Fluent Essays

answer the following questions from the file submitted below1. Convert the binary data “101010000111” into analog waveforms using followingmodulation techniques:a. Two level Amplitude Shift Keyingb. Two level Frequency Shift Keyingc. Two level Phase Shift Keyingd. Differential Phase shift keyinge. Four level Amplitude Shift Keyingf. Four level Phase Shift Keyingg. Eight level Amplitude Shift Keying2. For the above techniques, let suppose the time required to send one signal is 1 us.Compute the time required to send the whole data for all the techniques.3. With fc = 1000 kHz, fd = 50 kHz, and M = 16 (L = 4 bits), using Multiple Frequency-ShiftKeying (MFSK), compute the frequency assignments for each of the sixteen possible 4-bit data combinations.4. Draw the approximate Analog Modulation and Frequency Modulation waveforms incomplete steps for the following signal:5. Draw the 8 QAM Constellation Diagram having two different amplitude levels and fourdifferent phase levels.6. Considering the figure for the handoff situation and the mobile user is moving from Basestation A to Base station B, answers the following questions.I. At what location, the handoff takes place considering Relative signal strength?II. At what location, the handoff takes place considering Relative signal strength withthreshold TH1?III. At what location, the handoff takes place considering Relative signal strength withthreshold TH2?IV. At what location, the handoff takes place considering Relative signal strength withthreshold TH3?V. At what location, the handoff takes place considering Relative signal strength withhysteresis?VI. At what location, the handoff takes place considering Relative signal strength withhysteresis and threshold TH1?VII. At what location, the handoff takes place considering Relative signal strength withhysteresis and threshold TH2?VIII. At what location, the handoff takes place considering Relative signal strength withhysteresis and threshold TH3?7. Explain and draw the Error Detection Process for Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC).8. Considering the following information:We have 5 Users/Channels present in a cellular communication network labelled as U1,U2, U3, U4, U5. The Number of total calls in a whole duration of 180 mins for these usersare represented as C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and Number of durations for all the calls for theseusers are represented as T1, T2, T3, T4, T5. The values for these parameters are given as:T1 = 5 mins, T2 = 15 mins, T3 = 40 mins, T4 = 70 mins, T5 = 20 mins.C1 = 10 calls, C2 = 15 calls, C3 = 2 calls, C4 = 20 calls, C5 = 5 calls.Compute the following:I. Total Occupied Time.II. Total Number of calls.III. Mean Occupied time per call.IV. Mean Rate of Calls per min.V. Traffic intensity.9. Explain why the square and circle shapes cells for cellular communications are notappropriate as compared to hexagonal shape cells. wireless_communication_networks_and_systems.pdf assignment_no_2__1_.pdf Unformatted Attachment Preview digital resources for students Your new textbook provides 12-month access to digital resources that may include VideoNotes (step-by-step video tutorials on programming concepts), source code, web chapters, quizzes, and more. Refer to the preface in the textbook for a detailed list of resources. Follow the instructions below to register for the Companion Website for Beard and Stallings’ Wireless Communication Networks and Systems, First Edition. 1. 2. 3. 4. Go to www.pearsonhighered.com/cs-resources Enter the title of your textbook or browse by author name. Click Companion Website. Click Register and follow the on-screen instructions to create a login name and password. Use a coin to scratch off the coating and reveal your access code. Do not use a sharp knife or other sharp object as it may damage the code. Use the login name and password you created during registration to start using the digital resources that accompany your textbook. Important: This access code can only be used once. This subscription is valid for 12 months upon activation and is not transferable. If the access code has already been revealed it may no longer be valid. If this is the case you can purchase a subscription on the login page for the Companion Website. For technical support go to http://247pearsoned.custhelp.com Wireless Communication Networks and Systems Cory Beard University of ­Missouri-​­Kansas City William Stallings Boston • Columbus • Hoboken • Indianapolis • New York • San Francisco Amsterdam • Cape Town • Dubai • London • Madrid • Milan • Munich • Paris • Montreal Toronto • Delhi • Mexico City • São Paulo • Sydney • Hong Kong • Seoul • Singapore • Taipei • Tokyo Vice President and Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia J. 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Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permissions should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use materials from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Higher Education, Permissions Department, 221 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the ­designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appears on page. The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this book. These efforts include the development, research, and testing of theories and programs to determine their effectiveness. The author and publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to these programs or the documentation contained in this book. The author and publisher shall not be liable in any event for incidental or consequential damages with, or arising out of, the furnishing, performance, or use of these programs. Pearson Education Ltd., London Pearson Education Australia Ply. Ltd., Sydney Pearson Education Singapore, Pte. Ltd. Pearson Education North Asia Ltd., Hong Kong Pearson Education Canada, Inc., Toronto Pearson Education de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. Pearson Education–Japan, Tokyo Pearson Education Malaysia, Pte. Ltd. Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stallings, William. Wireless communication networks and systems / William Stallings, Cory Beard, University of Missouri-Kansas City.—First edition.   pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-13-359417-1 — ISBN 0-13-359417-3 1. Wireless communication systems. 2. Wireless LANs. I. Beard, Cory. II. Title. TK5103.2.S828 2015 621.3981—dc23 2014046683 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 www.pearsonhighered.com ISBN 10: 0-13-359417-3 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-359417-1 For my loving wife, Tricia —WS For Michelle, Ryan, and Jonathan, gifts from God to me —CB This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface ix About the Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Authors xvii Introduction 1 Wireless Comes of Age 2 The Global Cellular Network 4 The Mobile Device Revolution 5 Future Trends 5 The Trouble With Wireless 7 PART ONE TECHNICAL BACKGROUND 8 Chapter 2 Transmission Fundamentals 9 2.1 Signals for Conveying Information 10 2.2 Analog and Digital Data Transmission 17 2.3 Channel Capacity 22 2.4 Transmission Media 25 2.5 Multiplexing 31 2.6 Recommended Reading 35 2.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 35 Appendix 2A Decibels and Signal Strength 38 Chapter 3 Communication Networks 40 3.1 LANs, MANs, and WANs 41 3.2 Switching Techniques 43 3.3 Circuit Switching 44 3.4 Packet Switching 48 3.5 Quality of Service 57 3.6 Recommended Reading 59 3.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 60 Chapter 4 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 62 4.1 The Need for a Protocol Architecture 63 4.2 The TCP/IP Protocol Architecture 64 4.3 The OSI Model 69 4.4 Internetworking 70 4.5 Recommended Reading 75 4.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 77 Appendix 4A Internet Protocol 78 Appendix 4B Transmission Control Protocol 87 Appendix 4C User Datagram Protocol 90 PART TWO WIRELESS COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY 92 Chapter 5 Overview of Wireless Communication 93 5.1 Spectrum Considerations 94 5.2 ­Line-​­Of-​­Sight Transmission 97 v vi CONTENTS 5.3 Fading in the Mobile Environment 106 5.4 Channel Correction Mechanisms 111 5.5 Digital Signal Encoding Techniques 115 5.6 Coding and Error Control 119 5.7 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 140 5.8 Spread Spectrum 146 5.9 Recommended Reading 152 5.10 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 153 Chapter 6 The Wireless Channel 156 6.1 Antennas 157 6.2 Spectrum Considerations 163 6.3 ­Line-​­Of-​­Sight Transmission 170 6.4 Fading in the Mobile Environment 182 6.5 Channel Correction Mechanisms 189 6.6 Recommended Reading 197 6.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 197 Chapter 7 Signal Encoding Techniques 201 7.1 Signal Encoding Criteria 203 7.2 Digital Data, Analog Signals 205 7.3 Analog Data, Analog Signals 218 7.4 Analog Data, Digital Signals 224 7.5 Recommended Reading 232 7.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 232 Chapter 8 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 236 8.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 237 8.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) 245 8.3 ­Single-​­Carrier FDMA 248 8.4 Recommended Reading 250 8.5 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 250 Chapter 9 Spread Spectrum 252 9.1 The Concept of Spread Spectrum 253 9.2 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum 254 9.3 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 259 9.4 Code Division Multiple Access 264 9.5 Recommended Reading 270 9.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 270 Chapter 10 Coding and Error Control 273 10.1 Error Detection 274 10.2 Block Error Correction Codes 282 10.3 Convolutional Codes 299 10.4 Automatic Repeat Request 306 10.5 Recommended Reading 314 10.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 315 CONTENTS vii PART THREE WIRELESS LOCAL AND PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS 320 Chapter 11 Wireless LAN Technology 321 11.1 Overview and Motivation 322 11.2 IEEE 802 Architecture 327 11.3 IEEE 802.11 Architecture and Services 334 11.4 IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control 339 11.5 IEEE 802.11 Physical Layer 348 11.6 Gigabit ­Wi-​­Fi 356 11.7 Other IEEE 802.11 Standards 364 11.8 IEEE 802.11I Wireless LAN Security 365 11.9 Recommended Reading 371 11.10 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 372 Appendix 11A Scrambling 374 Chapter 12 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 Bluetooth and IEEE 802.15 376 The Internet of Things 377 Bluetooth Motivation and Overview 378 Bluetooth Specifications 384 Bluetooth High Speed and Bluetooth Smart 394 IEEE 802.15 395 ZigBee 402 Recommended Reading 406 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 407 PART FOUR WIRELESS MOBILE NETWORKS AND APPLICATIONS 409 Chapter 13 Cellular Wireless Networks 410 13.1 Principles of Cellular Networks 411 13.2 ­First-​­Generation Analog 428 13.3 ­Second-​­Generation TDMA 430 13.4 ­Second-​­Generation CDMA 436 13.5 ­Third-​­Generation Systems 439 13.6 Recommended Reading 447 13.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 448 Chapter 14 Fourth Generation Systems and ­LTE-​­Advanced 451 14.1 Purpose, Motivation, and Approach to 4G 452 14.2 LTE Architecture 453 14.3 Evolved Packet Core 458 14.4 LTE Resource Management 460 14.5 LTE Channel Structure and Protocols 466 14.6 LTE Radio Access Network 472 14.7 ­LTE-​­Advanced 482 14.8 Recommended Reading 489 14.9 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 490 viii CONTENTS Chapter 15 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 Mobile Applications and Mobile IP 492 Mobile Application Platforms 493 Mobile App Development 495 Mobile Application Deployment 503 Mobile IP 505 Recommended Reading 517 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 518 Appendix 15A Internet Control Message Protocol 519 Appendix 15B Message Authentication 522 Chapter 16 Long Range Communications 525 16.1 Satellite Parameters and Configurations 526 16.2 Satellite Capacity Allocation 538 16.3 Satellite Applications 546 16.4 Fixed Broadband Wireless Access 549 16.5 WiMAX/IEEE 802.16 551 16.6 Smart Grid 563 16.7 Recommended Reading 566 16.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 566 References 569 Index 577 Preface OBJECTIVES Wireless technology has become the most exciting area in telecommunications and networking. The rapid growth of mobile telephone use, various satellite services, the wireless Internet, and now wireless smartphones, tablets, 4G cellular, apps, and the Internet of Things are generating tremendous changes in telecommunications and networking. It is not an understatement to say that wireless technology has revolutionized the ways that people work, how they interact with each other, and even how social structures are formed and transformed. This book provides a unified overview of the broad field of wireless communications. It comprehensively covers all types of wireless communications from satellite and cellular to local and personal area networks. Along with the content, the book provides over 150 animations, online updates to technologies after the book was published, and social networking tools to connect students with each other and instructors with each other. The organization of the book reflects an attempt to break this massive subject into comprehensible parts and to build, piece by piece, a survey of the state of the art. The title conveys a focus on all aspects of wireless ­systems—​­wireless communication techniques, protocols and medium access control to form wireless networks, then the deployment and system management to coordinate the entire set of devices (base stations, routers, smartphones, sensors) that compose successful wireless systems. The best example of an entire wireless system is 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE). For those new to the study of wireless communications, the book provides comprehension of the basic principles and topics of fundamental importance concerning the technology and architecture of this field. Then it provides a detailed discussion of ­leading-​­edge topics, including Gigabit ­Wi-​­Fi, the Internet of Things, ZigBee, and 4G ­LTE-​­Advanced. The following basic themes serve to unify the discussion: • Technology and architecture: There is a small collection of ingredients that serves to characterize and differentiate wireless communication and networking, including frequency band, signal encoding technique, error correction technique, and network architecture. • Network type: This book covers the important types of wireless networks, including wireless LANs, wireless personal area networks, cellular, satellite, and fixed wireless access. • Design approaches: The book examines alternative principles and approaches to meeting specific communication requirements. These considerations provide the reader with comprehension of the key principles that will guide wireless design for years to come. • Standards: The book provides a comprehensive guide to understanding specific wireless standards, such as those promulgated by ITU, IEEE 802, and 3GPP, as well as standards developed by other organizations. This emphasis reflects the importance of such standards in defining the available products and future research directions in this field. • Applications: A number of key operating systems and applications (commonly called “apps”) have captivated the attention of consumers of wireless devices. This book examines the platforms and application development processes to provide apps that make wireless devices easily accessible to users. ix x PREFACE The book includes an extensive online glossary, a list of frequently used acronyms, and a bibliography. Each chapter includes problems and suggestions for further reading. Each chapter also includes, for review, a list of key words and a number of review questions. INTENDED AUDIENCES This book is designed to be useful to a wide audience of readers and students interested in wireless communication networks and systems. Its development concentrated on providing flexibility for the following. • Variety of disciplines: The book provides background material and depth so those from several disciplines can benefit. • Those with computer science and information technology backgrounds are provided with accessible and sufficient background on signals and systems. In addition to learning about all of the wireless systems, they can especially study complete systems like the Evolved Packet System that supports LTE and mobile device operating systems and programming. • Those from electrical engineering, computer engineering, and electrical engineering technology (and even other areas of engineering) are given what they need to know about networking and protocols. Then this book provides material sufficient for a senior undergraduate communications course with no prerequisite of another communication course. It provides substantial depth in Chapters 6 through 10 on wireless propagation, modulation techniques, OFDM, CDMA, and error control coding. The technologies in the later chapters of the book can then be used as examples of these techniques. This book not only provides fundamentals but also understanding of how they are used in current and future wireless technologies. • Ranges of experience: Those who are novices with wireless communications, or even communication technologies themselves, are led through the knowledge they need to become proficient. And those with existing knowledge learn about the latest advances in wireless networking. • Levels of depth: This book offers options for the level of depth used to cover ­different topics. Most notably Chapter 5, entitled Overview of Wireless Communications, provides ­tutorial-​­level coverage of the important wireless concepts needed to understand the rest of the book. For those needing more detailed understanding, however, Chapters 6 through 10 cover the same topics in more depth for fuller understanding. This again makes the book accessible to those with a variety of interests, level of prior knowledge, and expertise. PLAN OF THE TEXT The objective of this book is to provide a comprehensive technical survey of wireless communications fundamentals, wireless networks, and wireless applications. The book is organized into four parts as illustrated in Figure P.1. Part One, Technical Background: Provides background material on the process of data and packet communications, as well as protocol layers, TCP/IP, and data networks. PREFACE xi Part One Technical Background • Transmission fundamentals • Communication networks • Protocols and TCP/IP Part Two Wireless Communication Technology • Overview of wireless communications • The wireless channel • Signal encoding techniques • Orthogonal frequency division Multiplexing (OFDM) • Spread spectrum • Coding and error control Part Three Wireless Local and Personal Area Networks Part Four Wireless Mobile Networks and Applications • Wireless LAN technology • Bluetooth and IEEE 802.15 ZigBee Internet of Things • Cellular wireless networks • Fourth-generation systems and Long Term Evolution • Mobile applications and mobile IP • Long-range communications Figure P.1 Wireless Topics Part Two, Wireless Communication Technology: Covers all of the relevant information about the process of sending a wireless signal and combating the effects of the wireless channel. The material can be covered briefly with Chapter 5, Overview of Wireless Communications, or through five chapters on the wireless channel (antennas and propagation), signal encoding, OFDM, spread spectrum, and error control coding. Part Three, Wireless Local and Personal Area Networks: Provides details on IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15, Bluetooth, the Internet of Things, and ZigBee. Part Four, Wireless Mobile Networks and Applications: Provides material on mobile cellular systems principles, LTE, smartphones, and mobile applications. It also covers ­long-​­range communications using satellite, fixed wireless, and WiMAX. The book includes a number of pedagogic features, including the use of over 150 animations and numerous figures and tables to clarify the discussions. More details are given below. Each chapter also includes a list of key words, review questions, homework problems, and suggestions for further reading. The book also includes an extensive online glossary, a list of frequently used acronyms, and a reference list. xii PREFACE ORDER OF COVERAGE With a comprehensive work such as this, careful planning is required to cover those parts of the text most relevant to the students and the course at hand. The book provides some flexibility. For example, the material in the book need not be studied sequentially. As a matter of fact, it has been the experience of the authors that students and instructors are more engaged if they are able to dive into the technologies themselves as soon as possible. One of the authors in his courses has routinely studied IEEE 802.11 (Chapter 11) before concentrating on the full details of wireless communications. Some physical layer details may need to be skipped at first (e.g., temporarily skipping Sections 11.5 and 11.6), but students are more engaged and able to perform projects if they’ve studied the actual technologies earlier. The following are suggestions concerning paths through the book: • Chapter 5, Overview of Wireless Communications, can be substituted for Chapters 6 through 10. Conversely, Chapter 5 should be omitted if using Chapters 6 through 10. • Part Three can ... Purchase answer to see full attachment