Fluent Essays

Option D: Discuss the development of the Ottoman Empire, indicating important early rulers and the importance of Islam in the Empire. Why do you think the Ottoman Empire was able to become so powerful? What would you say was a consequence of Ottoman rule, or some consequences, for Europe, Africa, and the Middle East? http:// www. bbc.co. uk/religion/religions/ islam/history/ ottomanempire_1. shtmlhttp:// www. theottomans. org/ english/index.asphttp:// www. metmuseum. org/ toah/ hd/ grot/ hd_ grot. htmhttp:// www. pbs. org/ wgbh/ aia/part1/1 narr1. htmlhttp:// www. bbc.co. uk/ worldservice/ africa/features/ storyofafrica/index_section9. shtmlhttp:// www. ghanaweb.com/ GhanaHomePage/history/slave-trade chapterfourandseven.ppt chaptersix.ppt chapterfive.ppt Unformatted Attachment Preview Chapter 27 Tradition and Change in East Asia http://asterius.com/china/ 1 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Ming (“Brilliant”) dynasty comes to power after Mongol Yuan dynasty driven out Founded by Emperor Hongwu (r. 1368-1398) Used traveling officials called Mandarins and large number of eunuchs to maintain control Tributary relations with Korea, Japan http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/china/l ater_imperial_china/ming.html 3 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Emperor Yongle (r. 1403-1424) ◼ experiments with sea expeditions (1405-1433) ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ◼ India Ocean, East Africa Zheng He abandons large-scale maritime trade plans In part to appease southern populations http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sultan/explorers.html Moves capital north to Beijing to deter Mongol attacks ❑ Chinese army unable to prevent Mongol attacks 4 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Ming China, 1368-1644 5 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Great Wall ◼ Origins before 4th century BCE, ruins from Qin dynasty in 3rd century BCE Rebuilt under Ming rule, 15th-16th centuries ◼ http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/ ◼ 1,550 miles, 33-49 feet high ◼ ❑ ❑ ❑ Guard towers Room for housing soldiers Increased status of soldiers 6 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Great Wall of China 7 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Eradicating the Mongol Past ◼ ◼ Ming emperors encourage abandonment of Mongol names, dress Support study of Confucian classics ❑ ❑ ◼ History, I Ching, Book of Songs http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/CHPHIL/CONF.HTM Civil service examinations renewed 8 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Ming Decline ◼ 16th century maritime pirates harm coastal trade ❑ ❑ ◼ ◼ Grand Canal reopened Shift in population Navy, government unable to respond effectively Emperors secluded in Forbidden City, palace compound in Beijing ❑ ❑ Hedonists Emperor Wanli (r. 1572-1620) abandons imperial activity to eunuchs 9 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Ming Collapse ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Famine, peasant rebellions in early 17th century Rebels take Beijing in 1644 Manchu fighters enter from the north and retake city Establish Qing (“Pure”) Dynasty Mandate of Heaven http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/china/later_imperial_china/qing .html 10 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Qing empire, 1644-1911 11 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) ◼ ◼ ◼ Manchus originally pastoral nomads, north of Great Wall Chieftan Nurhaci (r. 1616-1626) unifies tribes into state, develops laws, military Establishes control over Korea, Mongolia, China ❑ ❑ ◼ War with Ming loyalists to 1680 Support from many Chinese, fed up with Ming corruption Manchus forbid intermarriage, study of Manchu language by Chinese, force Manchu hairstyles as sign of loyalty 12 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Emperor Kangxi (r. 1661-1722) ◼ ◼ ◼ Confucian scholar, poet Military conquests: island of Taiwan, Tibet, central Asia Grandson Emperor Qianlong (r. 1736-1795) expands territory ❑ ❑ Height of Qing dynasty Great prosperity, tax collection cancelled on several occasions 13 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The “Son of Heaven” ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Ming, Qing Emperors considered quasi-divine Hundreds of concubines, thousands of eunuch servants Clothing designs, name characters forbidden to rest of population The kowtow: three bows, nine head-knocks 14 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Scholar-Bureaucrats ◼ ◼ Ran government on a day-to-day basis Graduates from intense civil service examinations ❑ ❑ ❑ Open only to men Curriculum: Confucian classics, calligraphy, poetry, essay writing Also: history, literature 15 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Civil Service Examinations ◼ ◼ District, provincial, and metropolitan levels Only 300 allowed to pass at highest level ❑ ◼ Multiple attempts common Students expected to bring bedding, chamber pots for three-day uninterrupted examinations ❑ Students searched for printed materials before entering private cells 16 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Examination System and Society ◼ ◼ Ferocious competition Qing dynasty: 1 million degree holders compete for 20,000 government positions ❑ ◼ ◼ ◼ Remainder turn to teaching, tutoring positions Some corruption, cheating Advantage for wealthy classes: hiring private tutors, etc. But open to all, tremendous opportunity for social mobility 17 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Patriarchal Family ◼ ◼ ◼ Filial piety understood as duty of child to parent; individual to emperor Eldest son favored Clan-based authority groups augment government services 18 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Gender Relations ◼ ◼ Males receive preferential status Economic factor: girls join husband’s family ❑ ◼ Widows strongly encouraged not to remarry ❑ ◼ Infanticide common Chaste widows honored with ceremonial arches Men control divorce ❑ Grounds: from infidelity to talking too much 19 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Footbinding ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Origins in Song dynasty (960-1279 CE) Linen strips binds and deforms female child’s feet Perceived aesthetic value Statement of social status and/or expectations ❑ Commoners might bind feet of especially pretty girls to enhance marriage prospects 20 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Woman with Bound Feet 21 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_FYM2 Y4AR4 22 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Population Growth and Economic Development ◼ ◼ ◼ Only 11\% of China arable Intense, garden-style agriculture necessary American food crops introduced in 17th century ❑ ◼ Maize, sweet potatoes, peanuts Rebellion and war reduce population in 17th century ❑ Offset by increase due to American crops 23 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Chinese Population Growth 250 200 150 Millions 100 50 0 1500 1600 1650 1700 1750 24 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Foreign Trade ◼ ◼ Silk, porcelain, tea, lacquerware Chinese in turn import relatively little ❑ ◼ ◼ ◼ Spices, animal skins, woolen textiles Paid for exports with silver bullion from Americas Chinese merchants continue to be active in southeast Asia, esp. Manila Extensive dealings with Dutch VOC 25 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Government and Technology ◼ ◼ During Tang and Song dynasties (7th-13th centuries), China a world leader in technology Stagnates during Ming and Qing dynasties ❑ ◼ European cannons purchased, based on early Chinese invention of gunpowder Government suppressed technological advancement, fearing social instability would result ❑ Mass labor over productivity 26 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Classes in Chinese Society ◼ Privileged Classes ❑ ❑ ❑ ◼ Working classes ❑ ❑ ❑ ◼ Scholar-bureaucrats, gentry Distinctive clothing with ranks Immunity from some legal proceedings, taxes, labor service Peasants, artisans/workers, merchants Confucian doctrine gives greatest status to peasants Merchant activity not actively supported Lower classes ❑ Military, beggars, slaves 27 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Neo-Confucianism ◼ Version of Confucian thought promoted by Zhu Xi (1130-1200 CE) ❑ ◼ Education at various levels promoted ❑ ❑ ◼ ◼ Confucian morality with Buddhist logic Hanlin Academy, Beijing Provincial schools Compilation of massive Yongle Encyclopedia Development of popular novels as well 28 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Christianity in China ◼ Nestorian, Roman Catholic Christians had presence in China ❑ ◼ Disappeared with plague and social chaos of 14thc Jesuits - Matteo Ricci (1552-1610), attempt to convert Ming Emperor Wanli ❑ ❑ Mastered Chinese before first visit in 1601 Brought western mechanical technology ◼ Prisms, harpsichords, clocks 29 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Confucianism and Christianity ◼ Argued that Christianity was consistent with Confucianism ❑ ◼ Few converts in China ❑ ❑ ◼ ◼ Differences due to Neo-Confucian distortions Approx. 200,000 mid 18th century, about 0.08 percent of population Christian absolutism difficult for Chinese to accept Franciscans and Dominicans convince Pope that Jesuits compromising Christianity with Chinese traditions (e.g. ancestor worship) Emperor Kangxi bans Christian preaching in China 30 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Japan 31 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Unification of Japan ◼ ◼ ◼ Shoguns rule Japan, 12th-16th centuries The word shogun title that was granted by the Emperor to the countrys top military commander. During the Heian period (794-1192) the members of the military gradually became more powerful than the court officials, and eventually they took control of the whole government. 32 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Shogun Rule ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ In 1192 Minamoto Yoritomo had the Emperor appoint him shogun For almost 700 years after that, Japan was ruled mainly by a succession of shoguns, whose titles were usually passed on from father to son. Feudal Society http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9HR7TTOReE http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/shga/hd_shga.htm http://www.samurai-archives.com/ 33 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Tokugawa Ieyasu (r. 1600-1616) ◼ Establishes military government ❑ ❑ ❑ Bakufu: “tent government” Establishes Tokugawa dynasty (1600-1867) His grandson Iemitsu established a law in 1639 forbidding Japanese people to travel abroad or people from other countries to visit Japan. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZjTzc2ii5c http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VyKHy6sx-0E&feature=related 34 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Class ◼ ◼ Imposed a strict class system, with the samurai (warriors) at the top, followed by farmers, artisans, and merchants. Under the shoguns were lords with the title of daimyo, each of whom ruled a part of Japan. 35 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Tokugawa Japan, 1600-1867 36 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Control of Daimyo (“Great Names”) ◼ Approximately 260 powerful territorial lords ❑ ◼ From capital Edo (Tokyo), shogun requires “alternate attendance”: daimyo forced to spend every other year at court ❑ ◼ Independent militaries, judiciaries, schools, foreign relations, etc. Controlled marriage, socializing of daimyo families Beginning 1630s, shoguns restrict foreign relations ❑ ❑ Travel, import of books forbidden Policy strictly maintained for 200 years 37 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Economic Growth in Japan ◼ ◼ ◼ End of civil conflict contributes to prosperity New crop strains, irrigation systems improve agricultural production Yet population growth moderate ❑ ❑ Contraception, late marriage, abortion Infanticide: “thinning out the rice shoots” 38 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Population Growth 35 30 25 20 Millions 15 10 5 0 1600 1700 1850 39 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Social Change ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ End of civil disturbances create massive unemployment of Daimyo, Samurai warriors Encouraged to join bureaucracy, scholarship Many declined to poverty Urban wealthy classes develop from trade activity 40 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Neo-Confucianism in Japan ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Chinese cultural influence extends through Tokugawa period Chinese language essential to curriculum Zhu Xi and Neo-Confucianism remains popular “Native Learning” also popular in 18th century ❑ Folk traditions, Shinto 41 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Floating Worlds (ukiyo) ◼ ◼ Urban culture expressed in entertainment, pleasure industries Marked contrast to bushido ethic of Stoicism ❑ ◼ Kabuki theatre, men playing women’s roles ❑ ◼ Ihara Saikaku (1642-1693), The Life of a Man Who Lived for Love http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFH2SCjThX4&feature=related Bunraku puppet http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Np6w1yGQCZo&feature=related 42 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Christianity in Japan ◼ ◼ Jesuit Francis Xavier in Japan, 1549 Remarkable success among daimyo ❑ ◼ Government backlash ❑ ❑ ◼ Daimyo also hoping to establish trade relations with Europeans Fear of foreign intrusion Confucians, Buddhists resent Christian absolutism Anti-Christian campaign 1587-1639 restricts Christianity, executes staunch Christians ❑ Sometimes by crucifixion 43 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Persecution of Catholics 44 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Dutch Learning ◼ ◼ Dutch presence at Nagasaki principal route for Japanese understanding of the world Before ban on foreign books lifted (1720), Japanese scholars study Dutch to approach European science, medicine, art 45 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Chapter 26 Africa and the Atlantic World 1 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. African states, 1500-1650 2 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The States of West Africa: Developed power 8th century & later ◼ Kingdom of Ghana (4/5th century) ❑ ❑ ❑ ◼ Savanna West Africa Major Gold Trader & Military http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/ghana.htm Mali Empire, 13th century replaces Ghana ❑ ❑ ❑ Gold Trade Islam 8th Century Golden Age Mansa Musa 3 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Songhay Empire, ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ th 15 Century Sunni Ali (r. 1464-1493) created effective army, navy Dominant power in Niger River area & expansion Trade: salt, textiles, metal goods, gold, slaves Muslim State Civil War over succession in 1591 ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Musket-bearing Moroccan army destroys Songhay forces regional city-states exert local control http://www.history.com/classroom/unesco/timbuktu/goldenag e.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UynuvTRRpfY 4 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Swahili Decline in East Africa ◼ Coaster people ❑ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rm0gN5TRNyE Trade dominance Portuguese Vasco da Gama skirmishes with Africans on eastern coast, 1497-1498 1502 returns, forces ports to pay tribute 1505 Portuguese gunships dominate Swahili ports 5 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Kingdom of Kongo: Central and S. Africa ◼ ◼ ◼ Emerged ca. 1300s Relations with Portuguese beginning 1483 King Nzinga Mbemba (Alfonso I, r. 1506-1542) converts to Christianity ❑ ❑ Useful connection with Portuguese interests But zealous convert, attempts to convert population at large 6 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The King of Kongo and European Ambassadors 7 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Slave Raiding in Kongo ◼ ◼ Initial Portuguese attempts at slave raiding Soon discovered it is easier to trade weapons for slaves provided by African traders ❑ ◼ ◼ ◼ Dealt with several authorities besides Kongo Kongo kings appeal without success to slow, but not eliminate, slave trade Relations deteriorate, Portuguese attack Kongo and decapitate king in 1665 Improved slave market develops in the south 8 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Kingdom of Ndongo (Angola) ◼ ◼ Wealth and independence from Kongo by means of Portuguese slave trade Portuguese resisted by Queen Nzinga (r. 16231663) ❑ ◼ Posed as male King, with male concubines in female dress attending her Temporary alliance with Dutch in unsuccessful attempt to expel Portuguese ❑ ❑ Decline of Ndongo power after her death http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistorie 9 s.asp?historyid=ad33 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Regional Kingdoms in South Africa ◼ ◼ Chieftains develop trade with Swahili city-states 1300: Great Zimbabwe ❑ ◼ Dutch build Cape Town in 1652, increased involvement with southern African politics ❑ ❑ ◼ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkVLEpg9Xuc&fe ature=related Encounter Khoikhoi people (“Hottentots”) Religious Mandate British colonies also develop 10 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Pre-Islamic paganism, ancestor worship Islam develops in commercial centers Timbuktu becomes major center of Islamic scholarship by 16th century African traditions and beliefs blended into Islam Gender relations, standards of female modesty 11 Copyright © 2006 The ... Purchase answer to see full attachment