Fluent Essays

Essay: Water Governance Assignment: The Nile Write a one page essay discussing the following topic: Explain which issue, regarding the Nile, was put on the African Summit Agenda in February 2004. Discuss why, the advantages and disadvantages and the outcome. The essay should be written in MLA format, Times New Roman, 12 point font and double spaced; water_resource_management.pdf Unformatted Attachment Preview Walter Lükenga Water Resource Management 2 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Water Resource Management 1st edition © 2015 Walter Lükenga & bookboon.com ISBN 978-87-403-0978-2 3 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Water Resource Management Contents Contents List of Abbreviations and Acronyms 8 List of Plates 9 Introduction 12 1 The global water crisis 14 1.1 The global water crisis in figures 15 1.2 Increased global water stress 18 1.3 Global climate change 19 1.4 Tasks: 23 2 Science of Water 24 2.1 General physical and chemical properties of water 24 2.2 Global water 29 2.3 Freshwater use 30 2.4 Water pollution 32 Bring what’s dark to light We see dark data increasing exponentially due to connected devices. What’s hiding in it? The cure for cancer? Clues to climate change? Smarter cities? 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All rights reserved. 4 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Click on the ad to read more Water Resource Management Contents 2.5 Urban water supply and purification of potable water 35 2.6 Drains, waste water and sewage treatment 41 2.7 Tasks: 48 3 Water Governance and Water Policy Issues 49 3.1 Water Governance 49 3.2 Hydropolitics 77 3.3 Tasks: 117 4 Water, Sustainability and Development 119 4.1 119 General definition of sustainability 4.2 Sustainable development and its applications to rural water supply in developing countries 119 4.3 Gender, water and sanitation 140 4.4 Inadvertent impacts on hydrological processes 149 4.5 Large dams and impounding reservoirs 157 4.6 Tasks: 163 WORK AT THE FOREFRONT OF AUTOMOTIVE INNOVATION WITH ZF, ONE OF THE WORLD’S LEADING AUTOMOTIVE SUPPLIERS. ZF.COM/CAREERS 5 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Click on the ad to read more Water Resource Management Contents 5 Methods and Techniques for Water Management 164 5.1 Integrated Water Resource Management (lWRM) 164 5.2 Methods of testing the water quality 167 5.3 Tasks: 169 6 Water and economics 170 6.1 ‘Value’ of water 170 6.2 Global financing of water supply 172 6.3 The role of water in public-private-partnership (PPP) 172 6.4 The role of water in cost recovery 174 6.5 Water pricing 174 6.6 Governance of water 174 6.7 Targeting water valuation 175 6.8 Conclusion 175 6.9 Tasks: 176 6 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Click on the ad to read more Water Resource Management Contents 7 Management for sustainability 177 7.1 Rural water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa 177 7.2 Operation and maintenance: making water supply and sanitation a 7.3 sustainable reality 180 Tasks: 185 8 Other case Studies from within SADC 186 8.1 Case study: Water policy in Zambia 186 8.2 Case study: Cuvelai Basin in Namibia 191 8.3 Tasks: 207 9 List of References 208 10 Plates 214 Endnotes 283 In the past 5 years we have drilled around 95,000 km —that’s more than twice around the world. 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What will you be? careers.slb.com 7 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Click on the ad to read more Water Resource Management List of Abbreviations and Acronyms List of Abbreviations and Acronyms BMWP Biological Monitoring Working Panel CBM Community Based Management CU Commercially Viable Water Supply and Sanitation Utilities DRA Demand Responsive Approach DRWS Directorate of Rural Water Supply DWA Department of Water Affairs DWF Dry Weather Flow ESA External Support Agencies GDP Gross Domestic Product GMO Government of Malawi IBMC Iishana Basin Management Committee ILA International Law Association ILC International Law Commission IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IWRM Integrated Water Resource Management LWA Local Water Association LWC Local Water Committee MDG Millennium Development Goal NGO Non-Governmental Organization NWA Nile Water Agreement (1929) NWASCO National Water Supply and Sanitation Council O&M Operation and Maintenance WHO World Health Organisation WPA Water Point Association WPC Water Point Committee WSSCC Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council WWAP World Water Assessment Programme WWDR World Water Development Report 8 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Water Resource Management List of Plates List of Plates Plate 1 Global water stress and scarcity 214 Plate 2 Proportion of population with improved drinking water supply 214 Plate 3 Increased global water stress 215 Plate 4 Potential climate change impacts 216 Plate 5 The greenhouse effect 217 Plate 6 Climate change – global processes and effects 217 Plate 7 Impact of sea level rise on the Nile Delta 218 Plate 8 The contribution of climate change to declining water availability 219 Plate 9 Projected impact of climate change 219 Plate 10 Climate Change Vulnerability in Africa 220 Plate 11 Water Availability in Africa 221 Plate 12 Freshwater Stress and Scarcity in Africa by 2025 222 Plate 13 Impacts of climate change on cereal output in Africa 223 Plate 14 Projected agriculture in 2080 due to climate change 224 Plate 15 The Global Water Cycle 225 Plate 16 Distribution of water across the globe 226 Plate 17 Freshwater use by sector at the beginning of the 2000s 227 Plate 18 Global Freshwater Withdrawal (Country Profiles base on Agricultural, Industrial and Domestic Use) 228 Plate 19 Water content of things I 229 Plate 20 Water content of things II 230 Plate 21 Trends and forecasts in water use, by sector 231 Plate 22 Water requirement for food production 232 Plate 23 Types of water pollutants and some of their effect 233 Plate 24 The water reclamation plant in Windhoek 234 Plate 25 The Urban Water Cycle 235 Plate 26 Urban water supply and wastewater on a shallow aquifer 236 Plate 27 The water purification plant 237 Plate 28 The spread of Cholera 1950–2004 237 Plate 29 Women and children queuing in Harare during cholera disease in 2009 for safe water 238 Plate 30 Reed beds 239 Plate 31 Water – cooperation or conflict? 239 Plate 32 The Jordan basin 240 Plate 33 Aquifers in the West Bank and direction of groundwater flows 241 Plate 34 Regulation of the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers 242 9 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Water Resource Management List of Plates Plate 35 The major river basins of Africa 243 Plate 36 The Nile Basin 244 Plate 37 Open waterhole 245 Plate 38 Access to safe water and sanitation in SADC countries 245 Plate 39 Broken Afridev pump 246 Plate 40 Afridev pump with fence 247 Plate 41 Missing tap 248 Plate 42 Afridev pump, secured with lock and chain 248 Plate 43 Different approaches, exemplified on the sanitation sector 249 Plate 44 Different expectation of the users concerning the applied technology 250 Plate 45 Anti-AIDS/HIV campaign in Lilongwe/Malawi 250 Plate 46 Number of toilets needed to meet the sanitation target by 2015 251 Plate 47 US $per cubic meter of water 252 Plate 48 Efficiency of irrigation systems (example from California) 253 Plate 49 Irrigation by flooding 253 Plate 50 Sprinkler irrigation linear move (older system) 254 Plate 51 Sprinkler irrigation linear move (modern system) 255 Plate 53 Drip irrigation of a citrus orchard yard 256 Plate 54 Salinity from irrigation 257 Plate 55 The disappearance of the Aral Sea 258 Plate 56 Lake Chad: almost gone 258 Plate 57 Damming the world 259 Plate 58 The framework for integrated water resource management 260 Plate 59 Integrated watershed management: rationale, implementation and problems 260 Plate 60 Examples of value of integrated water resource management, especially in the Developing Countries 261 Plate 61 Global International Waters Assessment Tools 262 Plate 62 An example of the use of biotic indices – the BMWP method 263 Plate 63 Water Supply and Sanitation Coverage in Africa 264 Plate 64 Family sand filter 265 Plate 65 A community sand filter 265 Plate 66 Groundwater: aquifers, wells and circulation 266 Plate 67 Unprotected well 267 Plate 68 Methods of tapping groundwater 267 Plate 69 Cross section of an upgraded well 268 Plate 70 Protected well with windlass 269 Plate 71 Cross section of a shallow well 270 Plate 72 Afridev pump on borehole 271 Plate 73 Cross section of an Afridev pump 272 10 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Water Resource Management List of Plates Plate 74 Model of a Mark V pump 273 Plate 75 Mark V pump on a shallow well 273 Plate 76 Bush pump 274 Plate 77 Bucket pump 275 Plate 78 Bacteriological quality of water taken from wells 275 Plate 79 Rain water harvesting 276 Plate 80 Water point with unhygienic surrounding 276 Plate 81 Ideal localization of a water point 277 Plate 82 Access to sanitation in 2004 (total population) 278 Plate 83 The Blair latrine in its natural habitat 279 Plate 84 Operation and maintenance: making water supply and sanitation a sustainable reality 280 Plate 85 Topographic map of Zambia 281 Plate 86 Localisation of Cuvelai-Etosha Basin 282 Plate 87 Cuvelai water supply system 282 11 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Water Resource Management Introduction Introduction By now it has been clear that urgent action is needed if we are to avoid a global water crisis. Despite the vital importance of water to all aspects of human life, the sector has been plagued by a chronic lack of political support, poor governance and underinvestment. As a result, hundreds of millions of people around the world remain trapped in poverty and ill health and exposed to the risks of waterrelated disasters, environmental degradation and even political instability and conflict. Population growth, increasing consumption and climate change are among the factors that threaten to exacerbate these problems, with grave implications for human security and development (based on WWAP 2009a, p. vii). “Sub-Sahara Africa, in particular, remains mired in poverty. Its progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals lags behind that of other regions. The percentage of population living in absolute poverty is essentially the same as it was 25 years ago. About 340 million Africans lack access to safe drinking water, and almost 500 million lack access to adequate sanitation” (WWAP, 2009a, p. xii). In order to provide recommendations, develop case studies, enhance assessment capacity at a national level and inform the decision-making process the World Water Assessment Programme, the flagship of UN-Water, housed in UNESCO, was founded in 2000 to monitor all aspects of freshwater issues. The volumes of WWAP: Water for People (2003), Water – a Shared Responsibility (2006) and Water in a Changing World (2009a) and Case Study Volume (2009b) provide an authoritative picture of the state of the world’s freshwater resources and procure very valuable background information for this course. The course Water Resource Management comprises 8 chapters: Chapter 1 (The global water crisis) sets the scene and states the challenges. The data given are not always congruent with other figures presented in the course because (1) they are only estimates and (2) they are often based on different literature sources. Chapter 1.3 deals with the impacts of global climate change on the water resources. A small climatology excursus is added for a better understanding of the process of global warming. Chapter 2 (Science of water) deals with the general properties of water, its global distribution and its use. The path of water from groundwater to waste water and water treatment is shown mainly by an urban example. The problems of rural water supply in Africa are dealt with in chapter 4.2. Chapter 3 (Water, governance and water policy issues) is divided into two major parts. 3.1 deals with water governance, and here the introductory statement is remarkable that the water crisis appears to be more a crisis of governance than a crisis of resources. So there is still hope to overcome it in the future. On the topic of water governance and water policy issues you will have to write an assignment. In 3.1.13 the progress in global water related conferences is given. Main attention should be paid to the Dublin conference in 1992, because the four principles (freshwater, participation, women and economic value of water) are referred to several times in the text. 12 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Water Resource Management Introduction In chapter 3.2 (Hydropolitics) some case studies of water conflicts are presented. Before the Jordan-, Tigris and Euphrates- and Nile basins are dealt with in detail and for a better understanding of the problems, legal principles concerning the sovereignty of states over water resources are explicated in 3.2.1. Chapter 4 (Water, sustainability and development) is also divided into two major parts, the first dealing more with the social environment and the second more with the natural environment. The case study 4.2.1 (Rural water supply in Malawi) is contrasted with the statements of the World Health Organisation (WHO) for optimisations of water supply and sanitation and their constraints, and 4.3 lays the focus on the role of gender in water and sanitation. You will have to write an assignment on this topic. In 4.4 the inadvertent impacts on hydrological processes are shown, and in 4.5 the environmental effects of large dams are exemplified by the case study of the Aswan high dam. In chapter 5 (Methods and techniques for water management) some practical tools are presented. For planning purposes the most important one is the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). This method is referred to in many places in the text. So, whenever there is need you might go to chapter 5.1 for clarification and/or further explanation. The biotic index presented in chapter 5.2.4 is mainly applied in Europe. You will have to find out what indexes are being used in your own country. Chapter 6 (Water and economics) deals with the ‘value’ of water. You will be required to complete an assignment on the social, environmental, economic and cultural values of water. Chapter 7 (Management for sustainability) puts the focus on rural drinking water supply. The various technical possibilities of water supply are described and some practical hints are given, and in chapter 7.2 the great importance of operation and management (O&M) is highlighted. In chapter 8 (Case studies for Namibia and SADC) two examples of a successful application of Integrated Water Resource Management are presented. In Zambia, the application of IWRM, which is at the moment awaiting the necessary legal and institutional structure, will help combat poverty and malnutrition, while in the management of the Cuvelai Basin (Namibia) the introduction of an integrated approach is off to a good start. For a better understanding the text is supported by a great number of plates. When working with the text, it is advisable to have it printed out and view parallel the coloured plates on your computer screen. Some of them, where the legend is quite small, you may have to enlarge to 200\%. 13 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Water Resource Management The global water crisis 1 The global water crisis “At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the Earth, with its diverse and abundant life forms, including over six billion humans, is facing a serious water crisis (Plate 1). All the signs suggest that it is getting worse and will continue to do so, unless corrective action is taken. This crisis is one of water governance, essentially caused by the ways in which we mismanage water. But the real tragedy is the effect it has on the everyday lives of poor people, who are blighted by the burden of water-related disease, living in degraded and often dangerous environments, struggling to get an education for their children and to earn a living, and to get enough to eat. The crisis is experienced also by the natural environment, which is groaning under the mountain of wastes dumped onto it daily, and from overuse and misuse, with seemingly little care for the future consequences and future generations. In truth it is attitude and behaviour problems that lie at the heart of the crisis. We know most (but not all) of what the problems are and a good deal about where they are. We have knowledge and expertise to begin to tackle them. We have developed excellent concepts, such as equity and sustainability. Yet inertia at leadership level, and a world population not fully aware of the scale of the problem (and in many cases not sufficiently empowered to do much about it) means we fail to take the needed timely corrective actions and put the concepts to work. Linköping University – Innovative, well ranked, European Interested in Engineering and its various branches? Kick-start your career with an English-taught master’s degree. liu.se/master Click here! 14 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Click on the ad to read more Water Resource Management The global water crisis For humanity, the poverty of a large percentage of the world’s population is both a symptom and a cause of the water crisis. Giving the poor better access to better managed water can make a big contribution to poverty eradication. Such better management will enable us to deal with the growing per capita scarcity of water in many parts of the developing world (Plate 2). Solving the water crisis in its many aspects is but one of the several challenges facing human kind as we confront life in this third millennium and it has to be seen in that context. We have to fit the water crisis into an overall scenario of problem-solving and conflict resolution. As pointed out by the Commission for Sustainable Development in 2002: Poverty eradication, changing unsustainable patterns of production and consumption and protecting and managing the natural resource base of economic and social development are overarching objectives of, and essential requirements for, sustainable development. Yet of all the social and natural resource crises we humans face, the water crisis is the one that lies at the heart of our survival and that of our planet Earth” (http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001295/129556e.pdf, p. 4). We know the problem: It is one of sustainable management. Thus, in the beginning of the twenty-first century there are three main issues concerning water: (1) the provision of sufficient water for a growing and increasingly demanding population; (2) the impact of water development, and of other developments involving hydrological effects, on the environment; and (3) anticipated problems with climatic change and the unreliability of water resources. So the general targets set by the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) for the improvement of human life are: • To reduce by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable access to adequate quantities of affordable and safe water by one-half • To reduce by 2015 the proportion of people without access to hygienic sanitation facilities by one-ha ... Purchase answer to see full attachment