Fluent Essays

Find the attachment Respond to each post with a FULL Single-space paragraph A reliable reference for each paragraph Respond DO NOT summarize.Very important; you have to include your thoughtsAPA style4 responses in total week_1_responses.docx Unformatted Attachment Preview 12345678- Find the attachment Respond to each post with a FULL Single-space paragraph A reliable reference for each paragraph Respond DO NOT summarize. Very important; you have to include your thoughts APA style 4 responses in total At least 150 words each Course: Healthcare Management The assignment was: 1. “Based on your readings and experience, compare and contrast how health care 2. emergency management evolved before 9/11 to its evolution after 9/11. Why has the scope of healthcare emergency management grown so dramatically? Will the growth continue?” Post#1 Health care organizations went through significant changes in the decades before 9/11. Hospitals were mostly community-based organizations supported by public donations in the early 20th century. The landscape of health care changed dramatically in the decades following. Hospitals relied on insurance and Medicare reimbursements instead of donations. (Barbera, Yeatts, & Macintyre, 2009) The shift in income sources prompted hospitals to operate in higher business efficiency to remain competitive. As a result, hospitals reduced inventory stockpile to minimize operating cost, and inadvertently reduced their readiness for large scale emergencies. Hospitals had little incentive or assistance to increase preparedness. First, there was a lack of a single government agency to monitor and regulate hospital preparedness. Second, there was little government funding to assist increase hospital preparedness. Several hospitals played essential roles during the 9/11 attack and captured the attention of the public and the federal government. With the government focused on hospital emergency preparedness after 9/11, federal funding was made available through the legislature. Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 created federal funding for states to distribute to hospitals for emergency preparedness. The creation of the Department of Homeland Security and its development of the National Response Plan requires hospitals to be compliant with the National Incident Management System. (Sauer, McCarthy, Knebel, & Brewster, 2009) The Joint Commission accreditation played a vital role in motivating hospitals to improve their emergency preparedness effort. The Joint Commission and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services updated emergency management standards, and hospitals had to be compliant to receive Medicare reimbursement. (Barbera, Yeatts, & Macintyre, 2009) In summary, several factors are driving the growth in healthcare emergency management: an increase in government funding, an increase in government regulations, and higher standards required for Medicare reimbursement motivated hospitals to increase emergency preparedness. The growth in healthcare emergency management is likely to continue due to significant changes in the healthcare market place. The Affordable Care Act changed Medicare reimbursement prompting rapid consolidation of the market place. Large healthcare systems allow for costly investment and increased efficiency. (Cutler & Scott Morton, 2013) Large health systems may promote healthcare preparedness growth by eliminating many challenges faced by healthcare coalitions, such as sharing of proprietary information, and limited funding and staffing. (Courtney et al., 2009) Post#2 Based on the readings, it can be determined that the healthcare emergency management system prior to 9/11 ran separately in its own mission and culture of emergency response. Hospitals developed their own methods of handling emergency situations, while public health officials ran their response system and emergency managers would respond independently. It was not until 9/11 that the relationship of public health, hospitals and emergency managers developed coordinated plans for emergency response efforts. For example, public health departments and emergency management departments historically had differing missions. The public health field focused on infectious disease emergencies such as yellow fever or smallpox (Rose et al., 2017). The emergency management field in the 1970s primarily focused on civil defense until the 1990s when biological and chemical terrorism became an increasing threat (Rose et al., 2017) did the public health field and emergency management field began sharing the same scope in their mission. The extent of this overlapping mission did not prove to be until after the anthrax attack prompted the Homeland Security Presidential Directive 10 to launch a biodefence program (Sauer et al., 2009). Simultaneously, hospitals did not align mission and response plans with the overall emergency management field. For example, hospitals were not equipped to handle a catastrophic mass casualty incident. Prior to 9/11, the role of healthcare responders was individualized meaning there was an assumption that EMS would triage patients on-scene, transport them to the appropriate hospital giving the hospital enough warning to prepare for the patient, and the patient would be admitted with their information readily available to track the patient (Simon. & Teperman, 2001). After 9/11, it became abundantly clear that this assumption was not accurate. Therefore, a coordinated emergency management plan between health care providers with emergency responders was developed. The Joint Commission’s standards of emergency preparedness for healthcare facilities was modified to an all-hazards approach and community-based planning (Sauer et al., 2009). Although, healthcare emergency management has evolved a great deal to present day, with increasing threat of infectious disease, acts of terrorism and natural disasters, the field will have to continually evolve. The scope of healthcare emergency management has grown dramatically because of the fallout of 9/11, when bioterrorist attacks and deadly natural disasters exposed a variety of weaknesses within the healthcare emergency field. When these events take place and the weaknesses are scrutinized, the funding and collaboration for solutions increase. These actions in turn catalyze the growing the scope of what the role of healthcare emergency management is. Therefore, the field will continue to grow because natural and man-made disasters will not end. Communities will always seek refuge in a hospital or healthcare facility for injury or resources therefore the capacity and ability for healthcare facilities to accommodate the variety of needs will always be assessed and eventually met. For example, the ability of hospitals to handle and decontaminate patients and staff in the event of chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosive incident has been recognized as not only a measurement of a community’s resilience but as well as a responsibility for the hospital and not EMS (Reilly & Markenson, 2010). Therefore, healthcare managers need to assess the likelihood of those events taking place in their geographical location and meet the needs for the hospital to handle it, if such event were to occur. Course: Emergency Preparedness The assignment was: ” 1) After reading an emergency operations plan of your choosing identify and list five (5) instances where special needs populations are included in the planning process and another five (5) where they have been overlooked. 2) Utilizing the lists generated above, start thinking about the groups within the community that could be called upon to assist with including different segments of the special needs population. What resources do they possess? What conflicts may arise?” Post#1 Question 1 After reading an emergency operations plan and preparedness for the disabled persons, the a. b. c. d. e. following instances of inclusion in the planning process were identified. Ensuring that all the items or tools to be used during an emergency are appropriately organized and stored in such a way that they can be easily located when needed. In other words, the emergency kit is positioned where it can be easily found, carried, and used during emergencies (Kruger, Hinton, Sinclair & Silverman, 2018). All the special needs equipment is labeled with instructions on how to use them. Instructions on how to move the assistive device during emergencies Personal assessment sheet, as well as a complete checklist. A copy of the following documents should be well kept while the same copy should be availed to the designated networks. A bracelet is worn by individuals attending to disabled persons if such people have been diagnosed with allergies related to drugs and food. On the other hand, instances, where people with disabilities are overlooked in the planning process, are listed below: a. Absence of a list that shows the disabled persons who have specific food and drug allergies. b. No medical condition is specified for each medication of a person with special needs (Kruger, Hinton, Sinclair & Silverman, 2018). In other words, the condition that often requires urgent treatment, as well as the drugs used, should be vividly specified. c. The designated network’s list is not provided or made ready for emergency purposes, and the emergency kit does not have a copy of the assigned network (Finkelstein & Finkelstein, 2018) d. No provision for life-sustaining equipment coupled with a lack of regular attendant who can care for the disabled persons. e. Lack of an emergency backup plan to care for disabled persons is also common. A case in point is an event of a power outage (Levac, Toal-Sullivan & OSullivan, 2012). Question 2 Some of the groups within the community, which can assist disabled people during emergencies are the Red Cross, First Responders, and First Aiders. These groups are well equipped with the workforce and financial resources, are well endowed well-trained personnel (Levac, ToalSullivan & OSullivan, 2012). The only conflict which may arise is the lack of harmonized emergency preparedness. The emergency activities of all the groups may conflict with each other if they are not synced together. Post# 2 Question 1 An emergency operation plan (EOP) makes it possible for different emergency management institutions to carry out their operations efficiently. The plan outlines hazards that face a particular area and comes up with a way to mitigate them. With time, special needs populations are continually being integrated into the emergency management plans (Skryabina, Reedy, Amlôt, Jaye & Riley, 2017). There is a need to take care of special needs populations due to their inability to respond quickly during disasters. In this assignment, I look at the Teton County, Town of Jackson EOP. The EOP describes the roles of local government as well as community partners in times of crisis to provide societal restoration, incident stabilization, life safety, and property preservation. The EOP has several instances where it has or has not included people with special needs. The Teton County EOP has several incidences where the special needs population has been considered. First, the plan proposes development and education to people with special needs. Secondly, the plan requires responsible individuals to prepare the disabled for a disaster before it can happen. Thirdly, the EOP says that people with special needs should be taken care of in terms of special diet and medical attention. Fourthly, the plan human services, which involve providing recovery efforts like counseling, and identifying support for the special needs population. Lastly, the EOP states that people with disabilities should be given priority during evacuation. However, the plan overlooks people with special needs in certain ways. First, the plan does not provide a special alert system that can be used in case of a disaster. For example, there is no special alert system to alert the blind or the deaf in case of an emergency. Secondly, the plan does not mention any sheltering structure for special needs. Thirdly, the plan does not have any express identification of people with special needs in the Teton town. Fourthly, the plan does not mention about taking care of people with special needs during transportation. Lastly, the EOP does not say of any input for people with special needs (Teton County/Town of Jackson Emergency Operations Plan, 2015). Question 2 Several groups within the community can be called to assist people with needs, including medical specialists based within the community, volunteer groups, local government officials, and non-governmental organizations. Most medical schools provide medical practitioners with the needed skills to handle people with special needs. As such, medical specialists based within communities have the necessary skills to assist the needy. For instance, most are kind, patient and can listen to people with special needs. Non-governmental organizations can offer training to people with disabilities within a community on how to handle disasters. As such, the disabled are aware of the possibility of an emergency within their environment and have different ways to respond to them. Most volunteers also have necessary life support skills such as listening and caring skills that can help them help the needy population. Local government officials also have resources that can be used to equip people with special needs with a mechanism that can help them respond to emergencies. For instance, they can purchase wheelchairs that can be used for the smooth evacuation of the disabled. Also, they can create policies that regulate the architecture of buildings to ensure easy accessibility of resources within the structure by the disabled. The architecture must also ensure smooth evacuation of persons with disabilities in case of an emergency. Conflicts are likely to arise within the community. For instance, there can be a conflict of how the volunteers are engaged. Another dispute that may occur include where the national and state governments policies disagree. ... Purchase answer to see full attachment