Fluent Essays

Select any four questions of your choice and ensure that you answer all parts of the question. Each answer should be at a minimum two- three page and doubled spaced. The average papers for all four-question range between 10-12 pages. You do not have to cite your sources. I encourage you to use the internet to expand your answers with the primary text book. ....Below are the questions. I have also attached two key forms which have the answers (grammar kind of messed up) you can always copy and paste from attachments and then edit language a little bit1. Compare the voyages of non-European people before 1500 to those of the Portuguese and Spanish from 1400 to 1550. Why were the Spanish able to establish a territorial empire in the New World? Was technological superiority a major factor in the conquest of the Americas? 2. What were the long-term political effects of the Protestant Reformation? Discuss the significance of the Catholic-Reformation and the politics of religion. In what ways did the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment challenge the intellectual and political status quo in early modern Europe? 3. What were the demographic effects of the Columbian exchange? Compare and explain the reasons for differences or similarities between the European colonies of North and South America. State and justify your position on the role of the Catholic Church in regard to relations with the Amerindian people in either the Spanish or the French American colonies. 4. Describe capitalism and mercantilism and explain their roles in the development of the Atlantic system. What factors led to the development of the African slave trade? What effects did slavery have on economic and social life in Africa? 5. How was the Ottoman Empire administered under Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)? What were the roles of the Portuguese, Oman, and the Dutch in the development of trade in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia? What factors led to the decline of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires? 6. What did the Russian and Qing Empires have in common, and how did these common features affect the relationship between the two? Discuss the significance of the Opium War and the Opening of China. Both the Qing and the Tokugawa governments were in decline by 1800. What reasons lay behind the decline of each government? 7. Discuss and compare the course of the American, the French, and the Haitian revolutions and analyze the reasons for the significance of the difference outcomes of these three revolutions. What roles did Enlightenment thought and folk cultures play in the making of the eighteenth century revolutions? Was there a relationship between the ways in which the British and French monarchs approached the ideas of the Enlightenment and the outbreak of revolution? 8. Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain rather than in continental Europe or the United States? What exactly is meant by the Industrial Revolution? What were the economic changes that revolutionized manufacturing in the eighteenth century and led to the factory system? How did the technological innovations of the Industrial Revolution change societies in the industrialized countries? What role did liberalism and nationalism play in Latin America (Venezuela, Mexico and Brazil between 1800 and 1850s? How did the task of abolition vary between the different nations of the Western Hemisphere? What factors account for the success of the abolitionist movement? How did Britain secure its hold on India, and what colonial polices led to the beginning of Indian Nationalism? How did British policy in India change as a result of the Sepoy Rebellion? How did imperialism contribute to the growth and globalization of the world economy? midterm.docx mid_term_his_101.docx Unformatted Attachment Preview Ahlam Petrus Joseph G Radzikowski Modern World History 101 March 22, 2016 Midterm 1. A- Compare the voyages of non-European people before 1500 to those of the Portuguese and Spanish from 1400 to 1550. The Europeans traveled out to Asia intermittently any non-constant was taking periods of time then come back to travel again. Were the most famous account of this trip in the middle Ages and the travels of Marco Polo (1254-1324), which he described on a wild ride to the court of Kublai Khan, the Mongol emperor of China, and seventeen years of service to the emperor .. Also, Italian ships were designed for the calm waters of the Mediterranean and could not stand up to the violent weather of the Atlantic. The Iberian kingdoms had a history of centuries of warfare with Muslims. The Chinese Ming dynasty sponsored a series of voyages to the Indian Ocean between 1405 and 1433. Portuguese explorers cautiously explored the African coast, reaching Cape Verde in 1444 and learning how to return to Portugal faster by sailing north. They had no significant share in the Mediterranean trade, but they had advanced shipbuilding and cannon technology. They were open to new geographical knowledge and had exceptional leaders. The new anti-Muslim Crusades of 1396 and 1444 we launched by the Europeans because the expansion of the Ottoman Turks disrupted trade routes. Then finally, in 1497 the Portuguese exploration that sailed around Africa and reached India. There was an error made in 1500 and ships under the command of Pedro Alvares Cabral sails too far west and landed in South America and claimed Brazil for Portugal, which became the Western Hemispheres richest colonies. B-Why were the Spanish able to establish a territorial empire in the New World? Three factors contributed to Spains ability to establish a vast land empire in the Americas: Amerindians lack of resistance to diseases brought from the Eastern Hemisphere; Spanish superior military technology swords, armor, horses, and some firearms, Because they were stronger and more technically advanced than the people who made the calendar that supposedly knows the end of the world. Combined with aggressive fighting techniques and local allies; and Spains ability to apply the pattern of conquest, forced labor, and forced conversion-a pattern developed during the re-conquest of the Iberian Peninsula-to the Americas. The Spanish empire has provided in the New World, which consists of land and colonies in which all under the rule of the Spanish Crown. These territories and colonies where found in Africa, Europe, Asia and the Americas. This was the creation of a regional empire in the New World because of possible military superiority that the Spanish have in the current time and pattern of invasion and forced labor, and forced conversion of all during the Age of Discovery. Spain dominated large empire politically, socially, and economically; not like the Portuguese, who were restricted to coastal regions and remotely held outposts. The Spaniards were able to infiltrate inland and establish much more permanent settlements. Subsequently, monarchy, along with the expansion of the overseas Spanish empire, went on to transcend national boundaries. These events had a notably strong impact on Central Europe at the beginning of the 16th century. C- Was Technological superiority a major factor in the conquest of the Americas? Technological superiority was a major factor in the conquest of the Americas, mainly because the Europeans had advanced weaponry such as firearms. While the Native Americans were only able to defend themselves with spears and other more primitive weapons. Because of this contrast, the natives were often completely obliterated by the Europeans in physical conflicts .. But most historians agree that the Spanish were able to impose themselves so fully and quickly because of a combination of a number of factors, which included their recent history , military and naval technology, alliance-making skills, and perhaps most importantly an Indian could and did put down a bow and arrow and pick up a musket and use it depending of course on captured ammunition but the big reason the Native Americans failed to repel the European invasion was that they were hopelessly divided amongst themselves. from Mexico to Maine, native tribes had spent the preceding 10,000 years fighting each other but never developing nation states or empires or even alliances ... by the time the Europeans got here they faced one Indian Nation of 2 million citizens, but a hundred different tribes that did not like or trust each other .. When examining these factors, many historians look closely at the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs, in what today is Mexico. Here, too, existing weaknesses inherent in what was effectively a preexisting empire helped topple the Aztecs, and bring the Spanish to rule. 2- A-What were the long-term political effects of the Protestant Reformation? The massive turmoil that the Reformation caused had a lasting impact on European politics. Soon after the Catholic Church deemed Martin Luther a protestant, Europe became divided along confessional, as well as territorial, lines. The religious turmoil of the period led to warfare within most states and between many. This warfare, especially the Thirty Years War from 1618 to 1648, decimated Europe. While many areas in Europe were engulfed in warfare throughout much of this period, some countries enjoyed peace and were not much affected by the Reformation. In Poland, for instance, while the king and much of the gentry were sympathetic to Protestant (usually Calvinist) ideals, and Protestants were tolerated, the Catholic Church remained ascendant without recourse to violent struggle or the Inquisition. Luthers calls for reform had wide-ranging and sometimes unintended consequences, however, and these consequences were not always in the realm of politics. In particular, Luthers teachings were used as part of the justification for the German Peasants Revolt, which was the largest popular uprising before the French Revolution in 1789. The revolt took place in southern and central Germany from February to May 1525. By April 1525 , there were over 300,000 peasants in arms. In the end, however, the peasants were doomed to failure. They were not militarily adept like their opponents. Many of the peasants fought with swords against trained soldiers who had horses and guns. They were therefore easily crushed by a fairly small army of princes, who had more money and experience; at the Battle of Frankenhausen for instance, several thousand peasants were killed by a superior noble army. Despite the peasants defeat, however, the size of their uprising shocked many European observers of Luthers message and strengthened the reaction to it. The episode was equally significant because of how Luther responded to it. While he initially supported the peasants demands and exhorted them to use peaceful. B- In what ways did the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment challenge the intellectual and political status quo in early modern Europe? Enlightened thinkers believed that people could correct the error of their ways, they could be reformed. They believed that everyone was responsible for their own thinking and they believed that humanity could improve society through reason. They were very optimistic and thought they could create a perfect society. The enlightenment emphasized individual duties to his estate. It was said to be the climate of criticism . Also, the Scientific Revolution brought about the belief that the world was to serve them. Contest became irrelevant, no compassion for other societies - ethnocentric. The Scientific revolution inspired governments and private groups in many countries to re-examine the reasons of everything from agricultural methods to laws, religion, and social hierarchies. The Scientific Revolution saw the works of Aristotle, Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, and Descartes. Basically people began to look to the greater universe and began questioning religion and the ways of thinking from the past. The church was greatly threatened at this time. 4- A-Describe capitalism and mercantilism and explain their roles in the development of the Atlantic system. 16th to 18th centuries from which capitalism evolved is commonly described as merchant capitalism or mercantilism. This period was associated with geographic discoveries by merchant overseas traders, especially from England and the Low Countries; the European colonization of the Americas, and the rapid growth in overseas trade. The associated rise of a bourgeoisie class eclipsed the prior feudal system. It is mercantilism that Adam Smith refuted in his Wealth of Nations which is a recognized treatise of capitalist theory. Mercantilism was a system of trade for profit, although commodities were still largely produced by non-capitalist production methods. Noting the various pre-capitalist features of mercantilism, Karl Polanyi argued that capitalism did not emerge until the establishment of free trade in Britain in the 1830s. Under mercantilism, European merchants, backed by state controls, subsidies, and monopolies, made most of their profits from the buying and selling of goods. In the words of Francis Bacon, the purpose of mercantilism was the opening and well-balancing of trade; the cherishing of manufacturers; the banishing of idleness; the repressing of waste and excess by sumptuary laws; the improvement and husbanding of the soil; the regulation of prices. Similar practices of economic regimentation had begun earlier in the medieval towns. However, under mercantilism, given the contemporaneous rise of absolutism, the state superseded the local guilds as the regulator of the economy. Among the major tenets of mercantilist theory was bullions, a doctrine stressing the importance of accumulating precious metals. Mercantilists argued that a state should export more goods than it imported so that foreigners would have to pay the difference in precious metals. Mercantilists asserted that only raw materials that could not be extracted at home should be imported; and promoted government subsidies, such as the granting of monopolies and protective tariffs, were necessary to encourage home production of manufactured goods. Proponents of mercantilism emphasized state power and overseas conquest as the principal aim of economic policy. If a state could not supply its own raw materials, according to the mercantilists, it should acquire colonies from which they could be extracted. Colonies constituted not only sources of supply for raw materials but also markets for finished products. Because it was not in the interests of the state to allow competition, held the mercantilists, colonies should be prevented from engaging in manufacturing and trading with foreign powers. B-What factors led to the development of the African slave trade? Two major factors that led to the development of the Atlantic slave trade: The blank slate that was North America required labor to be developed for maximum profit. The African continent was an excellent source of labor at a low price - not free, but for sale at a reasonable price plus shipping and handling. The legacy is a HUGE population of African descent. For good or ill for them or for the nation, the demographics of North America (and the US in particular) are completely different due to the slave trade. The third question is a little out of place in this discussion. The issue of injustice was not social it was personal. Injustice can be made personal in many different ways. To the slaves and slave owners it was personal, as it was their way of life - for both of them (good or bad). To some Abolitionists it was an opportunity to bully (a strong social factor). No sane white man in the US went into that war to free the slaves or to right the wrongs that were committed against the Africans. They fought for different reasons, one being patriotism, another reason being money. The South had an economy based on production of cash crops like cotton and tobacco. The North was forcing the Southerners to sell their commodities contracts through the market in the North, but the Southerners wanted to sell their contracts directly to buyers in Europe. There was an enormous amount of money at stake, and the prosperity of the North depended on things remaining as they were. C- What effects did slavery have on economic life in Africa? During the trade in the regions affected West & Central Africa today 19 out of 53 countries were involved in the trade some barely and some extremely. In those extremely involved in the trade, Congo. Life was very hard and unpredictable. Towns became ghost towns populations fell fear grew and trust disappeared. The African continent was bled of its human resources via all possible routes. Across the desert, and through the Red Sea, then from the Indian Ocean ports and across the Atlantic. At least ten centuries of slavery for the benefit of the Muslim countries from the ninth to the nineteenth. Then more than four centuries from the end of the fifteenth to the nineteenth of a regular slave trade to build the Americas and the prosperity of the Christian states of Europe. The figures, even where hotly disputed, make your head spin. Four million slaves exported via the Red Sea, another four million through the Swahili ports of the Indian Ocean, perhaps as many as nine million along the trans-Saharan caravan route, and eleven to twenty million across the Atlantic Ocean. The African states fell into the trap set by the European slavers. Trade or go under. All the states along the coast or close to the slave trading areas were riven by the conflict between national interest, which demands that no resource necessary to security and prosperity be neglected, and the founding charters of kingdoms, which impose on sovereigns the obligation to defend the lives, property and rights of their subjects. The states involved in the slave trade strove to keep it within strict limits. In 1670, when the French requested permission to establish a trading post on his territory, King Telephone of Allude made the following clear-sighted reply: You will make a house in which you will put at first two little pieces of cannon, the next year you will mount four, and in a little time your factory will metamorphosed into a fort that will make you master of my dominions and enable you to give laws to me. From Saint-Louis-du-Senegal to the Congo estuary, the local societies and states mostly succeeded in pursuing an ambiguous policy of collaboration, suspicion and control. The economy in those regions constantly fell the people who gained from the trade were the sellers (Kings & kidnappers) the populations lost so when the kings or kidnappers did die all of their wealth was either passed down in their family or lost the populations never gained. Over half the total captives of the slave trade were taken during the 18th century meaning a huge gap occurred in many families generations where there were only possibly orphans being looked after by the elderly but living in hiding the African way of passing down history was lost orally but tradition instead which was easier to pass down did. Reason why today we can see many African traditions alive but the actual histories of those regions are dark and vague. The leaders of African Kingdoms bought guns alcohol etc and traded humans today these attitudes remain only that African governments of these regions are buying weapons to fight the other ethnic groups within their country for power (due to colonization) and do not help the populations. 5- A-How the Ottoman Empire was administered under Suleiman the Magnificent (15201566)? Suleiman was crowned on November 1, 1666 with the title Shah Safi II. The young ruler had been brought up in the harem and had no experience of the world outside. He was also addicted to alcohol and suffered from poor health. Suleiman the Magnificent ruled the Ottoman Empire for 46 years between 1520-1566 and doubled his territory. This was a rising period for Istanbul, as it was for the whole Empire. Many valuable buildings were constructed during this period which survived until our days with no or little damage. In architecture, the most outstanding achievements of this period were the public buildings designed by Sinan (1539-1588), chief of the Corps of Royal Architects. While Sinan is often remembered for his two major commissions, the mosque complexes of Suleymaniye in Istanbul (1550-57) and of the later Selimiye in Edirne (1568-74), he designed hundreds of buildings across the Ottoman empire and contributed to the dissemination of Ottoman culture. Apart from mosques and other pious foundations including schools, hospices, and soup kitchens, supported by shops, markets, baths, and caravanseraisSuleiman also commissioned repairs and additions to major historical monuments. Tile revetment of Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, as well as several additions to sites in Mecca and medina, the two Holy Cities of Islam. B- What were the roles of the Portuguese, Oman, and the Dutch in the development of trade in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia? The Indian Ocean slave trade was as in the Atlantic, primarily ended by British diplomats and the Royal Navy. This was primarily the result of the British abolition movement which grew out of the Christina churches. Unlike Christianity there was no abolitionist movement which developed out of Islam in Arab or other Muslim countries. Prior to the arrival of the Portuguese in the in the Indian Ocean in 1498, no single power had attempted to monopolize the sea lanes that connected the ports of the Indian sub-continent with the Middle East and East Africa on the West, and the ports of South East Asia and China to the East. Unlike in the Mediterranean where during Roman (and earlier) times, rival powers attempted to control the oceanic trade through military means, peaceful trade had remained the norm in the Indian Ocean. Although there were periods when coastal rulers of the Malabar coast and Southern India were powerful enough to demand toll taxes from passing ships, (and Arab rulers had attempted to control the shipping lanes through the Red Sea) there had not been any systematic attempt by any single political power to eliminate all others from the oceanic trade that touched the Indian subcontinent. Indian ports that demanded high taxes from docking ships invariably lost out to free ports ports that demanded very low tariffs from docking ships. In fact, several of the Indian Ocean ports were politically neutral entities - giving free and equitable access to shippers of varied nationalities and religious affiliations. C- What factors led to the decline of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires? Well as you know the Mughal Empire began in 1526 it went thru many successive rulers and when the British took over they stopped the Indians from answering each others homework questions and they had to figure out how to do research. The Ottoman, Mughal, and Safavid Empires were all very powerful empires for several centuries, but all of them declined and broke apart. But what led to this outcome? All three empires had their unique troubles, but some of the causes were similar. From the 17th through the 19th century, the Ottomans were at constant wars with Russia and Europe. The continuous warfare took its toll on its resources. There was also enormous corruption among Ottoman state officials. They forced the peasants to pay unfair taxes, which led to serious peasant revolts. Succession was also a problem; in order to avoid civil war Sultans often killed or imprisoned their brothers. Declined as they were more inclined to play cricket for days on end I know this does not answer your question but with a little work I ... Purchase answer to see full attachment