Fluent Essays

1 -2 page Double Space Here is a speech by JARED DIAMONDI will upload the speech flyer and lecture PPTImagine that you have heard this speech, combine the speechwith the lecture , and write about your thinking.What is the significance? Connect it to what youre learning in the class; to what youve learned in the global studies program. diamond_flyer_1.pdf _end_of_poverty.pdf _global_production_neoclassical_development.pdf Unformatted Attachment Preview Talk: Nations in Crisis, People in Crisis: Talk: Connecting Upheaval Urban Renewal Revisited JAN 15 7:00 PM – 9:00 PM Corwin Pavilion | FREE JARED DIAMOND UCLA WED Nations that successfully navigate crises do so by Jared Diamond is professor of making selective changes to their identities and actions. Geography at UCLA and the When individuals experience crises—mid-life, financial, Pulitzer Prize-winning author of health, relationship—they may also adopt selective Guns, Germs, and Steel, Collapse, changes to overcome the situation. But some individuals, and other books. like some nations, are better at navigating upheaval than others. By drawing on the factors that counselors and psychotherapists have identified that affect the likelihood of overcoming personal crisis, Diamond will examine the extent to which crisis response on the individual scale helps us to understand the outcomes of recent and impending national and world crises. Copies of Diamond’s books will be available for purchase and signing. Sponsored by the IHC’s Critical Mass series Image: Kinuko Y. Craft www.ihc.ucsb.edu T: (805) 893.3907 GLOBAL STUDIES 130 Global Economy and Development Lecture 2: The End of Poverty? Course Overview January 9, 2020 Jia-Ching Chen, PhD Whither globalization? … and development ... of What? Where? When? For Whom? • What is “development”? • … a global political-economic project • … the interplay between globalization of economic activity and the politics of Development • … the uneven social & environmental effects of economic activity and change • … inequality and poverty • … power and politics (across geopolitical, institutional & cultural domains) 2 The Global Economy is Slowing Down https://www.marketwatch.com/story/oecd-says-global-economy-will-grow-at-worst-pace-since-financial-crisis-2019-09-19 3 The Global Economy is Slowing Down https://www.marketwatch.com/story/imf-sees-global-economic-growth-falling-to-3-this-year-slowest-pace-since2008-financial-crisis-2019-10-15?siteid=bullytweet 4 https://www.ft.com/content/1b1e0070-709b11e9-bf5c-6eeb837566c5 5 Bloomberg via: https://www.fsinvestments.com/perspectives/articles/economicoutlook-q2-2019-global-interest-rates-weigh-on-us-yields 6 US Federal Debt Skyrocketing: Total Public Debt as Percent of Gross Domestic Product Source: Federal Reserve Economic Research FED Bank of St. Louis https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GFDEGDQ188S 7 Total Global Debt Skyrocketing Source: Institute of International Finance; Chart: Axios Visuals https://www.axios.com/global-debt-increase-q1-2019-92ef0a63-b86e-471d-84c8-588a719f3fc2.html 8 Total Global Debt Skyrocketing: For What? Source: World Bank. World Development Indicators Data. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_formation#/media/File:IQuoteWeltEngl.PNG 9 Total Global Debt Skyrocketing: For What? https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/24/global-stock-markets-gained-17-trillion-in-value-in-2019.html 10 10 USAID announced in 2016 that extreme poverty had been reduced by 50\% over 30 years https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/files/opendata/poverty-target.png 11 Relative Growth and Development The Elephant, The Champagne Glass & The Hockey Stick Income Growth Source: Jamaldeen (2016) “What’s happening on Global Inequality? …” https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/whats-happening-on-global-inequality-putting-the-elephant-graph-to-sleep-with-a-hockey-stick/ Data from Lakner and Milanovic (2013) https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/16935 12 Relative Growth and Development The Elephant, The Champagne Glass & The Hockey Stick 2015: richest 1\% own more than the rest of the global population. 2015: 62 people own more than the poorer half. à 2016: 8 wealthiest had more than the poorer half In 2008: 1.4 Billion Source: Ortiz and Cummin (UNICEF, 2011). 2012: 35\% (over 2.1 billion people) lived on < $3.10 = 8.8\% of total wealth 13 Relative Growth and Development The Elephant, The Champagne Glass & The Hockey Stick Income Growth Growth Relative to 1988 Average Source: Jamaldeen (2016) “What’s happening on Global Inequality? …” https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/whats-happening-on-global-inequality-putting-the-elephant-graph-to-sleep-with-a-hockey-stick/ 14 The End of Poverty? Millennium Development Goals • In 2000, the 191 countries of the UN agreed to eradicate extreme poverty by 2015 • 2015 MDG Report claimed a 58\% reduction 1990-2011 • Continuation of poverty eradication under the 2016 UN Sustainable Development Goals for 2030 • The Eight Millennium Development Goals are: • • • • • • • • to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; to achieve universal primary education; to promote gender equality and empower women; to reduce child mortality; to improve maternal health; to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases; to ensure environmental sustainability; and to develop a global partnership for development. 15 The End of Poverty? Drawing the poverty line • Extreme poverty is defined by the World Bank, UN and development institutions as the bare minimum consumption level of the world’s poorest people • 1990 World Bank defined this as $1 per day • Using Purchasing Power Parity rates by the International Comparison Program to reflect real well-being in different countries • 1993: $1.08; 2008: $1.25; 2015: $1.90 • Adjusted for inflation—so that the amount purchased in 1990 for $1 ≈ $1.90 in 2015 16 The End of Poverty? Drawing the poverty line • Arbitrary line— $1.25 per day? $1.90? $2.28? • A global definition ignores regional and subnational inequality • Ignores poverty in places like the US • Agriculture Department Thrifty Food Plan 2011 cost of minimum nutrition in the US: $5.04 per day • Housing? Clothing? Transportation? Education? 17 The End of Poverty? Walking the poverty line • Sachs’ (2005) “Big Push”: seeks to address “market failures” through massive state interventions • Sachs revives Rostow’s (1960) Modernization Theory in the The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto, arguing for infrastructure investments that can pull countries out of the “poverty trap” • Easterly (2006) rejects “modernization” as “Big Western Plans” that fail and have devastating unintended consequences. The argues for “Searchers” over “Planners” 18 The End of Poverty? China ‘graduated’ from the IDA in 1999 https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/chart-two-decades-progress-worlds-poorest-countries 19 European Pressphoto Agency https://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2132969/mafter-four-decades-its-end-line-iconic-guangzhou-railway-station Growth of foreign direct investment compared with exports for 60 years Source: Dicken (2015), calculated from UNCTAD World Investment Report 21 Developing countries’ increasing shares of production, trade and foreign direct investment Source: Dicken (2015) Figure 2.9. Calculated from World Bank and UNCTAD data 22 The resurgence of China China has the largest share of global merchandise exports Source: Dicken (2015), based on data in Subramaniam and Kessler (2013: Table 2.2) 23 The resurgence of China China has the highest annual GDP growth rate Source: Dicken (2015) Figure 2.10, calculated from UNCTAD, 2013b: Table 1.1 24 The resurgence of China China’s massive exports of manufactured goods & Imports of raw materials Source: Dicken (2015), data from WTO (2012: Table A22) 25 The resurgence of China 13000000.0 {100 persons} [kt CO2] {Population} 12000000.0# (\%) 60.0# (Urbanization Rate) 10000000.0# 50.0# 8000000.0# 40.0# 6000000.0# 30.0# 4000000.0# 20.0# [Carbon Emissions] 2000000.0# 0.0# 10.0# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Jia-Ching Chen (2015) 0.0# 26 The resurgence of China … is underwritten by structural inequality. The “floating population” enabled manufacturing expansion and the underdevelopment in the rural places workers came from. http://www.joeydevilla.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/guangzhou_train_station_large.jpg 27 The resurgence of China … is underwritten by structural inequality. Rural land dispossession enables the state to redistribute resources of land and capital to private enterprises. Jia-Ching Chen (2010) A village in Jiangsu province where land was taken for the solar PV and other industries 28 European Pressphoto Agency https://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2132969/mafter-four-decades-its-end-line-iconic-guangzhou-railway-station GLOBAL STUDIES 130 Global Economy and Development Lecture 3: Global Production & Neoclassical Theories of Capitalist Development January 14, 2020 Jia-Ching Chen, PhD Term Assignment: Development Intervention Case Study • Describe a development problem and intervention • Discuss the intervention in the context controversies and debates about such approaches to the problem • Analyze the intervention’s implementation and outcomes in this context • Propose ways to address unintended consequences and issues arising from the intervention Term Assignment: Development Intervention Case Study • Teams will be made this week in Section • Assignment #1: Case Study Pitch • due in Section NEXT WEEK and on Gauchospace • Start researching a topic ASAP • Assignment #2: Proposal • Functions as a Team Contract • Specifies Roles • TA advising • Self-reflection Term Assignment: Development Intervention Case Study Assignments Timeline Milestones • Case Study Pitch Due • TA Consultation #1 (on Proposal & Team process) • Proposal Due • Case Study Draft TA Consultation #2 Reflection #1 • Case Study Due • Presentation • Reflection #2 (on Case Study Final & Presentation) Due Dates Week 3: in section Weeks 3-4: in office hours Week 5 (Sunday Feb. 2) Weeks 6-7: in office hours Week 9 Week 10: in section Week 10 Additional meetings or deadlines may be required by your TA. Term Assignment Case Example: Arsenic Poisoning in Bangladesh http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2016/04/07/report-charges-nepotism-and-neglect-on-bangladesh-arsenic-poisoning/ Term Assignment Case Example: Arsenic Poisoning in Bangladesh https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/04/06/nepotism-and-neglect/failing-response-arsenic-drinking-water-bangladeshs-rural Term Assignment Case Example: Arsenic Poisoning in Bangladesh Water Dispensing Units http://www.waterhealth.com/ http://gadgillab.berkeley.edu/research/water/arsenic_removal/ Classical Political Economy: Smith’s Invisible hand(s) of production • Focus on common economic interest as defined by the state: conditions for growth and accumulation • Assumptions of: • Market economies are “self-regulating” and governed by “natural law” • Notion of natural law as morally fundamental and manifest as the law of God and nature is at the core of Anglo-American moral and political philosophy • Capitalist accumulation resulting from voluntary market relations, organizational division of labor Classical Political Economy: Smith’s Invisible hand(s) of production • “Every individual is continually exerting himself to find out the most advantageous employment for whatever capital he can command. It is his own advantage, indeed, and not that of the society, which he has in view. But the study of his own advantage naturally, or rather necessarily, leads him to prefer that employment which is most advantageous to the society. • … [T]he annual revenue of every society is always precisely equal to the exchangeable value of the whole annual produce of its industry, or rather is precisely the same thing with that exchangeable value. As every individual, therefore, endeavors as much as he can, both to employ his capital in the support of domestic industry, and so to direct that industry that its produce may be of the greatest value; every individual necessarily labors to render the annual revenue of the society as great as he can.” —Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations (1776, v.1: 364-5) Classical Political Economy: Smith’s Invisible hand(s) of production • “… by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain; and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention. Nor is it always the worse for the society that it was no part of it. By pursuing his own interest, he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it. I have never known much good done by those who affected to trade for the public good. It is an affectation, indeed, not very common among merchants, and very few words need be employed in dissuading them from it.” —Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations (1776, v.1: 365) Classical Political Economy: Smith’s Invisible hand(s) of production • “The greatest improvement in the productive powers of labour, and the greater part of the skill, dexterity and judgment with which it is any where directed, or applied, seem to have been the effects of the division of labour ....” —Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations (1776, v.1: 18); cited in Brown (1992: 171) • An assumption that division of labor is technically determined by the nature of the commodities in production. (Perelman. 2000. The Invention of Capitalism) Invisible Hands: Social Division of Labor How is Global Production Governed? https://open.sourcemap.com/ Classical Political Economy: Smith’s Invisible hand(s) of production • Smithian Political Economy Ignores: • Primitive accumulation of “stocks” that enable capitalist division of labor and market relations • Colonialism, coercion, theft, plunder, war, … • Social division of labor, as the partitioning of the economy into firms and industries, coordinated by market relations beyond the processes of commodity production • Social division of labor is indeterminate in any technical terms • It has particular histories, politics, social conditions of reproduction Invisible Hands: Social Division of Labor How is Global Production Governed? https://www.qualityassurancemag.com/article/managing-risk-in-the-global-supply-chain/ Classical Political Economy: Marx’s social bonds of production • “The market for . . . commodities develops by way of the social division of labour; the separation between different productive labours transforms their respective products into commodities, into equivalents for one another, making them serve one another reciprocally as markets.’’ • Money is “the objectification of the social bond.” —Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels, Capital, Vol. 3 (1894: 637; v.1: 160) • Example of the umbrella maker, and the handle maker. Which is the commodity? Classical Political Economy: Marx’s social bonds of production • “Nothing is easier than to realize the inconsistencies of demand and supply, and the resulting deviation of market-prices from market-values. The real difficulty consists in determining what is meant by the equation of supply and demand… If supply equals demand, they cease to act, and for this very reason commodities are sold at their market-values… If supply and demand balance one another, they cease to explain anything, do not affect market-values, and therefore leave us so much more in the dark about the reasons why the market-value is expressed in just this sum of money and no other.” —Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels, Capital, Vol. 3 (1894) Neoclassical Political Economy: Invisible hands of exchange • Focus on individuals and firms • Assumptions of: • People are independent rational actors who act upon the basis of complete information • Rational preferences based on maximizing “marginal utility” • Firms work to maximize profits • Markets are the most efficient mechanisms for allocating resources • Market forces can be freed or repressed by state action Invisible Hands: Social Division of Labor How is Global Production Governed? • How are markets “set up”? How do they become “self regulating” systems of value and exchange? • How do market forces become “sensible” (as in perceptible and making sense) and become “dull compulsion,” understood as irresistible, necessary and immutable? • Anna Tsing (2005, p.1): Friction, “Capitalism… depend[s] on global connections. [It spreads through aspirations to fulfill universal dreams and schemes. Yet this is a particular kind of universality: It can only be charged and enacted in the sticky materiality of practical encounters… the awkward, unequal, unstable, and creative qualities of interconnection across difference.” • Jessop and Sum (2006, p.4) “Regulation” and Regimes of Accumulation : How civil society and the state interact to normalize capitalist relations and govern the conflictual and crisis-mediated course of capital accumulation. Invisible Hands: Social Division of Labor How is Global Production Governed? msuttone (2012) https://open.sourcemap.com/maps/57e4f33222cec953242c24ea Invisible Hands: Social Division of Labor How is Global Production Governed? Video: http://apps.npr.org/tshirt/#/people Invisible Hands: Social Division of Labor How is Global Production Governed? Video: http://apps.npr.org/tshirt/#/people ; https://www.npr.org/series/262481306/planet-money-t-shirt-project-series Invisible Hands: Social Division of Labor How is Global Production Governed? Rana Plaza building collapse killed over 1,100 workers, injured 1000+, 4/25/2013 https://static01.nyt.com/images/2013/04/25/world/jp-bangladesh1/jp-bangladesh1-jumbo.jpg 22 Invisible Hands: Social Division of Labor How is Global Production Governed? Tazreen factory fire killed 112 workers, injured 1000+ , 11/24/2012 http://www.rediff.com/news/report/thirteen-charged-over-deadly-garment-factory-fire-in-bangladesh/20131222.htm 23 Term Assignment Case Example: Garment Sector Development in Bangladesh https://www.ilo.org/dhaka/Whatwedo/Publ ications/WCMS_614088/lang-en/index.htm https://www.ilo.org/dhaka/lang--en/index.htm The Global Economy is Slowing Down https://www.marketwatch.com/story/imf-sees-global-economic-growth-falling-to-3-this-year-slowest-pace-since2008-financial-crisis-2019-10-15?siteid=bullytweet 25 Relative Growth and Development The Elephant, The Champagne Glass & The Hockey Stick Income Growth Growth Relative to 1988 Average Source: Jamaldeen (2016) “What’s happening on Global Inequality? …” https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/whats-happening-on-global-inequality-putting-the-elephant-graph-to-sleep-with-a-hockey-stick/ 26 Total Global Debt Skyrocketing: For What? Source: World Bank. World Development Indicators Data. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_formation#/media/File:IQuoteWeltEngl.PNG 27 Total Global Debt Skyrocketing: For What? https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/24/global-stock-markets-gained-17-trillion-in-value-in-2019.html 28 28 Neoclassical Political Economy: Invisible hands of exchange • “Whenever there are “externalities”—where the actions of an individual have impacts on others for which they do not pay or for which they are not compensated—markets will not work well.” • “But recent research has shown that these externalities are pervasive, whenever there is imperfect information or imperfect risk markets— that is always.” —Joseph Stiglitz (2006, n.p.); derived from “Externalities in Economies with Imperfect Information and Incomplete Markets” (Stiglitz 1986) https://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2006/10/joseph_stiglitz.html Originally: Altman, D. (2006) “Q & ... Purchase answer to see full attachment