Fluent Essays

You need to finfish two work for this assignment.1. Please log in to an chegg account to read the book called The two miles time machine Chapter1-18 to finish a book review. I will give you the chegg account and I will upload some examples of the book review.2.You also need to finish the Multiple quetions word documents. book_review_example_1.pdf book_review_example_2.pdf book_review_example_3.pdf mulitple_question.docx Unformatted Attachment Preview Reviews Book Reviews of Interest Millennial Landscape Change in Jordan: Geoarchaeology and Cultural Ecology By Carlos E. Cordova. Tuscon: University of Arizona Press, 2007. Pp. xix + 254; figures and maps. Cloth, $55.00. ISBN 978-0-8165-2554-6. W hat was the landscape of Jordan like during glacial times or during the Bronze Age? How has climate change influenced natural resources and driven cultural adaptations? And, what role have humans played in modifying the Levant? In Millennial Landscape Change in Jordan, Carlos Cordova addresses these and other long-standing research questions in cultural ecology. Many of these questions were first posed by environmentalists and soil scientists working in the Near East during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, including George Perkins Marsh, Walter Clay Lowdermilk, and Adolf Reifenberg, then expanded by Cordova’s advisor, Karl Butzer, who articulated the need to place past human cultures within an ecological framework. Although difficult to solve, questions of climate, environmental, and cultural change and the linkages between them have persisted for more than a century because they are fundamental to our understanding of the sustainability of human civilizations. Before opening the book, I was curious as to how Cordova was going to discuss climate, culture, and landscape change for more than two hundred pages in a region where paleoclimate records are sparse and the records that are published often conflict with one another. Not far into the book, however, I realized that it addresses far more than millennial landscape change. The book is structured into seven chapters that move from introducing the reader to research questions regarding the evolution of landscapes and culture in the Near East (ch. 1), to presenting the physical (ch. 2) and biological (chs. 3–4) landscape of Jordan and how they have changed over time (ch. 5). Cordova also examines cultural and environmental change in Jordan (ch. 6), focusing mostly on the period from circa 20,000 to circa 4,000 years ago, to identify subsistence strategies, adaptations, and impacts of cultures to their environments. He then proposes major periods of environmental 250 NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY 74:1 (2011) crises that have affected the landscape and resident cultures. Cordova concludes with a short chapter (ch. 7) summarizing the main points and presenting new ideas about landscape resilience and altering a landscape to the point where it can no longer recover. The book is effective at providing an overview of the physical provinces and vegetation zones of Jordan, their associated geology and geomorphology, and the modern climate. In a region where there are few compilations of the physical geography, it is a good resource for scholars and students alike. Cordova provides a comprehensive overview and cites enough of the scientific literature to send readers along the research trail, if they are so inclined. In chapter 2 on the “Physical Scene,” Cordova even reviews the fauna of Jordan, including its mammals, reptiles, amphibians, insects and spiders! Chapter 3, on the “Endowed Landscape” of Jordan, discusses Jordan’s woodlands from their current distribution and make-up (i.e., species distribution) to what has happened to them historically and the efforts today to protect these national treasures. Chapter 4 tackles the subject of encroaching drylands (steppe and desert) and includes the modern distribution and composition of the Irano-Turanian steppe and the Saharo-Arabian Desert. Here Cordova discusses the traditional relationship between humans and these vegetation zones, including how nomadic and seminomadic people used these landscapes and the impacts that humans have had on them. Perhaps the most ambitious task Cordova tackles in detail is the topic of climate and ecological change (ch. 5). This is formidable because there are so few climate records from Jordan, and those that have been published can be difficult to interpret and often contradict one another. Cordova provides an overview of the different types of climate and ecological records, first from surrounding regions, then from within Jordan itself. He blends in his own research activities in Jordan, including his work on the alluvial stratigraphy in the Madaba-Dhiban region, relict stands of forests, and Olea pollen and savannah flora, with records developed by other researchers, giving both a comprehensive and inside perspective on this difficult subject. While Cordova provides a thorough overview of the different types of paleoclimate and paleoecological records in Jordan, he stops short of critically assessing the validity of different paleoclimate and paleoecological records in Jordan. In chapter 5, Cordova concludes that, “as a general pattern, cold events mean dryness, while the opposite can be said for warm stages and events” (124). However, the story appears to be more complicated than this. For example, evidence from Lake Lisan (the Dead Sea paleolake) and other regional records indicate that the Levant receives enhanced precipitation during colder periods due to the intensification of the westerlies circulation and increased frequency of Cyprus lows bringing precipitation to the eastern Mediterrannean (as was first suggested by Karl Butzer in 1958). In other words, somewhat cold events mean wetter conditions. (There is clear evidence that Lake Lisan was high during glacial periods and low during interglacials, including today.) However, there is also evidence that the eastern Mediterranean dries out during exceptionally cold periods such as the Last Glacial Maximum (24,000–18,000 years ago) and during the Younger Dryas event (12,800–11,400 years ago). Lake Lisan reached its highest level—over 700 feet higher than today—during colder times from 29,000 to 25,000 years ago, then dropped to about 400 feet higher than today during last glacial maximum. In chapter 6 Cordova pulls together data on climatic, cultural, and ecological change in Jordan in an attempt to examine patterns of millennial landscape alteration and cultural ecology. He presents evidence of the past ecology and ecological change in Jordan and how the local environment likely influenced human behavior. Examples of this include the impact of the Younger Dryas cold event on culture and population growth in the following millennia, when woodlands were abundant. Cordova also identifies other major environmental crises, when landscape resilience was pushed beyond its ability to recover, including the end of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period around 9,500 years ago and at the end of the third millennium b.c.e. Cordova concludes the book with a short summary on the timing of environmental crises, the significance of the long and intense impact of humans during the Holocene, and how this has influenced later civilizations (i.e., Cordova’s concept of inherited landscape). I have only one cautionary note about this book. Cordova consistently (I think) puts all ages in radiocarbon years and reports radiocarbon years as ka BP (kilo annum, or thousands of years, before present), a designation that is generally restricted to refer to calendar ages. For example, he consistently reports the age of the Younger Dryas Event as occurring from 10,800 to 10,000 ka BP when it occurred between 10,800 to 10,000 14C ka BP (or 12,800 to 11,400 calendar years ago). I am afraid that many readers will get confused by this nonstandard nomenclature. That being said, this work is of great value to scholars and students alike. It is targeted partly at scholars working in archeology, earth science, and related fields in the Near East, but Cordova also states that it is directed toward students participating in archaeological field schools in Jordan and geography students interested in environmental issues in the Middle East. In particular, the book is an invaluable resource for gaining access into the archaeological literature pertaining to Jordan, where so much of the data are stored in edited volumes and one-time proceedings that are difficult for people outside the discipline to learn about and find. In sum, this book will serve as a great resource to those interested in the cultural and climatic history of Jordan and inspire future generations of scholars, who ultimately will be the ones to solve these questions. Jason Rech Miami University, Ohio Taureador Scenes in Tell elDab‘a (Avaris) and Knossos By Manfred Bietak, Nannó Marinatos, and Clairy Palivou, with a contribution by Ann Brysbaert. Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie 43; Untersuchungen der Zweigstelle Kairo des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes 27. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2007. Pp. 173; figures and maps. Cloth, $113.00. ISBN 978-3-7001-3780-1. T he news of the Minoan style frescoes discovered at Tell el-Dab‘a elicited tremendous interest and excitement even before a collective gasp swept through the hall when Manfred Bietak presented them at the Function of the Minoan Villa Conference in 1992. The present volume seeks to address many of the questions raised by this discovery in a post-Bernalian and postprocessual academic climate, where it is again acceptable if not trendy to study interconnections so long as the pendulum remains suspended midway between the unrealistic extremes of hyper-diffusionism and isolated, indigenous development. Among the many questions that the paintings have raised: Did Cretan artists or trained imitators paint them? What is the role of art versus technology in assigning authorship? Why were they NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY 74:1 (2011) 251 bacteria blooms and flammable rivers, to the work of the Tennessee Valley Authority as a combination of a federal river management agency and private power company, Martin Doyle presents the water struggles which America is facing in the present and their relationship to the hardships of the past. To do this, The Source is divided into five parts. Part one explores federalism in America and how it plays a vital part in understanding how levees work. The author includes how the U.S. Constitution was first proposed during By Martin Doyle. W. W. Norton & negotiations on interstate commerce along U.S. waterways Company, 2018. 352 pages. as an alternative to the Articles of Confederation. In Part Hardcover, $26.95. two, the author explains water sovereignty and property, and describes battles over water rights as a resource and a ISBN-13: 978-0393242355 commodity. Parts three, four, and five then inspect the ife as we know it is utterly, taxation, regulation, and conservation of rivers and how totally, and undeniably dependent Americans’ continual struggle between the utilization and on water. The first life on Earth protection of rivers causes legislative controversies. Which formed deep within the oceans waterways should or shouldn’t be protected by law? Who is surrounding hydrothermal vents. The responsible for the protection and remediation of waterways? human body contains up to 70\% water and cannot go more Each section brings new and fascinating information to the than 10 days without adding fluids. Because of our reader, answering some questions and creating even more. dependence, civilizations have grown and prospered The Source was an engaging interplay of geography, surrounding water. The Mesopotamian River Valley geology, and U.S. history. It made the history and science of Civilization, Indus River Valley Civilization, and the Nile American rivers more relatable through personal anecdotes River Valley Civilization were able to maintain large and the various connections people have with the land and populations due to their proximity to rivers and fostered water. Although there were few pictures, they greatly innovation and invention to utilize the fertile soil found in contributed to the visualization of the significant people and the rivers’ floodplains. These were the first great events surrounding American waterways. I found The civilizations from which future societies flowed. America Source to be well written and thoroughly researched, giving has been able to support its sizeable and growing the reader a deeper appreciation for the otherwise population for the same reason. The U.S. is largely underappreciated topic of fluvial geopolitical history. The covered by water; the Mississippi River watershed book was a nexus of economic and philosophical ideas, and transports 390 billion gallons of water per day across over although the book was not humorous per se, there was a a million square miles, and over 250 thousand rivers certain lightness to its pages in contrast to the typical transverse more than 3 million miles, wrapping the solemnity on such a topic. landscape in their dendritic embrace. The Source, by My primary concern with The Source was a function Martin Doyle, is a journey that explores America’s of its breadth. Because it covered such a large range of economic, political, and physical landscape along Earth’s topics, it left out some key information I thought should be fluvial highways. Doyle bases his conclusions on archival included. This includes the environmental ramifications of research and the experiences of people whose lives revolve key decisions, and the unique water issues that poor and around water resources. To understand Americans, follow underrepresented Americans must face. Also, The Source the money, but to understand America follow the rivers. overwhelmingly focuses on Eastern U.S. water issues, with The Source ties together rivers and American history little consideration for the drought-ridden West. Finally, through the experiences of the author (Martin Doyle) and the while issues of public finance are a very real obstacle to lives of Americans who work to control and protect overcome, the topic was discussed too much for a book on America’s waterways. Martin Doyle is a professor of river the history of America’s rivers. However, these qualms were science and water policy at Duke University. He established minor and did not detract from the book’s impact. the Natural Resources Investment Center within the U.S. In conclusion, I found The Source to be a fantastic book, Department of the Interior and worked at the Institute for filled with history and American spirit. It is written as more of a Water Resources for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. In technical resource than a novel and may not be appreciated by his research, Doyle traveled across the United States to learn those with little interest in the logistics of American waterways from sandbag crews in Mississippi during a flood, a hedge and their history. However, this book reminds us that rivers came fund manager in Nevada who specializes in water-based first and everything human came after, and The Source does a investments, and an Oregon rancher who utilizes beavers to fantastic job of leading the reader through the tumultuous and help restore his land. From a wastewater treatment plant ever-evolving relationship between humankind and water, the supervisor who plans development to prevent harmful fundamental resource making human life possible. The Source: How Rivers Made America and America Remade its Rivers L Please first watch these two videos. Then answering the following questions. 1.Abrupt climate change Aberrations: https://youtu.be/KZp2gz54VuI 2.Abrupt climate change Millennia loscillations https://youtu.be/4o7OmMh0fPM Question: 1.What were the three main climate aberrations during the Cenozoic (last 65 Ma)? Group of answer choicesa. a.Pliocene Warm period, the PETM, and the Miocene 1 glaciation b. the PETM, The Oligocene 1 glaciation, and the Miocene Warm Period c. the PETM, the Oligocene 1 glaciation, and the Miocene Warm Period d. the PETM, the Oligocene 1 glaciation, and the Miocene 1 glaciation 2. How long do climate aberrations seem to last? Group of answer choicesa. a. few thousand years b. a few tens of thousands of years c. a few hundred thousand years d. a few million years 3. Which of the following is incorrect regarding the massive release of methane during the PETM? Group of answer choicesa. a. it was sourced from methane on the ocean floor b. it caused the ocean to become acidic c. it dramatically increased atmospheric CO2 levels d. it was the initial cause of the PETM warming 4. Why is the PETM important? Group of answer choicesa. a.because climate in the Eocene was very similar to today b. because ice sheets were becoming unstable at this time c. because it may be an analog for potential outcomes of current warming d. because we currently have similar atmospheric CO2 concentrations as during the Eocene 5. What is the Elmo event? Group of answer choicesa. a glaciation during the Oligocene b. another Eocene hyperthermal c. a Pleistocene warming event d. an Eocene glacial event 6. Which of the following is not true regarding millennial scale climate change? Group of answer choicesa. we first learned about the magnitude and recurrence interval from the Greenland ice cores b. ocean sediment cores from areas of high deposition rates have identified millennial scale climate events c. millennial scale events are similar during glacial and interglacial periods d. millennial scale climate change seem to be driven mainly by changes in ocean circulation during massive discharge events of icebergs 7. If an armada of icebergs was released in the North Atlantic, how might this affect ocean circulation? Group of answer choicesa. a. The release of the ice rafted debris would clog up the formation of North Atlantic deep water. b. The fresh water from the iceberg melt could reduce the density of North Atlantic Water and prevent North Atlantic Deep Water formation. c. The icebergs would increase the salinity of the North Atlantic and cause more North Atlantic Deep Water to form. d. Both A and B are correct. 8. Which of the following is correct regarding Dansgaard-Oeschger and Heinrich events? Group of answer choicesa. a. Dansgaard-Oeschger events originate off of Scandinavia and Heinrich events originate off the coast of Germany b. Dansgarrd-Oeschger events result from the discharge of icebergs whereas Heinrich events result from meltwater discharges c. Heinrich events are large Dansgaard-Oeschger events d. Heinrich events are more common that Dansgaard-Oeschger events 9. Millennial-scale climate events recorded in the Antarctica ice cores are Group of answer choicesa. much smaller in magnitude than those recorded in the Greenland ice cores b. appear to be opposite in temperature c. are associated with thermohaline circulation in the Pacific Ocean d. most of the above e. all of the above 10. Millennial scale climate oscillations can only occur during glacial periods as they are the result of feedbacks between the oceans and ice sheets. Group of answer choicesTrue False ... Purchase answer to see full attachment