Fluent Essays

Find an article about a online scam that took in someone who should have known better, post a link to the article here with a brief analysis of what happened and some commentary about what could have been done to avoid being victimized.Example: https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/12/us/texas-school-district-email-scam-trnd/index.html (Links to an external site.)then answer these questions: ( three sntences each)What is intellectual property and what kinds of forms does it take?Whose interests does the criminalization of copying serve?Is there a case to be made for decriminalizing piracy and at what cost? ch5.pdf Unformatted Attachment Preview Cybercrime and Society, Third Edition © Majid Yar & Kevin F. Steinmetz Chapter 5 Virtual ‘pirates’ Discussion • What is intellectual property and what kinds of forms does it take? 3 Introduction • Traditional concepts of “property” – Internet – transmission of information • Increasingly common kind of virtual property – intellectual property (IP) – E.g. books, computer software, musical recordings, motion pictures – Massive increase in theft of such IPs (intellectual property theft; copyright theft; piracy) – Reported losses in billions 4 Overview of intellectual property, copyright and piracy • Defining piracy, intellectual property and copyright • Intellectual property (IP): proprietary rights over forms of “intangibles” – E.g. patents, trademarks, trade secrets, copyright, etc. • Copyright: the holder’s rights over a particular form of original expression – E.g. writing, music, paintings, computer software, etc. – Understanding copyright: buying a CD 5 Scope and scale of piracy activity • Copyright issues – “near-epidemic” levels – International Chambers of Commerce (ICC) – $710 to $917 billion lost in counterfeiting and piracy between 2013 and 2015 • Music – Billions lost in file sharing – Additional effects include o Decline in investment in new artists o Decline in the release of new music o Loss of employment 6 Scope and scale of piracy activity – Updated business models: digital downloads and streaming • Motion pictures – $25 billion lost annually – Online pirated movies – 23.8\% of global Internet bandwidth – Illicit subscription television series • Computer software – More than half of software installed on systems was unlicensed in 2016 7 Scope and scale of piracy activity – $52.24 billion in losses – Includes unauthorized duplication/dissemination of video games • Book publishing – Rising demand for free online access to copyrighted books – Sci-Hub and academic research 8 The history and growth of internet piracy • Expansion of the Internet, itself – Today – 4.05 billion users worldwide – The growth and take-downs of file-sharing – Increasingly decentralized and fragmented • Advantages of the Internet and accessing copyrighted content – Bypasses the cost of making content – Distribution of content is rapid – Allows unlimited copies to be made – Bypasses border controls and affords users with anonymity 9 The history and growth of internet piracy • One of the earliest examples of digital piracy – the Homebrew Computer Club (HBCC) in the 1970s – Leaked copy of BASIC interpreter – Piracy or simply sharing information? • 1990s – bulletin board systems (BBSs), Usenet/newsgroups, file transfer protocol (FTP), Internet relay chat (IRC) • 1999 – advent of Napster – Peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing of music until its shutdown in 2001 10 The history and growth of internet piracy • Problems with trying to shutdown file-sharing efforts – Decentralization (e.g. BitTorrent) • Content industries on the offensive – 2003–2008: Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) took action against ~30,000 individuals – BSA and the “No Piracy” program – Anti-piracy educational campaigns 11 The history and growth of internet piracy • Technological approaches to protect copyrighted material – Activation codes – “Digital rights management” (DRM) – Bypass: “craking” • Employing measures to avoid detection – Virtual private networks (VPNs) – A return to Usenet (deemed most effective) – Filelocker services 12 The history and growth of internet piracy • In the age of streaming services – “Stream-ripping” – conversion of streaming data into files stored locally • Piracy services switching to the dark web 13 Who are the pirates? • The ubiquity of piracy – 2011 study – 47\% of computer users pirated software all/most of the time – Music, video games, and other software (“softlifting”) – Inverse relationship between age and piracy propensity • Key motivations – Desire to try out content and criminal strain theory – “Information wants to be free” (Brand & Herron, 1984) – Disdain for current business models – Money-making venture 14 Discussion • How might we explain the high levels of involvement in such practices by young people? 15 Development of anti-piracy initiatives: • Criminalization of piracy – Historically tackled through civil means o Low prosecutions even with provisions due to a range of factors – Two forms of criminalization o Using existing criminal sanctions • Formation of industry organizations (e.g. FACT and ACE) • Notable prosecutions 16 Development of anti-piracy initiatives: o Incorporation of additional provisions • Enhanced Copyright Act of 1956 • No Electronic Theft Act of 1997 • The DMCA, TRIPS, and ACTA • Legal regulation for content control – Holding ISPs liable for breeches by their customers o UK – The Digital Economy Act (DEA) o France – HADOPI o U.S. – SOPA and PROTECT IP 17 Development of anti-piracy initiatives: • Policing, enforcement and piracy – Proliferation of anti-piracy organizations – Creation of specialist liaisons to prosecute copyright theft • Anti-piracy education campaigns – Particular focus on younger individuals – School programs of the 1990s and 2000s o E.g. FACE, SIAA, and BSA o Warning the children and parents (legal repercussions) 18 Development of anti-piracy initiatives: • Organizations creating advertising campaigns – E.g. “Knock-Off Nigel” (Parkes, 2012) – Attempt to stigmatize copyright infringement 19 Discussion • Whose interests does the criminalization of copying serve? • Is there a case for decriminalizing piracy? 20 Thinking critically about piracy statistics • The law as a social construction reflecting power dynamics • Current statistics – product of inferences open to challenge • Major inquiries – Estimates extrapolated from detection and conviction rates – Attempts to quantify the scope and scale of the problem – Reliance on partial industry sources 21 Thinking critically about intellectual property rights • The counterarguments to the “demonization of piracy” – “Property rights” as something natural and unquestionable – Assertion of a straightforward equivalence between tangible and intangible properties – Actors will be materially harmed by piracy • Questioning claims of harmfulness and whose interests 22 ... 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