter 3 Audience: Who am I writing to/for? Before starting any writing project, you need to know the answers to the purpose, audience, and design (PAD) questions that will guide your work: If you consider these questions independently, you will quickly realize that they are inextricably connected as part of the rhetorical situation. As such, a complete understanding of a project’s rhetorical situation requires that purpose, audience, and design should always be considered collectively when making decisions about a project. However, to help you explore each question thoroughly, this chapter considers audience. Your audience is/are the person or people reading or using what you write. Throughout this book, audience, reader, recipient, and user are used interchangeably to designate your audience. Understanding audience and all that term encompasses is one of the most important and challenging tasks you will face on the job. Once you begin the work of understanding and addressing the concept of audience, you are on your way to being a successful professional and technical writer. for use only in USF PTC. Not for distribution. Answering the Audience Question To answer the audience question, you need to perform an audience analysis. Here are some broad questions to get you started: • What type of person/people will be reading the document? ŊŊ For example: Are you writing for executives, engineers, the general public, etc.? Is the audience knowledgeable about or experienced with your topic/issue/problem? Are they favorably, unfavorably, etc., inclined toward your topic/issue/ problem? • Why is your audience reading the document (notice the relationship to purpose)? ŊŊ For example: What does the audience want from the document? What is your audience expecting: to be asked to act, to be given information, to receive a recommendation, etc.? • How will your audience use your document (notice the relationship to design)? ŊŊ For example: Will they simply read the document, or will they responsively interact with it (e.g., modify, edit/revise, or develop it)? Where and how will they engage with the document? Will they be reading your document online, using it in hard copy in a lab environment, viewing it in a meeting, etc.? Audience analysis means you need to consider the type, knowledge, physical location, disposition, experience, interest and expectations of your potential audience(s). You’ll want to pay close attention to cultural factors, as well. Differences in culture significantly inform whether your document will be effective in communicating to your audience and achieving its goal. Audience Types Audience is a dynamic construct. That means your audience is a moving target. Audiences are living things composed of people and, as you know, people transform, adapt, and evolve all the time. While we use the term “audience” like it’s a singular, static entity, “audiA Rhetorical Approach to Workplace Writing 22 for use only in USF PTC. Not for distribution. ence” is a dynamic, changing group of people. In analyzing audience, then, your job is to come up with an “informed guess” about the character and qualities of your reader(s). In many cases, you will have multiple audiences (and multiple purposes) for a single document, and you need to think through and explicitly identify all possible audiences and their relationships to your document as you make decisions about how to write your work. You also may need to do research to make sure you understand the following as well as possible: • Who will see your document? • Where it will be circulated? • What strategies and language are required to effectively communicate with your audience? Primary Audience To do an audience analysis, your first job is to identify the primary audience—that is, the person or group most directly interested in or connected to your document. You will write principally to this person/group, as your primary audience represents the person/group for whom your document must be most useful and effective. You may be acquainted with this group and have the luxury of bringing your personal experiences with your primary audience to the table when you sit down to write, but your primary audience often will be unknown or little known to you. In this case, you will have to research their needs, expectations, and communication norms and standards. Some approaches to audience research are discussed at the end of this chapter. Secondary Audience(s) Once you have determined your primary audience, you also need to consider your secondary audience(s). These groups will have different reasons for reading your document and different expectations about what they will get out of it, but, because they too will Chapter 3: Audience 23 for use only in USF PTC. Not for distribution. be looking for information in your document, they are readers who need to be considered. For example (See Figure 1), you are a junior engineer tasked with writing the preliminary technical specifications for a pedestrian bridge improvement in a greenway project. Your primary audience comprises engineers and the project manager who will be responsible for overseeing the bridge project. However, you also are keenly aware of your secondary audiences: the unit supervisor who will be promoting a junior engineer in the coming months, and the finance people who have to make sure the project can be completed within the specified budget. A further complication is that the draft of your document must first get past the initial audience, who will review the document prior to distribution to the primary and secondary audiences. The initial audience here is the senior engineer on the project, who doesn’t like you very much. Ultimately, your technical specifications will be included in a larger recommendation report for the bridge project. This full report will be read by the vice-president of sales, who will either approve it or request changes (initial and secondary audience), before she sends it to another key audience: the potential client who sent out the call for proposals (CFP) for the bridge. The client represents another primary audience as it is this reader who will decide, from all proposals received, which engineering firm should get the contract. Figure 1. Example Audience Analysis A Rhetorical Approach to Workplace Writing 24 for use only in USF PTC. Not for distribution. Communication is not an isolated one-way event, but instead, a circuit involving many people, many audiences. A combined audience will read most of the documents you write on the job, especially longer documents (e.g., reports). While Figure 1 does not show that your audiences might be talking to each other about your document, they may and often do. You need to approach audience analysis as a multi-layered event that takes into consideration the social process of communication. Considering all of the potential audiences is a vital aspect of professional and technical communication. Audience Expertise Categories Although audiences are varied and diverse, they can be broken down into four general knowledge categories that describe each reader’s expertise in your field or subject. These general categories can serve as a guide to help you develop an understanding your audience. Lay Audience (Knowledge Level: Uninformed) The lay or uninformed audience is not expert in the technical field, discipline or subject matter about which you are writing. The lay audience has a practical interest in your focus, rather than an interest in the technical details, specifications, or operations of your subject. Most likely, the lay audience has a personal stake in the topic with an emphasis on how the subject matter affects them, their priorities, their lives, and/or their work. To write for this audience, consider the following: • Focus on the big picture—the results, not the methods • Explain facts and figures in the simplest terms • Define all terms • Use illustrations and/or graphics to visualize information and highlight what’s important • Employ comparisons and anecdotes that are familiar to the lay audience to relate your subject matter to experiences that are part of their everyday lives • Provide enough background information to put data and conclusions in context Chapter 3: Audience 25 for use only in USF PTC. Not for distribution. • Draw conclusions for the audience and explain them fully, rather than leaving it to the audience to derive conclusions or implications Executive Audience (Knowledge Level: Acquainted or Informed) The executive audience may have some technical knowledge, but is definitely not an expert. They are interested in the big picture, and generally will be use your document to act or make decisions, often involving money. Therefore, they are concerned with practical matters such as: How does this matter affect the company, the business as a whole, and/or the industry? To write for an executive audience, consider the following: • Provide some background information: the executive audience will need less background than a lay audience because executives are familiar with the business of the organization and most likely will have been exposed to the topic of your document • Explain facts and figures • Discuss the implications of ... Purchase answer to see full attachment