Fluent Essays

InstructionsOne of the main models utilized to alleviate risk/problem behaviors is the three-tier intervention/prevention model. Describe the main differences between primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions. Use the Module One resources and the Module One Overview (see Wolfe & Jaffe article) as well as information from other (scholarly) sources. Resources are attached! For additional details, please review the Short Paper Rubric document.Format: Short papers should follow these formatting guidelines: 2–4 pages, double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, one-inch margins, and citations in APA format. psy_636_short_paper_rubric.pdf prevention_of_mental_disorders_sr.pdf functional_behavioral_assessment__diagnosis__and_t..._______chapter_1_basic_concepts_and_principles_.pdf module_1_overview_.pdf Unformatted Attachment Preview PSY 636 Short Paper Rubric Assignment instructions: As part of this course, you must write short papers on different topics pertaining to intervention strategies. While the topics vary, your papers, at a minimum, should do the following:    Answer the question or address the issue(s) described in the instructions. Include your perspective, when applicable, and share your opinion or explain your rationale for your position. Be sure to support your responses with scholarly research, and include references and citations for material presented that is not your own original work. You can use first person to indicate your opinion (I, my, etc.) in lieu of listing yourself as a source. Rubric Format: Short papers should follow these formatting guidelines: 2–4 pages, double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, one-inch margins, and citations in APA format. Critical Elements Analysis Insightful Conclusions Articulation of Response Exemplary (100\%) Well-developed, effective, and accurate analysis of the topic and its impact on child and adolescent development, substantiated with scholarly research Clearly identifies conclusions and/or perspectives and connects each to specific child and adolescent development concept with clear supporting details substantiated with scholarly research Submission is free of errors related to citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, and organization and is presented in a professional and easy-to-read format Proficient (90\%) Effective and accurate analysis of the topic and its impact on child and adolescent development Needs Improvement (70\%) Accurate analysis on the topic and its impact on child and adolescent development but requires additional support Not Evident (0\%) Does not accurately analyze topic and its impact on child and adolescent development Identifies conclusions and/or perspectives and connects each to specific child and adolescent development concept Attempts to identify conclusions and/or perspectives but does not always clearly or accurately relate each child and adolescent development concept Does not identify conclusions and/or perspectives and does not connect each to specific child and adolescent development concept 40 Submission has no major errors related to citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, or organization Submission has major errors related to citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, or organization that negatively impact readability and articulation of main ideas Submission has critical errors related to citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, or organization that prevent understanding of ideas 20 Earned Total Value 40 100\% Prevention of Mental Disorders EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS AND POLICY OPTIONS SUMMARY REPORT A Report of the World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse in collaboration with the Prevention Research Centre of the Universities of Nijmegen and Maastricht World Health Organization Geneva Prevention of Mental Disorders EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS AND POLICY OPTIONS SUMMARY REPORT A Report of the World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse in collaboration with the Prevention Research Centre of the Universities of Nijmegen and Maastricht World Health Organization Geneva WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data World Health Organization. Prevention of mental disorders : effective interventions and policy options : summary report / a report of the World Health Organization Dept. of Mental Health and Substance Abuse ; in collaboration with the Prevention Research Centre of the Universities of Nijmegen and Maastricht . 1.Mental disorders - prevention and control. 2.Evidence-based medicine. 3.Policy making I.World Health Organization II.Universities of Nijmegen and Maastricht. Prevention Research Centre. ISBN 92 4 159215 X (NLM classification: WM 140) © World Health Organization 2004 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from Marketing and Dissemination, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 2476; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: bookorders@who.int). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to Publications, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; email: permissions@who.int). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. Printed in France Foreword One of the primary goals of the World Health Organization (WHO) Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse is to reduce the burden associated with mental, neurological and substance abuse disorders. Prevention of these disorders is obviously one of the most effective ways to reduce the burden. A number of World Health Assembly and Regional Committee Resolutions have further emphasised the need for prevention. WHO published a document on primary prevention of mental, neurological and psychosocial disorders in 1998 (WHO, 1998). However, this scientific field has seen rapid development of ideas and research evidence, necessitating a fresh review. This Summary Report (along with the forthcoming Full Report) attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of this field, especially from the perspective of evidence for effective interventions and associated policy options. This is in accordance with the WHO mandate to provide information and evidence to Member States in order to assist them in choosing and implementing suitable policies and programmes to improve population health. In an area like prevention of mental disorders this task is even more critical since much evidence is recent and untested in varied settings. Mental disorders are inextricably linked to human rights issues. The stigma, discrimination and human rights violations that individuals and families affected by mental disorders suffer are intense and pervasive. At least in part, these phenomena are consequences of a general perception that no effective preventive or treatment modalities exist against these disorders. Effective prevention can do a lot to alter these perceptions and hence change the way mental disorders are looked upon by society. Human rights issues go beyond the specific violations that people with mental disorders are exposed to, however. In fact, limitations on the basic human rights of vulnerable individuals and communities may act as powerful determinants of mental disorders. Hence it is not surprising that many of the effective preventive measures are harmonious with principles of social equity, equal opportunity and care of the most vulnerable groups in society. Examples of these interventions include improving nutrition, ensuring primary education and access to the labour market, removing discrimination based on race and gender and ensuring basic economic security. Many of these interventions are worth implementing on their own merit, even if the evidence for their effectiveness for preventing specific mental disorders is sometimes weak. The search for further scientific evidence on effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, however, should not be allowed to become an excuse for non-implementation of urgently needed social and health policies. Indeed, innovative methods need to be found to assess the evidence while these programmes are designed and implemented. These methods should include qualitative techniques derived from social, anthropological and other humanistic sciences as well as stakeholder analysis to capture the complexity and diversity of the outcomes. A particularly potent and unfortunately common threat to mental health is conflict and violence, both between individuals and between communities and countries. The resulting mental distress and disorders are substantial. Preventing violence requires larger societal efforts but mental health professionals may be able to ameliorate the negative impact of these phenomena by implementing some specific preventive efforts and by making humanitarian assistance more mental health friendly. One of the crucial issues in the implementation of evidence-based prevention is the real-life applicability of laboratory-proven programmes, especially in widely varying cultural and resource settings. Rigorously controlled effectiveness trials seem to provide more definite evidence but in turn are less amenable to wider application across the world. Cultural and context variables should 4 • PREVENTION OF MENTAL DISORDERS be seen not as confounders but as essential elements of any programme to be applied in real-life situations. Adequate consideration of these factors while generating evidence is preferable to a post-hoc analysis. Cultural applicability makes the task of dissemination of evidence-based interventions complicated and slow; however, given the complexity of prevention programmes, this is to be expected. The big unresolved question is: Who should pay for prevention? As the cost of health care is increasing worldwide, there is increasing competition for resources. This scenario puts prevention, which usually is a long-term outcome, at a disadvantage against treatment with near-term benefits. Economic, including commercial, interests are also more prominent in the treatment domain than in prevention, resulting in poor investments for prevention activities. Health care providers often do not see prevention as their primary responsibility, especially for interventions that are normally implemented by sectors other than health. Public health authorities and health professionals will need to take a leadership role here, even if they cannot find the necessary financial resources within the health sector to implement programmes. Collaboration between mental health, public health and other sectors is complex but necessary for making prevention programmes a reality. A good starting point for this collaboration is distillation of the evidence for effectiveness into key messages that are scientifically accurate but still easy to understand and practical enough to act upon. I hope that the present WHO publication takes us another step towards this direction. Benedetto Saraceno Director Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse World Health Organization Geneva Table of contents Preface 7 Development of the Summary Report 9 Acknowledgements 10 Key messages 13 Introduction: What is evidence-based prevention and promotion in mental health? 15 Prevention of mental disorders: a public health priority 15 Promotion of mental health and prevention of mental disorders 16 Developing the evidence for successful programmes and policies 18 Part I: Evidence-based risk and protective factors 20 The concept of risk and protective factors 20 Social, environmental and economic determinants 21 Individual and family-related determinants 22 Part II: Macro-strategies to reduce risk and improve quality of life 24 Improving nutrition 24 Improving housing 24 Improving access to education 24 Reducing economic insecurity 25 Strengthening community networks 25 Reducing the harm from addictive substances 26 Part III: Reducing stressors and enhancing resilience 27 Promoting a healthy start in life 27 Reducing child abuse and neglect 29 Coping with parental mental illness 29 Enhancing resilience and reducing risk behaviour in schools 30 Dealing with family disruption 31 Intervening at the workplace 32 Supporting refugees 34 Ageing mentally healthy 34 6 • PREVENTION OF MENTAL DISORDERS Part IV. Preventing mental disorders 37 Conduct disorders, aggression and violence 37 Depression and depressive symptomatology 39 Anxiety disorders 42 Eating disorders 43 Substance-related disorders 45 Psychotic disorders 47 Suicide 49 Part V: The way forward 52 Steps to be taken 52 Needs assessment and programme development 52 Dissemination and adoption 53 Adaptation and tailoring 54 Implementation 54 Evaluation and monitoring 55 Ensuring sustainability 56 Conditions needed 56 Policy 56 Capacity building and training 57 Research and advocacy 57 Resources and infrastructures 59 References 60 Preface Prevention of Mental Disorders: Effective Interventions and Policy Options, on which this Summary Report is based, offers an overview of international evidence-based programmes and policies for preventing mental and behavioural disorders. It focuses on primary prevention rather than secondary or tertiary prevention. It describes the concepts relating to prevention; the relationship between prevention of mental disorders and the promotion of mental health; malleable individual, social and environmental determinants of mental disorders; the emerging evidence on the effectiveness of preventive interventions; the public health policy and practice implications; and the conditions needed for effective prevention. This complements the work of another major World Health Organization report: Promoting Mental Health: Concepts, Emerging Evidence, Practice (WHO, 2004b; Herrman, Saxena & Moodie, 2004). Prevention in mental health has a history of over 100 years. Since the early days of the mental hygiene movement at the beginning of the 20th century many ideas have been generated on possible strategies to prevent behavioural problems and mental disorders in children and adults. These have been partly translated into experimental activities in primary health care and schools and in public health practices. However, the systematic development of science-based prevention programmes and controlled studies to test their effectiveness did not emerge until around 1980. Over the past 25 years the multidisciplinary field of prevention science in mental health has developed at a rapid pace, facilitated by increasing knowledge on malleable risk and protective factors. This has resulted in a fast-growing number of scientific publications and effective programmes, as illustrated in this Summary Report. Prevention research centres, universities and other institutions, along with programme managers and practitioners, have generated evidence showing that preventive interventions and mental health promotion can influence risk and protective factors and reduce the incidence and prevalence of some mental disorders. Prevention of Mental Disorders: Effective Interventions and Policy Options includes a selective review of the available evidence from a range of countries and cultures. Current knowledge is still mainly based on research in high income countries, although new research initiatives are emerging in developing countries. The current trend to exchange evidence-based programmes across countries challenges us to expand our understanding of the role of cultural and economic factors in prevention. Both this Summary Report and the Full Report upon which it is based have been written for people in the many health and nonhealth sectors of governments and nongovernmental agencies in countries with low, medium and high levels of income and resources. These people are in a position to significantly influence the determinants of mental and behavioural disorders and the effectiveness of prevention efforts in ways that may not be obvious to them. It also offers insight into the spectrum of opportunities for health and mental health professionals to contribute to primary prevention and early intervention alongside treatment and rehabilitation. It supports health promoters in integrating mental health issues into their national and local health promotion and prevention policies and activities. It stimulates prevention and health promotion researchers to expand their knowledge of designing and implementing effective interventions. Prevention of Mental Disorders: Effective Interventions and Policy Options is written with the conviction that reducing the incidence of mental disorders in populations worldwide is only possible through successful collaboration between the multiple partners involved in research, policy and practice, including community leaders and consumers. 8 • PREVENTION OF MENTAL DISORDERS This Summary Report has been produced by the editors from the chapters and other material prepared for Prevention of Mental Disorders: Effective Interventions and Policy Options to give readers a sense of the issues and evidence-based interventions discussed in the larger and more detailed report. Our hope is that readers will be stimulated by this Summary Report and the Full Report, once available, to make prevention of mental disorders a priority issue in national and local health policies and to translate evidence, conclusions and recommendations into concrete plans for actions. Clemens Hosman Eva Jané-Llopis Shekhar Saxena Editors Development of the Summary Report This Summary Report has been prepared by the editors of Prevention of Mental Disorders: Effective Interventions and Policy Options (Clemens Hosman, Eva Jané-Llopis & Shekhar Saxena) which will be published by Oxford University Press in 2005. The editors have selectively chosen and in some cases adapted material from the chapters provided by the contributing authors to the full publication in order to give an overview of effective interventions and policy actions to reduce the risk of mental disorders. In doing so this report includes only an indication of the considerably more detailed discussions in the forthcoming publication and does not include all the references to the publications and research on which its conclusions are based. For a full compilation of references of all the discussed prevention strategies, programmes, policies and evidence on risk and protective factors the reader is referred to Hosman, Jané-Llopis & Saxena (eds), Prevention of Mental Disorders: Effective Interventions and Policy Options, Oxford University Press, 2005. The sections of this Summary Report reflect the working titles of the chapters in the Full Report as listed below. Attribution to the authors of these chapters has not always been made in the Summary Report. When citing from this report it would be appropriate to acknowledge the relevant chapter authors. Details of the full Report Hosman C, Jane-Llopis E & Saxena S, eds (2005). Prevention of Mental Disorders: Effective Interventions and Policy Options. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Chapters Authors Need for evidence-based prevention Concepts of mental health promotion and mental disorder prevention Effectiveness and evidence: levels and perspectives Poverty, social exclusion and disadvantaged groups Supporting refugees and victims of war Work, stress and unemployment Preventing child abuse and neglect Coping with parental mental illness Dealing with family disruption: divorce and bereavement Promoting a healthy start in life and reducing early risks Enhancing resilience and reducing risk behaviour in schools Ageing mentally healthy Saxena S, Hosman C, Jané-Llopis E Jané-Llopis E, Herrman H, Hosm ... Purchase answer to see full attachment