Fluent Essays

create and essay for international relation theory with one of those concepts:New Directions: International Relations in the Digital Age (The Cyber Security Problem)New Directions: International Relations in the Digital Age (The Role of Social Media)Saving Strangers: Just War Theory and Responsibility to Protect (R2P)Rejecting Strangers: Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict Human Nature: Critiquing the Concepts of Identity & GenderWhat Can Human Nature Tell Us About States’ Behaviour?Race and Racialisation in International RelationsWhat Role does Gender Play in WarMLA FORMAT 2000 WORD COUNT international_relation_theory_readings_.docx Unformatted Attachment Preview International relation theory analytical (critical) essay. 2,000 words to Critical concepts Can be and analytical essay about or New Directions: International Relations in the Digital Age (The Cyber Security Problem) New Directions: International Relations in the Digital Age (The Role of Social Media) Saving Strangers: Just War Theory and Responsibility to Protect (R2P) Rejecting Strangers: Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict Human Nature: Critiquing the Concepts of Identity & Gender What Can Human Nature Tell Us About States’ Behaviour? Race and Racialisation in International Relations What Role does Gender Play in War What Role Does Identity Play in IR? As a final piece of advice: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Be sure to cite frequently and interact with the literature. Be sure to develop your narrative in a way that methodically advances your discussion of the concept Your conclusion should draw inferences from the essay main body. That is, do not come to conclusions not supported by what your essay discussed. Your conclusion should be forceful - that is, convincing and well-supported Be sure to provide a robust bibliography of sources at the end of each 1,000-word essay. All scholarly writing at this level must be accompanied by a bibliography of sources. You can frame your chosen concept within a question: Example #1: What Role Does Identity Play in IR? or Example #2: What Role does Gender Play in War? et cetera You can even work the concept into a case study, such as: What Was the Role of Race in the Civil War of America? Et cetera Likewise, you can simply choose to discuss a concept, such as; Classical Realism and the Role of Human Nature Et cetera. The permutations of possible topics/questions/ways to discuss a concept are endless. It is up to you to use your discretion in addressing the two concepts you pick for your portfolio. What is important is that your demonstrate intercourse with the literature in developing your narrative around the concept. In developing a scholarly narrative that demonstrates critical (analytical) reasoning. You need to ask yourselves a range of questions: (1) before you begin writing, (2) as you write, and (3) when you assume your essay is finally ready for submission. Some of the questions you should be asking might include: How is my chosen concept defined? Why? What is the background to the concept, and how has the current debate been shaped over time? What are the main features of the debate around the concept? Can I tie the concept to one of the case studies discussed in class? What are the central narratives that the main literature sources on the concept all help build up? What case studies can I employ (as a form of evidence) to help validate the approaches I adopt (premises) to support my position around the subject (argument). Is there a counter-argument to the dominant popular debate around the subject? If so, what is this counter-argument and how can I weave it into the narrative? • • • What is the rebuttal to the counter-argument? A rebuttal is meant to weaken the counterargument without rehashing your original argument Does my essay have a coherent, logical structure? Do my sentences link well? 1. A brief introductory paragraph. 2. A paragraph summarizing the concept and its relevance to International Relations. 3. Two or three paragraphs that together conduct a critical analysis of the subject in question. We shall discuss the details of conducting a critical analysis in “Lecture 2: Employing a mix of theory and case studies to write an analytical (critical) essay.” 4. One or two paragraphs discussing a case study that validates the theory concepts discussed so far in the portfolio 5. A recognition of the opposing views, within the critical analysis and in the discussion of the case study 6. A summary that intelligently makes inferences from the portfolio main body. 7. Competent and consistent referencing, with a complete bibliography of sources at the end. READINGS: Applying Theory to the Modern International Order Thucydides: What Can Human Nature Tell Us About States’ Behaviour? https://learn-eu-central-1-prod-fleet01-xythos.s3-eu-central1.amazonaws.com/5bfe8efc36910/3798148?response-contentdisposition=inline\%3B\%20filename\%2A\%3DUTF8\%27\%27Human\%2520Nature\%2520v0.2.pdf&response-contenttype=application\%2Fpdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-AmzDate=20191110T034414Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=21599&X-AmzCredential=AKIAIZ3QX2YUHH4EOO3A\%2F20191110\%2Feu-central1\%2Fs3\%2Faws4_request&X-AmzSignature=dc47d9769944ea9f67f96313570851cda7a401866c61d7d8b602cad02e263e4a Critical concepts I: Human Nature 1. Essential Reading ▪ Primary Source - Thucydides (translated by Rex Warner), History of the Peloponnesian War (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974), Pages 1-17; Book 1 and Book 2. ▪ Donald Kagan, ‘The Peloponnesian War 431-404 BC,’ in Donald Kagan, On the Origins of War and the Preservation of Peace (Anchor Doubleday 1985, 15-80) ▪ Mary Beard, Which Thucydides Can You Trust? New York Review of Books, September 30th 2010: https://bit.ly/2mc7AfH 1. Additional Reading ▪ S.N. Jaffe, ‘The Risks and Rewards of Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War,’ War on the Rocks, July 6 2017, https://bit.ly/2ssLhAM ▪ Russell Meiggs, The Athenian Empire (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972) pp. 23-43. ▪ Andrew R. Novo, ‘Where We Get Thucydides Wrong: The Fallacies of History’s First “Hegemonic” War,’ Diplomacy and Statecraft, Volume 27, 2016 – Issue 1. ▪ Eric Robinson, ‘What Thucydides Teaches us About War, Politics and the Human Condition,’ War on the Rocks, August 9 2017, https://bit.ly/2iwpsNJ ▪ Kori Schake, ‘The Summer of Misreading Thucydides,’ The Atlantic, 18 July 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/07/the-summer-ofmisreading- thucydides/533859/ Human Nature: Critiquing the Concepts of Identity & Gender Race and Racialisation in International Relations https://learn-eu-central-1-prod-fleet01-xythos.s3-eu-central1.amazonaws.com/5bfe8efc36910/3816787?response-contentdisposition=inline\%3B\%20filename\%2A\%3DUTF-8\%27\%27PL2015\%2520\%2520Lecture\%25205\%2520-\%2520final.pdf&response-content-type=application\%2Fpdf&XAmz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20191110T040008Z&X-AmzSignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=21600&X-AmzCredential=AKIAIZ3QX2YUHH4EOO3A\%2F20191110\%2Feu-central1\%2Fs3\%2Faws4_request&X-AmzSignature=2a0858ee1dbb9df264fb24e2a4de63ed3ea76fa3ed5a640a140f1ce1e91724c8 Critical concepts II: Identity, Gender, and Race Essential Reading ▪ Tilden J. Le Melle, Race in International Relations, International Studies Perspectives, Volume 10, Issue 1, February 2009, Pages 77–83, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.15283585.2008.00359.x ▪ R. J. Vincent. “Race in International Relations.” International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), vol. 58, no. 4, 1982, pp. 658–670. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2618476. ▪ Martin van Creveld, The Great Illusion: Women in the Military, Millennium, vol.29, no.2, (June 2000), pp.429-442. [N.B. Read van Creveld and Elshtain together] ▪ Jean Bethke Elshtain, Shooting at the Wrong Target: A Response to van Creveld, Millennium, vol.29, no.2, (June 2000), pp. 443-448 Additional Reading Saldanha, A. (2011) ‘The concept of race,’ Geography 96 (1): 27-33. ▪ Song, M. (2018) ‘Why we still need to talk about race, Ethnic and Racial Studies 41 (6): 1131-1145. ▪ Mark Tessler, Jodi Nachtwey, and Audra Grant, Further Tests of the Women and Peace Hypothesis: Evidence from Cross-National Survey Research in the Middle East, International Studied Quarterly, Vol. 43, No. 3 (September 1999), pp. 519-532. Case Study: American Civil War Realism https://learn-eu-central-1-prod-fleet01-xythos.s3-eu-central1.amazonaws.com/5bfe8efc36910/3836236?response-contentdisposition=inline\%3B\%20filename\%2A\%3DUTF-8\%27\%27PL2015\%2520\%2520Lecture\%25206\%2520Final\%2520Update.pdf&response-contenttype=application\%2Fpdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-AmzDate=20191110T040050Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=21600&X-AmzCredential=AKIAIZ3QX2YUHH4EOO3A\%2F20191110\%2Feu-central1\%2Fs3\%2Faws4_request&X-AmzSignature=efb506f9e0e5d8f5f95b01d33b94e9448c641881dccd307c8f35cc4d1e31670d https://learn-eu-central-1-prod-fleet01-xythos.s3-eu-central1.amazonaws.com/5bfe8efc36910/3865877?response-contentdisposition=inline\%3B\%20filename\%2A\%3DUTF8\%27\%27American\%2520Civil\%2520War\%2520-\%2520final.pdf&response-contenttype=application\%2Fpdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-AmzDate=20191110T040110Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=21600&X-AmzCredential=AKIAIZ3QX2YUHH4EOO3A\%2F20191110\%2Feu-central1\%2Fs3\%2Faws4_request&X-AmzSignature=4af8909a89ec8ab0a4fe2716a5e4dda0bcdeb968f2e15c1b2c05aabffd0d5908 Realism Essential Reading ▪ James M. McPherson, “What Caused the Civil War?,” North and South, 4 (Nov. 2000), 12– 22 ▪ T. Dunne and B.C. Schmidt, Chapter 6: Realism, in J. Baylis, S. Smith and P. Owens (Eds.), The Globalisation of World Politics (Oxford, 2014), pp. 99-112. ▪ Barry Posen, The Best Defense, The National Interest, No. 67 (Spring 2002) pp. 119-26. ▪ WilliamC.Wohlforth,Realism,inChristianReus-SchmidtandDuncanSnidal,TheOxford Handbook of International Relations (Oxford, 2008) Additional Reading ▪ John J. Mearsheimer, “Structural Realism,” in Tim Dunne, Milja Kurki and Steve Smith, eds. International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity, 3rd Edition (Oxford, 2013), pp. 7793. ▪ John J. Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, (New York & London: W.W. Norton, 2001). ▪ Hans Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948). ▪ Kenneth Waltz, ‘Realist Thought and Neorealist Theory,’ Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 44, Issue 1, (Spring 1990) pp. 21-37 9. Liberalism and Democratic Peace Theory 10. Neoliberalism: Interdependence and Complex Interdependence in International Theory and World Peace ▪ Why don’t democracies fight each other? • ▪ Since China and US are so dependent on each other for trade. Surely, they’ll never go to war, right? Discuss • • ▪ ▪ Discuss complex interdependence Does economic (inter)dependence necessarily mean political influence? Discuss Essential Reading In addition to that on Talis, see: ▪ Adrienne Armstrong, “The Political Consequences of Economic Dependence,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol 25 No 3, September 1981 40l-428 ▪ R. Harrison Wagner, “Economic Interdependence, Bargaining Power, and Political Influence,” International Organization , Vol. 42, No. 3 (Summer, 1988) , pp. 461-483. Additional Reading In addition to that on Talis, see: ▪ Indebtedness (Washington, DC: Council on Foreign Relations, 2008), pp. 1-42. • ▪ Keohane and Nye, “Realism and Complex Interdependence” in Power & Interdependence (London: Pearson Education, 2011, pp. 19-31). Available here (Last accessed 8 September 2019): https://bit.ly/2m6fXJP • ▪ Richard Haass, and Meghan OSullivan, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions and Foreign Policy, (Brookings Press, 2000), Conclusion. • ▪ Michael Mastanduno, The Strategy of Economic Engagement, in Edward D. Mansfield and Brian M. Pollins, (eds.) Economic Interdependence and International Conflict (University of Michigan Press, 2003). • ▪ Walter C. Ladwig III, The Forgotten Front (Cambridge University Press 2017) , chapters 2 & 3. 11. Constructivism 12. The English School ▪ Are international politics “socially constructed?” ▪ “Realism is a self-fulfilling prophecy.” (Alexander Wendt) Discuss. ▪ Evaluate the features and key concepts of the English School. Essential Reading • • ▪ Margaret Mead, Warfare Is Only an Invention--Not a Biological Necessity, in Betz, ed., Conflict After the Cold War, pp. 244-248 ▪ Alexander Wendt, Anarchy is What States Make of it: The Social Construction of Power Politics, International Organization, Vol. 46, No. 2 (Spring, 1992), pp. 391-425. Additional Reading In addition to that on Talis, see: ▪ JoshuaS.Goldstein,WinningtheWaronWar:TheDeclineofArmedConflictWorldwide(Ne w York: Plume, 2012) • ▪ Helen Milner, The assumption of anarchy in international relations theory: a critique, Review of International Studies, 17 (1991) pp. 67-85 • ▪ Ronen Palan, A world of their making: an evaluation of the constructivist critique in international relations, Review of International Studies, 26 (2000), pp. 575-98. • ▪ Alexander Wendt, Constructing international politics, International Security, 20 (1998), pp. 71-81. 13. Saving Strangers: Just War Theory and Responsibility to Protect (R2P) 14. Rejecting Strangers: Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict ▪ TheGulfWarof1991a‘justwar’becausetheUSandCoalitionFoughttoSave‘Strangers’ in Kuwaitis. Discuss. • • ▪ Are humanitarian motivations always a just cause of war? ▪ Why is “saving or rejecting strangers” framed as a dilemma? Discuss using case studies from the lecture(s) • ▪ How can ethnic or nationalist policies lead to the marginalisation or maltreatment of ‘strangers’? Discuss using case studies from the lecture(s). • ▪ Do you accept that there are times when our moral choice is to “save strangers” or stand by and do nothing? • ▪ Discuss Posen’s argument around the security dilemma and ethnic conflict Essential Reading ▪ Lawrence Freedman and Efraim Karsh, ‘Why Bush Went to War’, in War, Lawrence Freedman ed., (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1994), pp. 167-171. o o ▪ http://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/adviser/responsibility.shtml ▪ The Responsibility to Protect, Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. o ▪ V. P. Gagnon Jr., ‘Ethnic Nationalism and International Conflict: The Case of Serbia’, International Security 19 (1994/94), pp.130-66 o ▪ Fred Halliday, ‘Nationalism’, in John Baylis and Steve Smith, The Globalization of World Politics 2nd edn,(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 440-456. o ▪ Barry Posen, ‘The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict’, Survival 35 (1993), pp.27-47. Additional Reading In addition to that on Talis, see: ▪ John Mueller, The Banality of Ethnic War, International Security 25 (2000),pp.42-70 ▪ Sabrina Remet, Balkan Babel (London, 2002) • • ▪ Stephen Ryan, Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Issues in World Politics, Brian White, Richard Little and Stephen Smith, eds, (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001), pp. 133152. ▪ Nicholas Wheeler, Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society, Oxfourd University Press 2002. 15. New Directions: International Relations in the Digital Age (The Cyber Security Problem) 16. New Directions: International Relations in the Digital Age (The Role of Social Media) International Relations in the Digital Age ▪ Have the causes of war changed with the advancement of cyber technology? • • • ▪ ▪ ▪ Why is cyber security so difficult? Does social media have a disruptive impact on the conduct of foreign policy? Evaluate the claim that “social media, rather than being a tool for governments or diplomats, is a tool for citizens.” Essential Reading ▪ Eric Schmidt and Jared Cohen, “The Digital Disruption Connectivity and the Diffusion of Power,” Foreign Affairs (November/December 2010). ▪ Clay Shirky, “The Political Power of Social Media Technology, the Public Sphere, and Political Change,” Foreign Affairs (January/February 2011). ▪Evgeny Morozov, “Think Again: Twitter,” Foreign Policy, August 2009, http://tinyurl.com/nvmre8 ▪ John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, “Cyberwar is Coming!” Comparative Strategy vol. 12, no. 2 (1993), pp. 141–165. Additional Reading In addition to that on Talis, see: ▪ Jon R. Lindsay, “Exaggerating the Chinese Cyber Threat,” (Belfer, May 2015), tinyurl.com/powhpqs • • • • • ▪ Thomas Rid, “Cyberwar Will Not Take Place,” Journal of Strategic Studies, vol. 35, no 1 (2011). ▪ Adam P. Liff, “Cyberwar: A New Absolute Weapon? The Proliferation of Cyberwarfare Capabilities and Interstate War,” Journal of Strategic Studies (2012), pp. 1-28. ▪ John Stone, “Cyber War Will Take Place!” Journal of Strategic Studies vol. 36, no. 1 (2013), pp. 101-108. ▪ Daniel W. Drezner, “Weighing the Scales: the Internet’s Effect on State-Society Relations,” Brown Journal of World Affairs, vol. 16, no. 2 (Spring/Summer 2010), pp. 3144. ▪ L. Gordon Crovitz, “Social Media as Government Watchdog,” Wall Street Journal March 9, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/lbb3mcq ... Purchase answer to see full attachment