Fluent Essays

The requirement for this assignment is to read the following documents in the booklet pdf attached and then to answer the question in depth. The question is attached in another pdf. Thank you!! screen_shot_2020_01_17_at_7.46.29_pm.png voices_of_freedom_vol_1_5th_edition_1.pdf Unformatted Attachment Preview 5E VOICES OF FREEDOM “““““““H““““““““ A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY VOLUME 1 ERIC FONER 007-65853_ch00_vol1_6P.indd xiv 10/14/16 9:04 AM V OICES OF F REEDOM A Documentary History Fifth Edition Vo l u m e 1 007-65853_ch00_vol1_6P.indd i 10/14/16 9:04 AM 007-65853_ch00_vol1_6P.indd ii 10/14/16 9:04 AM V OICES OF F REEDOM A Documentary History Fifth Edition EDITED BY E R I C F O N E R ! Vo l u m e 1 n W. W. N O R T O N & C O M PA N Y . N E W Y O R K . L O N D O N 007-65853_ch00_vol1_6P.indd iii 10/14/16 9:04 AM W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William Warder Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton first published lectures delivered at the People’s Institute, the adult education division of New York City’s Cooper Union. The firm soon expanded its program beyond the Institute, publishing books by celebrated academics from America and abroad. By midcentury, the two major pillars of Norton’s publishing program—trade books and college texts—were fi rmly established. In the 1950s, the Norton family transferred control of the company to its employees, and today—with a staff of four hundred and a comparable number of trade, college, and professional titles published each year—W. W. Norton & Company stands as the largest and oldest publishing house owned wholly by its employees. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 by W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Manufacturing by Maple Press Book design by Antonina Krass Composition by Westchester Book Group Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Foner, Eric, 1943– editor. Title: Voices of freedom: a documentary history / edited by Eric Foner. Description: Fifth edition. | New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2016045203 | ISBN 9780393614497 (pbk., v. 1) | ISBN 9780393614503 (pbk., v. 2) Subjects: LCSH: United States—History—Sources. | United States—Politics and government—Sources. Classification: LCC E173 .V645 2016 | DDC 973—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016045203 ISBN: 978-0-393-61449-7 (pbk.) W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110 wwnorton .com W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., 15 Carlisle Street, London W1D 3BS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 007-65853_ch00_vol1_6P.indd iv 10/14/16 9:04 AM ERIC FONER is DeWitt Clinton Professor of History at Columbia University, where he earned his B.A. and Ph.D. In his teaching and scholarship, he focuses on the Civil War and Reconstruction, slavery, and nineteenth- century America. Professor Foner’s publications include Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War; Tom Paine and Revolutionary America; Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War; Nothing but Freedom: Emancipation and Its Legacy; Reconstruction: American’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877; Freedom’s Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction; The Story of American Freedom; Who Owns History? Rethinking the Past in a Changing World; and Forever Free: The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction. His history of Reconstruction won the Los Angeles Times Book Award for History, the Bancroft Prize, and the Parkman Prize. He served as president of the Organization of American Historians, the American Historical Association, and the Society of American Historians. His most recent trade publications include The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery, which won numerous awards including the Lincoln Prize, the Bancroft Prize, and the Pulitzer Prize, and Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad. 007-65853_ch00_vol1_6P.indd v 10/14/16 9:04 AM 007-65853_ch00_vol1_6P.indd vi 10/14/16 9:04 AM Contents Preface xv 1 A New World 1. Adam Smith, The Results of Colonization (1776) 1 2. Giovanni da Verrazano, Encountering Native Americans (1524) 4 3. Bartolomé de las Casas on Spanish Treatment of the Indians, from History of the Indies (1528) 4. The Pueblo Revolt (1680) 8 11 5. Father Jean de Bré beuf on the Customs and Beliefs of the Hurons (1635) 15 6. Jewish Petition to the Dutch West India Company (1655) 20 2 Beginnings of En glish America, 1607– 1660 7. Exchange between John Smith and Powhatan (1608) 23 8. Sending Women to Virginia (1622) 26 9. Maryland Act Concerning Religion (1644) 28 vii 007-65853_ch00_vol1_6P.indd vii 10/14/16 9:04 AM Contents viii 10. John Winthrop, Speech to the Massachusetts General Court (1645) 30 11. The Trial of Anne Hutchinson (1637) 33 12. Roger Williams, Letter to the Town of Providence (1655) 41 13. The Levellers, The Agreement of the People Presented to the Council of the Army (1647) 42 3 Creating Anglo- America, 1660– 1750 14. William Penn, Pennsylvania Charter of Privileges and Liberties (1701) 47 15. Nathaniel Bacon on Bacon’s Rebellion (1676) 49 16. Letter by an Immigrant to Pennsylvania (1769) 54 17. An Apprentice’s Indenture Contract (1718) 56 18. Memorial against Non-English Immigration (1727) 57 19. Gottlieb Mittelberger on the Trade in Indentured Servants (1750) 60 20. Women in the Household Economy (1709) 63 4 Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire to 1763 21. Olaudah Equiano on Slavery (1789) 65 22. Advertisements for Runaway Slaves and Servants (1738) 70 23. The Independent Reflector on Limited Monarchy and Liberty (1752) 24. The Trial of John Peter Zenger (1735) 007-65853_ch00_vol1_6P.indd viii 72 76 10/14/16 9:04 AM Contents ix 25. The Great Awakening Comes to Connecticut (1740) 79 26. Pontiac, Two Speeches (1762 and 1763) 82 5 The American Revolution, 1763– 1783 27. Virginia Resolutions on the Stamp Act (1765) 86 28. New York Workingmen Demand a Voice in the Revolutionary Struggle (1770) 88 29. Association of the New York Sons of Liberty (1773) 91 30. Farmington, Connecticut, Resolutions on the Intolerable Acts (1774) 94 31. Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776) 32. Samuel Seabury’s Argument against Independence (1775) 96 103 6 The Revolution Within 33. Abigail and John Adams on Women and the American Revolution (1776) 106 34. Jefferson’s Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom (1779) 109 35. The Right of “Free Suffrage” (1776) 112 36. Noah Webster on Equality (1787) 114 37. Liberating Indentured Servants (1784) 117 38. Letter of Phillis Wheatley (1774) 118 39. Benjamin Rush, Thoughts upon Female Education (1787) 120 007-65853_ch00_vol1_6P.indd ix 10/14/16 9:04 AM Contents x 7 Founding a Nation, 1783–1791 40. Petition of Inhabitants West of the Ohio River (1785) 123 41. David Ramsey, American Innovations in Government (1789) 125 42. Patrick Henry’s Anti-Federalist Argument (1788) 127 43. A July Fourth Oration (1800) 131 44. Thomas Jefferson on Race and Slavery (1781) 134 45. J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur, “What, Then, Is the American?” (1782) 138 8 Securing the Republic, 1790– 1815 46. Benjamin F. Bache, A Defense of the French Revolution (1792–1793) 141 47. Address of the Democratic-Republican Society of Pennsylvania (1794) 143 48. Judith Sargent Murray, “On the Equality of the Sexes” (1790) 146 49. Protest against the Alien and Sediton Acts (1798) 151 50. George Tucker on Gabriel’s Rebellion (1801) 154 51. Tecumseh on Indians and Land (1810) 157 52. Felix Grundy, Battle Cry of the War Hawks (1811) 159 53. Mercy Otis Warren on Religion and Virtue (1805) 161 007-65853_ch00_vol1_6P.indd x 10/14/16 9:04 AM Contents xi 9 The Market Revolution, 1800– 1840 54. Complaint of a Lowell Factory Worker (1845) 165 55. Joseph Smith, The Wentworth Letter (1842) 167 56. A Woman in the Westward Movement (1824) 171 57. Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The American Scholar” (1837) 174 58. Henry David Thoreau, Walden (1854) 178 59. Charles G. Finney, “Sinners Bound to Change Their Own Hearts” (1836) 182 10 Democracy in America, 1815– 1840 60. The Monroe Doctrine (1823) 187 61. John Quincy Adams on the Role of the National Government (1825) 190 62. John C. Calhoun, The Concurrent Majority (ca. 1845) 194 63. Virginia Petition for the Right to Vote (1829) 197 64. Appeal of the Cherokee Nation (1830) 201 65. Appeal of Forty Thousand Citizens (1838) 203 11 The Peculiar Institution 66. Frederick Douglass on the Desire for Freedom (1845) 207 67. Rise of the Cotton Kingdom (1836) 210 68. William Sewall, The Results of British Emancipation (1860) 212 007-65853_ch00_vol1_6P.indd xi 10/14/16 9:04 AM Contents xii 69. Rules of Highland Plantation (1838) 215 70. Slavery and the Bible (1850) 217 71. Letter by a Fugitive Slave (1840) 219 72. Solomon Northup, The New Orleans Slave Market (1853) 221 12 An Age of Reform, 1820– 1840 73. Robert Owen, “The First Discourse on a New System of Society” (1825) 225 74. Philip Schaff on Freedom as Self-Restraint (1855) 229 75. David Walker’s Appeal (1829) 232 76. Frederick Douglass on the Fourth of July (1852) 235 77. Catharine Beecher on the “Duty of American Females” (1837) 240 78. Angelina Grimké on Women’s Rights (1837) 244 79. Declaration of Sentiments of the Seneca Falls Convention (1848) 248 13 A House Divided, 1840– 1861 80. John L. O’Sullivan, Manifest Destiny (1845) 253 81. A Protest against Anti-Chinese Prejudice (1852) 257 82. Henry David Thoreau, “Resistance to Civil Government” (1849) 260 83. William Henry Seward, “The Irrepressible Conflict” (1858) 265 84. Texas Declaration of Independence (1836) 269 85. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) 272 86. South Carolina Ordinance of Secession (1860) 277 007-65853_ch00_vol1_6P.indd xii 10/14/16 9:04 AM Contents xiii 14 A New Birth of Freedom: The Civil War, 1861– 1865 87. Alexander H. Stephens, The Cornerstone of the Confederacy (1861) 280 88. Marcus M. Spiegel, Letter of a Civil War Soldier (1864) 284 89. Samuel S. Cox Condemns Emancipation (1862) 288 90. Abraham Lincoln, The Gettysburg Address (1863) 290 91. Frederick Douglass on Black Soldiers (1863) 291 92. Letter by the Mother of a Black Soldier (1863) 295 93. Abraham Lincoln, Address at Sanitary Fair, Baltimore (1864) 297 94. Mary Livermore on Women and the War (1883) 300 15 “What Is Freedom?”: Reconstruction, 1865– 1877 95. Petition of Black Residents of Nashville (1865) 304 96. Petition of Committee on Behalf of the Freedmen to Andrew Johnson (1865) 307 97. The Mississippi Black Code (1865) 310 98. A Sharecropping Contract (1866) 314 99. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, “Home Life” (ca. 1875) 316 100. Frederick Douglass, “The Composite Nation” (1869) 320 101. Robert B. Elliott on Civil Rights (1874) 326 007-65853_ch00_vol1_6P.indd xiii 10/14/16 9:04 AM 007-65853_ch00_vol1_6P.indd xiv 10/14/16 9:04 AM Preface Voices of Freedom is a documentary history of American freedom from the earliest days of European exploration and settlement of the Western Hemisphere to the present. I have prepared it as a companion volume to Give Me Liberty!, my survey textbook of the history of the United States centered on the theme of freedom. This fifth edition of Voices of Freedom is organized in chapters that correspond to those in the fifth edition of the textbook. But it can also stand independently as a documentary introduction to the history of American freedom. The two volumes include more than twenty documents not available in the third edition. No idea is more fundamental to Americans’ sense of themselves as individuals and as a nation than freedom, or liberty, with which it is almost always used interchangeably. The Declaration of Independence lists liberty among mankind’s inalienable rights; the Constitution announces as its purpose to secure liberty’s blessings. “Every man in the street, white, black, red or yellow,” wrote the educator and statesman Ralph Bunche in 1940, “knows that this is ‘the land of the free’ . . . ‘the cradle of liberty.’ ” The very universality of the idea of freedom, however, can be misleading. Freedom is not a fixed, timeless category with a single unchanging definition. Rather, the history of the United States is, in part, a story of debates, disagreements, and struggles over freedom. Crises such as the American Revolution, the Civil War, and the Cold xv 007-65853_ch00_vol1_6P.indd xv 10/14/16 9:04 AM xvi Preface War have permanently transformed the idea of freedom. So too have demands by various groups of Americans for greater freedom as they understood it. In choosing the documents for Voices of Freedom, I have attempted to convey the multifaceted history of this compelling and contested idea. The documents reflect how Americans at dif ferent points in our history have defined freedom as an overarching idea, or have understood some of its many dimensions, including political, religious, economic, and personal freedom. For each chapter, I have tried to select documents that highlight the specific discussions of freedom that occurred during that time period, and some of the divergent interpretations of freedom at each point in our history. I hope that students will gain an appreciation of how the idea of freedom has expanded over time, and how it has been extended into more and more areas of Americans’ lives. But at the same time, the documents suggest how freedom for some Americans has, at various times in our history, rested on lack of freedom— slavery, indentured servitude, the subordinate position of women—for others. The documents that follow reflect the kinds of historical developments that have shaped and reshaped the idea of freedom, including war, economic change, territorial expansion, social protest movements, and international involvement. The selections try to convey a sense of the rich cast of characters who have contributed to the history of American freedom. They include presidential proclamations and letters by runaway slaves, famous court cases and obscure manifestos, ideas dominant in a particular era and those of radicals and dissenters. They range from advertisements in colonial newspapers seeking the return of runaway indentured servants and slaves to debates in the early twentieth century over the defi nition of economic freedom, the controversy over the proposed Equal Rights Amendment for women, and recent Supreme Court decisions dealing with the balance between liberty and security in wartime. I have been particularly attentive to how battles at the boundaries of freedom—the efforts of racial minorities, women, and others to 007-65853_ch00_vol1_6P.indd xvi 10/14/16 9:04 AM Preface xvii secure greater freedom—have deepened and transformed the concept and extended it into new realms. In addition, in this fifth edition I have included a number of new documents that illustrate how the history of the western United States, and more particularly the borderlands area of the Southwest, have affected the evolution of the idea of freedom. These include the Texas Declaration of Independence of 1836, a reminiscence about homesteading in the West in the late nineteenth century, a report on the status of Mexican-Americans in the aftermath of World War II, and an explanation of the so-called Sagebrush Rebellion of the 1970s. All of the documents in this collection are “primary sources”— that is, they were written or spoken by men and women enmeshed in the events of the past, rather than by later historians. They therefore offer students the opportunity to encounter ideas about freedom in the actual words of participants in the drama of American history. Some of the documents are reproduced in their entirety. Most are excerpts from longer interviews, articles, or books. In editing the documents, I have tried to remain faithful to the original purpose of the author, while highlighting the portion of the text that deals directly with one or another aspect of freedom. In most cases, I have reproduced the wording of the original texts exactly. But I have modernized the spelling and punctuation of some early documents to make them more understandable to the modern reader. Each document is preceded by a brief introduction that places it in historical context and is followed by two questions that highlight key elements of the argument and may help to focus students’ thinking about the issues raised by the author. A number of these documents were suggested by students in a U.S. history class at Juniata College in Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, taught by Professor David Hsiung. I am very grateful to these students, who responded enthusiastically to an assignment by Professor Hsiung that asked them to locate documents that might be included in this edition of Voices of Freedom and to justify their choices with historical arguments. Some of the documents are included in the online 007-65853_ch00_vol1_6P.indd xvii 10/14/16 9:04 AM xviii Preface exhibition, “Preserving American Freedom,” created by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Taken together, the documents in these volumes suggest the ways in which American freedom has changed and expanded over time. But they also remind us that American history is not simply a narrative of continual progress toward greater and greater freedom. While freedom can be achieved, it may also be reduced or rescinded. It can never be taken for granted. Eric Foner 007-65853_ch00_vol1_6P.indd xviii 10/14/16 9:04 AM V OICES OF F REEDOM A Documentary History Fifth Edition Vo l u m e 1 007-65853_ch00_vol1_6P.indd xix 10/14/16 9:04 AM 007-65853_ch00_vol1_6P.indd xx 10/14/16 9:04 AM CHAPTER 1 A New World 1. Adam Smith, The Results of Colonization (1776) Source: Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (London, 1776), Vol. 2, pp. 190–91, 235–37. “The discovery of America,” the Scottish writer Adam Smith announced in his celebrated work The Wealth of Nations, published in 1776, was one of “the two greatest and most important events recorded in the history of mankind.” Smith is regarded as the founder of modern economics. It is not surprising that looking back nearly three centuries after the initial voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492, Smith focused primarily on the economic results of the conquest and colonization of North and South America. The influx of goods from the New World, he insisted, greatly increased the “enjoyments” of the people of Europe and the market for European goods. Nonetheless, Smith did not fail to note the price paid by the indigenous population of the New World, who suffered a dramatic decline in population due to epidemics, wars of conquest, and the exploitation of their labor. “Benefits” for some, Smith observed, went hand in hand with “dreadful misfortunes” for others—a fitting commentary on the long encounter between the Old and New Worlds. O f t h e A d va n ta g e s which Europe has derived from the Discovery of America, and from that of a Passage to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope 1 007-65853_ch01_vol1_6P.indd 1 10/14/16 9:03 AM 2 Vo i c e s o f F r e e d o m What are [the advantages] which Europe has derived from the discovery and colonization of America? The general advantages which Europe, considered as one great country, has derived from the discovery and colonization of America, consist, first, in the increase of its enjoyments; and, secondly, in the augmentation of its industry. The surplus produce of America, imported into Europe, furnishes the inhabitants of this great continent with a variety of commodities which they could not otherwise have possessed; some for conveniency and use, some for pleasure, and some for ornament, and thereby contributes to increase thei ... Purchase answer to see full attachment