Fluent Essays

Write about the expansion of access to preschool in California. First, its important that you show your knowledge of the issue. Begin by reading this article (I uploaded it), then summarize it. Locate one other news source that also addresses the expansion of access to preschool in California. Save a copy of it (send this to me), and compare and contrast its reporting to the article in the Bee.After doing this, explain your personal perspective on expanding early childhood education. (Youre not for or against it, because its likely happening. Youre taking a position on how it should look and why.) How do you think early childhood education should look? Why? What developmental theory/theories would support this approach? What concerns do you have about the expansion of access to early childhood education (i.e., what concerns you about the policy proposed in the initial Sacramento Bee article)?Your submission (in APA style [yes, this includes font and line spacing]; no more than 2 pages, no shorter than 1 page) will includeA one-paragraph summary of the article from the Sacramento Bee. This summary should be entirely in your own words (no quotations!). Let us know what is being proposed, why its happening, who is advocating for this, how the changes will happen, and when its expected to happen (10 points).Your summary of another news article that reports on the issue. How is the reporting similar to the required article from the Bee? What differences are evident? Include an uploaded .pdf of the article with your assignment submission (4 points).One paragraph summarizing your perspective on the issue. How do you think early childhood education should look? What developmental theory (Freud, Erikson, Behaviorism, Piaget, information processing, Vygotsky, the zone of proximal development, evolutionary theory) most closely aligns with your perspective? What connections do you see between the issue at hand and topics that well discuss in class? What concerns do you have about the proposal as its outlined in the initial reading (4 points)?Provide an APA-style reference list at the end of your paper. Include the Sacramento Bee article, your textbook, and the additional article that you found (references never count toward page limits; 2 points). This sample paper might help (I uploaded it as well). california_laws_would_expand_publicly_funded_preschool__the_sacramento_bee.pdf owl_6th_edition_apa_template.pdf Unformatted Attachment Preview JA   Capitol Alert The go-to source for news on California policy and politics CAPITOL ALERT More California kids would attend preschool under push in Legislature BY SOPHIA BOLLAG AND SAWSAN MORRAR sbollag@sacbee.com smorrar@sacbee.com December 03, 2018 12:01 AM Democrats return to the California Capitol on Monday with their strongest political advantage in decades poised to fulfill a huge item on their list of pent-up demands: Vastly expanded access to preschool for 3- and 4-year-olds. Their plan comes with a big price tag, a problem that has doomed past proposals, most recently with outgoing Gov. Jerry Brown. But with huge legislative majorities and Gov.-elect Gavin Newsom, who called for more spending on early education in his campaign, they see an opportunity. “There’s no better place to invest… There’s undisputed evidence that shows this is a fantastic remedy,” said Democratic Assemblyman Kevin McCarty of Sacramento. He plans to introduce a nearly $2 billion package of bills Monday to give access to preschool to all low-income 4-year-olds and more 3-year-olds. Early childhood education has been linked to myriad positive outcomes, from lower rates of incarceration to higher pay. “We know that the first 2,000 days build the critical foundation for a child’s readiness for school and life,” said Donna Hoffman Cullinan, campaign director at Moms Rising, which promotes economic security for families. “Focusing on those early days has such an essential return.” California has increased the capacity of its publicly-funded preschool program in recent years, but McCarty says it’s still behind other states. The National Institute for Early Education Research at Rutgers University ranks California 13th in state spending on preschool and 21st in total preschool spending, which also includes local and federal money. Lawmakers have been working to expand preschool access dramatically for years, but Brown’s interest in saving for an impending recession curtailed their efforts. Less than half of children from low-income families in California are in high-quality preschool programs largely because there are many eligible children but not enough space available, Cullinan said. McCarty’s proposal is not universal preschool, which many advocates have sought. McCarty’s main bill would expand the state’s existing preschool program by about 50 percent to serve roughly 250,000 low-income kids. It will likely cost about $1.3 billion dollars over three years, McCarty said. He’s also introducing bills to fund preschool construction and increase pay for preschool teachers. McCarty said he and Newsom have talked about the issue generally, but not the specifics of his McCarty’s plan. Newsom characterized preschool as a priority, but told McCarty proposals must be affordable. “He said we need to be reasonable,” McCarty said. “We need to live within our means, so I think this approach is really doable because it is targeted.” Under the proposal, children would be eligible if they live in an area where at least 70 percent of students fall below a certain income level, generally less than $47,000 per year for a family of four. Children whose families make less than 85 percent of the state’s median income are already eligible for the program. Targeting low-income families will expand access for the kids who face the biggest barriers to attending preschool, he said. The proposal would also create spots for some children from middleincome families who live in high-poverty areas. The money would go to preschools run by school districts and nonprofits. Seventy percent of young mothers are in the workforce but 35 percent of them leave after having kids because they can’t afford childcare or preschool, Cullinan said. Supporters of early education say affordable childcare and preschool are ultimately important steps in establishing economic security for all families in California. “This is a direct impact on our economy and on the success of the future of our state,” Cullinan said. Stanford University Professor Deborah Stipek, an early childhood education expert, thinks more investment in preschool is essential, but said she worries targeting only low-income families could have negative effects. The state preschools’ income requirements effectively segregate low-income children, she said. A better approach would be to provide financial assistance to families on a sliding scale, so children attending preschool together come from a range of backgrounds, Stipek said. Research that has shown high-quality preschool can have dramatic benefits for children, but lowquality programs can have little to no effect, she said. Some schools provide nurturing programs that foster basic reading and math knowledge and keep children engaged, Stipek said. But others are lacking and have high staff turnover because they pay teachers so little. For parents looking for a good preschool to send their children, Stipek recommends looking for programs with experienced staff and clear methods to help children learn, such as reading to them. When visiting schools, parents should see that teachers get down at children’s eye level and listen to them, Stipek said. “I have seen some absolutely outstanding programs, and I have seen some very mediocre programs,” she said. “My concern is that while we expand access, we need to also expand quality.” One of the bills McCarty is introducing would increase the amount of money the state provides preschools per pupil and raise the standards required for preschools to participate in the program. McCarty said the additional money would help schools pay teachers more than the very low rates most currently make and fund more training for them. The average preschool worker earns $13.94 an hour, according to a recent University of California, Berkeley report that cites the Bureau of Labor Statistics. McCarty also hopes to secure $500 million to construct and improve preschool buildings to accommodate additional children. He’s proposing putting bond measure to voters in 2020 or using money from the expected budget surplus.   COMMENTS 3 Comments Sort by Oldest Add a comment... Steve Harris Here is what is likely to happen. The big government throws its bag of money around, billions of taxpayers dollars comes out of their paychecks and helps to pay for this. Naturally, this creates a bigger need for more daycare, which creates higher costs to all of those individuals who have to pay for it out of their own pockets. For those who pay for the costs of raising their own children, the costs become a huge burden. For those who dont pay the costs of raising their children, well, why would they care? Like · Reply · 6 · 8h Honey Singh I make up to $90 an hour on-line from my home. My story is that I give up operating at walmart to paintings on-line and with a bit strive I with out problem supply in spherical $40h to $86h… someone turned into top to me by way of manner of sharing this hyperlink with me, so now im hoping i ought to help a person else accessible through sharing this hyperlink... strive it, you may not regret it!.........go to this site home media tech tab for more detail thank you . ↓↓↓↓COPY THIS WEBSITE↓↓↓↓ HERE...........> Www.Dailyearn3.comⓇ Dont include this >Ⓡ< in web link THANKS Like · Reply · 2h · Edited Paul Douglas We want to start indoctrinating your kids so we can push our socialism platform down your throats. Oh, an BTW, well have to raise taxes, but you knew that. Like · Reply · 4 · 5h Gregory Jones Mom and Dad with rights and responsibilities? Childhood? Just admit it and put The State on the birth certificate. This road has been travelled before -----. Like · Reply · 1 · 3h · Edited Facebook Comments Plugin SUGGESTED FOR YOU TAKE US WITH YOU Real-time updates and all local stories you want right in the palm of your hand. THE SACRAMENTO BEE APP   VIEW NEWSLETTERS     SUBSCRIPTIONS Start a Subscription Customer Service eEdition Vacation Hold Pay Your Bill Rewards LEARN MORE About Us Contact Us Newsletters News in Education Photo Store ADVERTISING Place a Classified Ad Place a Legal Notice Place a Digital Ad Place a Newspaper Ad COPYRIGHT COMMENTING POLICY CORRECTIONS POLICY PRIVACY POLICY TERMS OF SERVICE Running head: VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 1 Green text boxes contain explanations of APA style guidelines. The title should summarize the paper’s main idea and identify the variables under discussion and the relationship between them. Blue boxes contain directions for writing and citing in APA style. Varying Definitions of Online Communication and Their Effects on Relationship Research The title should be centered on the page, typed in 12point Times New Roman Font. It should not be bolded, underlined, or italicized. Elizabeth L. Angeli The author’s name and institution should be doublespaced and centered. State University Author Note Elizabeth L. Angeli, Department of Psychology, State University. Elizabeth Angeli is now at Department of English, Purdue University. This research was supported in part by a grant from the Sample Grant Program. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Elizabeth Angeli, Department of English, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 55555. Contact: author@boiler.edu The author note should appear on printed articles and identifies each author’s department and institution affiliation and any changes in affiliation, contains acknowledgements and any financial support received, and provides contact information. For more information, see the APA manual, 2.03, page 24-25. Note: An author note is optional for students writing class papers, theses, and dissertations.. An author note should appear as follows: First paragraph: Complete departmental and institutional affiliation Second paragraph: Changes in affiliation (if any) Third paragraph: Acknowledgments, funding sources, special circumstances Fourth paragraph: Contact information (mailing address and e-mail) The running head is a shortened version of the paper’s full title, and it is used to help readers identify the titles for published articles (even if your paper is not intended for publication, your paper should still have a running head). The running head cannot exceed 50 characters, including spaces and punctuation. The running head’s title should be in capital letters. The running head should be flush left, and page numbers should be flush right. On the title page, the running head should include the words “Running head.” For pages following the title page, repeat the running head in all caps without “Running head.” VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 2 Abstract The abstract is a brief summary of the paper, allowing readers to quickly review the main points and purpose of the paper. The abstract should be between 150-250 words. Abbreviations and acronyms used in the paper should be defined in the abstract. This paper explores four published articles that report on results from research conducted on online (Internet) and offline (non-Internet) relationships and their relationship to computer-mediated communication (CMC). The articles, however, vary in their definitions and uses of CMC. Cummings, Butler, and Kraut (2002) suggest that face-toface (FtF) interactions are more effective than CMC, defined as “email,” in creating feelings of closeness or intimacy. Other articles define CMC differently and, therefore, offer different results. This paper examines Cummings, Butler, and Kraut’s (2002) research in relation to three other research articles to suggest that all forms of CMC should be studied in order to fully understand how CMC influences online and offline relationships. Keywords: computer-mediated communication, face-to-face communication The word “Abstract” should be centered and typed in 12 point Times New Roman. Do not indent the first line of the abstract paragraph. All other paragraphs in the paper should be indented. The title should be centered on the page, typed in 12point Times New Roman Font. It should not be bolded, underlined, or italicized. The introduction presents the problem that the paper addresses. See the OWL resources on introductions: https://owl.en glish.purdue.e du/owl/resou rce/724/01/ VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 3 Varying Definitions of Online Communication and Their Effects on Relationship Research Numerous studies have been conducted on various facets of Internet relationships, focusing on the levels of intimacy, closeness, different communication modalities, and the frequency of use of computer-mediated communication (CMC). However, contradictory results are suggested within this research because only certain aspects of CMC are investigated, for example, email only. Cummings, Butler, and Kraut (2002) suggest that face-to-face (FtF) interactions are more effective than CMC (read: email) in creating feelings of closeness or intimacy, while other studies suggest the opposite. To understand how both online (Internet) and offline (non-Internet) relationships are affected by CMC, all forms of CMC should be studied. This paper examines Cummings et al.’s research against other CMC research to propose that additional research be conducted to In-text citations that are direct quotes should include the author’s/ authors’ name/s, the publication year, and page number/s. If you are paraphrasing a source, APA encourages you to include page numbers: (Smith, 2009, p. 76). The title of the paper is centered and not bolded. better understand how online communication affects relationships. If an article has three to five authors, write out all of the authors’ names the first time they appear. Then use the first author’s last name followed by “et al.” Literature Review In Cummings et al.’s (2002) summary article reviewing three empirical studies on online social relationships, it was found that CMC, especially email, was less effective than FtF contact in creating and maintaining close social relationships. Two of the three reviewed studies focusing on communication in non-Internet and Internet relationships mediated by FtF, phone, or email modalities found that the frequency of each modality’s use was significantly linked to the strength of the particular relationship (Cummings et al., 2002). The strength of the relationship was predicted best by FtF and phone APA requires you to include the publication year because APA users are concerned with the date of the article (the more current the better). VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 4 communication, as participants rated email as an inferior means of maintaining personal Use an appendix to provide brief content that supplement s your paper but is not directly related to your text. relationships as compared to FtF and phone contacts (Cummings et al., 2002). If you are including an appendix, refer to it in the body of your paper. found that participants corresponded less frequently with their Internet partner (5.2 times Cummings et al. (2002) reviewed an additional study conducted in 1999 by the HomeNet project (see Appendix A for more information on the HomeNet project). In this project, Kraut, Mukhopadhyay, Szczypula, Kiesler, and Scherlis (1999) compared the value of using CMC and non-CMC to maintain relationships with partners. They per month) than with their non-Internet partner (7.2 times per month; Cummings et al., 2002). This difference does not seem significant, as it is only two times less per month. However, in additional self-report surveys, participants responded feeling more distant, or less intimate, towards their Internet partner than their non-Internet partner. This finding may be attributed to participants’ beliefs that email is an inferior mode of personal relationship communication. Intimacy is necessary in the creation and maintenance of relationships, as it is defined as the sharing of a person’s innermost being with another person, i.e., selfdisclosure (Hu, Wood, Smith, & Westbrook, 2004). Relationships are facilitated by the reciprocal self-disclosing between partners, regardless of non-CMC or CMC. Cummings et al.’s (2002) reviewed results contradict other studies that research the connection between intimacy and relationships through CMC. Hu et al. (2004) studied the relationship between the frequency of Instant Messenger (IM) use and the degree of perceived intimacy among friends. The use of IM instead of email as a CMC modality was studied because IM supports a non-professional VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 5 environment favoring intimate exchanges (Hu et al., 2004). Their results suggest that a positive relationship exists between the frequency of IM use and intimacy, demonstrating that participants feel closer to their Internet partner as time progresses through this CMC modality. Similarly, Underwood and Findlay (2004) studied the effect of Internet relationships on primary, specifically non-Internet relationships and the perceived intimacy of both. In this study, self-disclosure, or intimacy, was measured in terms of shared secrets through the discussion of personal problems. Participants reported a significantly higher level of self-disclosure in their Internet relationship as compared to their primary relationship. In contrast, the participants’ primary relationships were reported as highly self-disclosed in the past, but the current level of disclosure was perceived to be lower (Underwood & Findlay, 2004). This result suggests participants turned to the Internet in order to fulfill the need for intimacy in their lives. In further support of this finding, Tidwell and Walther (2002) hypothesized CMC participants employ deeper self-disclosures than FtF participants in order to overcome the limitations of CMC, e.g., the reliance on nonverbal cues. It was found that CMC partners engaged in more frequent intimate questions and disclosures than FtF partners in order to overcome the barriers of CMC. In their 2002 study, Tidwell and Walther measured the perception of a relationship’s intimacy by the partner of each participant in both the CMC and FtF conditions. The researchers found that the participants’ partners stated their CMC partner was more effective in employing more intimate exchanges than their FtF VARYING DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION 6 partner, and both participants and their partners rated their CMC relationship as more intimate than their FtF relationship. Discussion In 2002, Cummings et al. stated that the evidence from their research conflicted with other data examining the effectiveness of online social relationships. This statement is supported by the aforementioned discussion of other research. There may be a few possible theoretical explanations for these discrepancies. Limitations of These Studies A Level 2 heading should be flush with the left margin, bolded, and title case. The discrepancies identified may result from a number of limitations found in the materials reviewed by Cummings et al. These limitations can result from technological constraints, demographic factors, or issues of modality. Each of these limitations will be examined in further detail below. Technological limitations. First, one reviewed study by Cummings et al. (2002) A Level 3 heading should indented 0.5” from the left margin, bolded, and lower case (except for the first word). Text should follow immediately after. If you use more than three levels of headings, consult section 3.02 of the APA manual (6th ed.) or the OWL resource on APA headings: https://owl.en glish.purdue. edu/owl/reso urce/560/16 / examined only email correspondence for their CMC modality. Therefore, the study is limited t ... Purchase answer to see full attachment