Fluent Essays

1. Develop a case study using the Eight step process and NFPA 7.2 as guides. Starting at incident initiation and ending with incident termination. Discuss as the occupational, environmental, and public health implications and concerns along the journey. In addition, compare and contrast these stages against one another....What I am seeking is thought process along this journey.Do the response personnel have more challenging issues compared to EMS personnel or hospital personnel?Is the risk for the response personnel greater than that of the community, why or how? Do we have defined knowns for arriving firefighting companies and emergency personnel?2. This incident involves Ethylene Oxide - substitute Chlorine as the substance and compare and contrast the differences with occupational, environmental, and public health impacts to responders, the community, and any water/air/land issues.I attached a file contains most of the steps. There are Information management and resource coordination and Implement response objectives from the 8 steps. Review the file and add what are missing.I attached useful documents also. Reference to appropriate authoritative resources and official websites. Must be accessible online. Use New Times Roman 12 font with 1” margins and APA style. case_study.docx msds._chlorine_2.pdf msds._ethylene._2._pdf.pdf msds.ethylene.1.pdf msds_chlorine1.pdf Unformatted Attachment Preview ❖ Site Management and control ➢ Establish incident command system to control the incident. ➢ Since we know the chemical is Chlorine/Ethylene, evacuate every person and establish to cordon off the perimeters using the ERG. ▪ Using the ERG, isolate 200 feet in all directions. Then protect responders and the public .2 miles downwind since the video display it was the day time. • Establish staging area  Establish zones ➢ Hot ▪ The ‘Hot Zone,’ also referred to as the ‘Exclusion Zone’ or the ‘Red Zone,’ is the area immediately around the hazard and where the greatest likelihood of contamination exists. The size of the Hot Zone is dictated by the hazards involved in the incident. Whenever possible, responders should take advantage of geographic barriers to establish lines of control around the Hot Zone. If the event is outside, responders should check reference materials about the hazard(s) to determine the initial isolation distances. Ultimately, the size of the zone should be as great as needed, with an additional safety factor to account for possible weather changes, or expansion of the material over time. All personnel working in the Hot Zone must wear the appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) at all times, and must undergo appropriate decontamination upon exiting the area to prevent the spread of contamination. Persons in the Hot Zone at the time of an emergency event are presumed to be exposures until determined not to be. Persons in the Hot Zone at the time the first responders establish Site Access Control should be directed to the Safe Refuge Area immediately ➢ Warm ▪ The area immediately outside of the Hot Zone is called the ‘Warm Zone, but can also be referred to as the ‘Contamination Reduction Zone’ or the ‘Yellow Zone.’ As people exit the Hot Zone, they are considered possible exposures until they are appropriately decontaminated. For this reason, all decontamination operations occur inside the Warm Zone. The size of this zone should be as great as needed to accommodate all operations inside the zone, with an additional amount added between both the Hot Zone and the Cold Zone for safety. The Warm Zone must also be large enough to contain all possible fluid run-off, and precautions should be taken if possible, to contain runoff to the smallest area possible. Inside the Warm Zone there are three specialized areas • Safe Refuge Area (SRA): As previously mentioned, persons that are in the Hot Zone at the time of an emergency are considered potentially exposed, until they can be examined and possibly decontaminated. The amount of work it will take to declare if someone can leave the SRA will be directly proportionate to the hazards present. If there is little chance of contamination, it may take only seconds to make this declaration. Persons in the SRA must be controlled by an individual. The longer it takes to setup decontamination efforts, the more difficult it will be to maintain control over these individuals. If decontamination is necessary, the SRA can be placed at a near-by Eyewash or Safety Shower so that they can begin decontamination efforts immediately. • Decontamination Corridor: The Decontamination Corridor, also known as the Contamination Reduction Corridor (CRC) is the location within the Warm Zone where Primary Decontamination efforts take place. No other form of decontamination takes place in this corridor • Emergency Decontamination: Usually located right next to the Decontamination Corridor or at the SRA, depending on the incident. The Emergency Decontamination Area usually consists of a water hose with flowing water to perform Emergency Decontamination from people in the SRA, to decontaminate persons that have been rescued, or on responders should Entry Team Personnel experience an emergency and not be able to complete Primary Decontamination. ▪ Personnel working in the Warm Zone do not need to wear any form of specialized PPE while performing set-up activities. Once the Entry Team enters the Hot Zone, all personnel working in the Warm Zone must be wearing the PPE to protect them should the Entry Team need to make an immediate exit and require immediate decontamination. ➢ Cold ▪ The Cold Zone, also known as the ‘Support Zone’ or ‘Green Zone,’ is the area surrounding the Warm Zone, but still within the Incident Perimeter. All organization and command operations take place in the Cold Zone, as do all support activities and equipment staging. By its definition, there can be no part of the Cold Zone that requires PPE, other than that normally required during daily operations. ▪ The Cold Zone can be as big as needed, but should be limited to only what’s needed to accommodate operations, to reduce Business Continuity issues. Inside the Cold Zone, there are five specialized areas, they are: ▪ Command Post • The area where the Incident Commander and his/her Command Staff organize their response efforts to the incident. The Command Post should be stationary and only personnel on the Command Staff and those specifically authorized by the Incident Commander should enter. There is no requirement for the location of the Command Post, and experience has shown it is often ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ better when the Command Post does not offer individuals a visual line of sight to the Hot or Warm Zones. Personal Staging Area • All responders awaiting assignment, including those that have complete an assignment, wait in the Personnel Staging Area. The Personnel Staging Area is under the control of the Logistics Division. Personnel leaving the event must check in with the Personnel Staging Area Manager prior to leaving the incident to ensure accountability of all personnel. Equipment Staging area • All response equipment that is not in use, or requires maintenance/repairs should be located in the Equipment Staging Area, and checked in and out with the Equipment Staging Area Manager prior to use. Media brief Area • Any individual identifying themselves as a member of the media should be directed to the Media Briefing Area. There, the Public Information Officer (PIO) will conduct regular briefings on the details of the incident that are to be made public. This area should be located as far from the incident as possible, but not so far that members of the media would rather stay at the incident perimeter than attend the regular briefing. Liaison Briefing area • As previously discussed, personnel that are not first responders, but are participating in the response work with the Liaison Officer to coordinate their activities. In addition, members of the management staff of the company may require additional information to manage their business continuity, and these discussions take place in this area. This area can be closer to the incident than the Media Briefing Area, and should not be near the Media Briefing Area because of the sensitivity of the information that might be discussed in this area. ❖ Identify the problem ➢ Perform Recon team ▪ Defense: looking from the cold zone, obtaining the information by locating the site’s layout, containers, physical hazard, and other related conditions • Identify what is in the hot zone  Pressure railroad tank  Placard signs: ➢ NFPA 704: To protect the lives of emergency responders, the National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) developed a warning system described in NFPA Standard Number 704. This symbol, which is in the shape of a diamond, has four sections to describe the hazards that are present in the building. Each section contains a number, with 0 being the lowest hazard and 4 being the highest. ➢ Pictograms: Oxidizer, gas under pressure, can cause death or toxicity with short exposure to small amounts, corrosion, environment • Observation greenish yellow gas with sharp, suffocating odor. ▪ Offense: Obtain intel by physically entering the hot zone. (ONLY IF YOU CAN NOT SEE ANY VISUAL SIGNS FROM THE TANK) • Bring portable monitor equipment  Gas monitor  Air monitor • Confirm placards and labels if the chemical is correct, which is Chlorine • Assess the area to gather information  Monitor  Sample  Video  Photo documents ❖ Hazard Assessment and Risk Evaluation ➢ Once gathered information has been completed, provide analysis and evidence ➢ Resources: Three different reference resources should be utilized when gathering information on hazardous materials. Based on information gathered, decisions can be made on the level of PPE, isolation zones, the number of decontamination stages established, first aid procedures potential chemical or gas reactions which may create a more complicated response. Some resources that are available: ▪ Emergency Reponses Guidebook (ERG) • The Department of Transportation (DOT) provides this guide with the focus on chemicals in shipment. Chemicals are found under the UN number or alphabetically, which has a guide number associated with it. The guide number provides information to identify the hazards of the chemical, isolation zones and first aid procedures. ▪ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards • The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health developed this quick reference source to provide general industrial hygiene information on many chemicals. It provides information in a landscape format to include synonyms, exposure limits, incompatibilities, and protective clothing recommendations and target organs. ▪ Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) • The Material Safety Data Sheet, or MSDS, is a document that provides important health and safety information about a specific chemical or chemical mixture. The manufacturer of the chemical develops the MSDS and it can be very technical in nature. Formats may vary from manufacturer to manufacturer but the basic information in every MSDS is similar ➢ Incident Action Plan ▪ Incident Commander will develop an action plan that meets all federal, state, and local requirements. Elements of this plan are: • • • • ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ General information about the incident (Type, location, etc) Site Control Measures required Internal and External entities needed for response Outline of plan of action for ending the emergency phase of the incident ▪ In addition, the form was created in a format that, once completed, will provide the appropriate personnel with a complete pre-entry briefing. At the conclusion of an event, three questions must be answered: • Is Remediation Required? • Is Decontamination Required? • Is Corrective Action Required? ▪ At the bottom of the form, the person completing it lists the answers to each of these three questions and who is responsible to complete those that are answered in the affirmative. This helps eliminate repetitive events from occurring. ▪ The Operations Chief completes the Incident Action Plan. If no Operations Chief has been appointed, it is the Incident Commander’s responsibility to complete the form. This responsibility may be delegated to lower personnel, such as the Hazardous Materials Group Supervisor or Entry Team Leader. Select protective clothing and equipment ➢ When responding to chemical emergencies, first responders must protect themselves from the possibility of exposure. We first attempt to prevent exposure by utilizing options outside the potentially contaminated area. If this is not sufficient, we next attempt to perform as much work outside the area of exposure, and limit the time of potential exposure, using work practice controls (Agreed upon procedures or action plans which place responders in the area of concern for the least amount of time as possible). When other options are not available or feasible, responders may be required to enter a contaminated area. If this is the case, they must be protected from the possibility of exposure to the chemicals through the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). In the emergency response field, this PPE is typically called Chemical Protective Clothing (CPC). For simplicity, the industry has separated CPC into four basic categories with each level designated by a different letter. The letters start with A, B, C, or D, and decrease in protection alphabetically; where Level A is considered to be the level with the greatest protection, and Level D is considered to be the level with the least protection ➢ A respiratory exposure is commonly considered one of the most lifethreatening situations, and most difficult to treat. Because of this, in many jurisdictions, respiratory protection is highly regulated. First responders must ensure that their respiratory equipment is in compliance with all federal, state, and local regulations with regard to respiratory protection. (The following is based on regulations in the United States, under 29 CFR 1910.120 and 29 CFR 1910.134.) Information management and resource coordination Implement response objectives Decontamination (Decon) and cleanup operations ➢ Decontamination involves an organized sequence of physical (i.e. brushing, washing, and rinsing) and chemical (i.e. solvents, surfactants, and disinfectants) methods to remove contaminates. Decontamination procedures are required throughout the entire course of the event. Entry teams may not enter the Exclusion Zone until decontamination is established and the incident is not considered complete or over until all personnel and equipment have been properly decontaminated, allowing them to return to normal operations. As part of the Incident Action Plan, the Incident Commander and the Decon Officer must decide on a decontamination plan suitable for the type of incident that is occurring. Part of this plan should include the decontamination plan. The decontamination plan includes: ▪ Determination of the appropriate location for the decontamination area ▪ Equipment and decontamination methods ▪ Layout ▪ Access and control methods ▪ Appropriate PPE for the decon teams ▪ Methods for handling contaminated clothing and equipment. ➢ The decon area is established in the Warm Zone (also known as the Contamination Reduction Zone or the Yellow Zone). In this area, contaminates are removed from responders, victims and equipment leaving the Hot Zone (also known as the Exclusion Zone or the Red Zone). ➢ Primary decontamination shall be established for the following: ▪ Personnel working in the Contamination Reduction Zone providing the decontamination. Decontamination team personnel shall wear the same level of protection or one level below as the personnel working in the Exclusion Zone. ▪ All potentially exposed personnel (responders and victims) and equipment must be decontaminated in the Contamination Reduction Zone, prior to entry into the Support Zone (formerly referred to as the Cold Zone). This includes rescue and decon team personnel. ▪ All personnel and equipment leaving the exclusion zone ❖ Terminate the Incident ➢ The final stage of an incident is referred to as ‘Termination’. Termination includes ▪ An event is not over until three questions have been answered, and the appropriate personnel have taken responsibility to address these issues. These questions are: • Is Remediation Required? Remediation is an action, which mitigates the immediate emergency of the event. This may include shutting a valve, or placing a container in secondary containment. • Is Decontamination Required? Decontamination is required when an area has been exposed to a hazardous substance. Decontamination is to be completed by an authorized decontamination contract firm only. • Is Corrective Action Required? Corrective action is required when the cause of an event is not immediately clear, or the cause of the event was, or may have been, a deviation from company policies or procedures. Corrective action may also include repair or maintenance that cannot be completed in a short amount of time, or without substantial resources. Corrective action includes items such as investigation or long-term repair solutions. • Once these questions have been answered, it must be determined who is responsible to complete the required action. The personnel ▪ responsible must be contacted, and agree to take the responsibility for the action. If the appropriate person cannot be contacted, an alternate should be contacted in the interim. At an event, it is the responsibility of all responders to consistently evaluate an incident for positive and negative aspects of the event. These points may include safety concerns or suggestions on new equipment that might be needed. They may also include commendations for hard work above and beyond the call of duty. If concerns of safety exist, these should be mentioned to the Incident Safety Officer immediately. All other points of evaluation should be mentioned at the Incident Debrief. An Incident Debrief is a meeting of all responders to an event, following the conclusion of the event. Items noted during a responder’s ongoing evaluation of the event should be offered here for proper recognition and/or corrective training. SAFETY DATA SHEET Chlorine Section 1. Identification GHS product identifier : Chlorine Chemical name : chlorine Other means of identification : Cl2; Bertholite; Chloor; Chlor; Chlore; Chlorine mol.; Cloro; Molecular chlorine; UN 1017 Product use : Synthetic/Analytical chemistry. Synonym : Cl2; Bertholite; Chloor; Chlor; Chlore; Chlorine mol.; Cloro; Molecular chlorine; UN 1017 : 001015 SDS # Suppliers details : Airgas USA, LLC and its affiliates 259 North Radnor-Chester Road Suite 100 Radnor, PA 19087-5283 1-610-687-5253 24-hour telephone : 1-866-734-3438 Section 2. Hazards identification OSHA/HCS status Classification of the substance or mixture : This material is considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). : OXIDIZING GASES - Category 1 GASES UNDER PRESSURE - Compressed gas ACUTE TOXICITY (inhalation) - Category 2 SKIN CORROSION/IRRITATION - Category 1 SERIOUS EYE DAMAGE/ EYE IRRITATION - Category 1 AQUATIC HAZARD (ACUTE) - Category 1 AQUATIC HAZARD (LONG-TERM) - Category 1 GHS label elements Hazard pictograms : Signal word : Danger Hazard statements : May cause or intensify fire; oxidizer. Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated. Fatal if inhaled. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects. Precautionary statements General Prevention Date of issue/Date of revision : Read and follow all Safety Data Sheets (SDS’S) before use. Read label before use. Keep out of reach of children. If medical advice is needed, have product container or label at hand. Close valve after each use and when empty. Use equipment rated for cylinder pressure. Do not open valve until connected to equipment prepared for use. Use a back flow preventative device in the piping. Use only equipment of compatible materials of construction. Open valve slowly. Use only with equipment cleaned for Oxygen service. : Wear protective gloves. Wear eye or face protection. Wear protective clothing. Wear respiratory protection. Keep away from clothing, incompatible materials and combustible materials. Keep reduction valves, valves and fittings free from oil and grease. Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. Avoid release to the environment. Do not breathe gas. Wash hands thoroughly after handling. : 3/23/2017 Date of previous issue : No previous validation Version : 0.01 1/13 Chlorine Section 2. Hazards identification Response : Collect spillage. In case of fire: Stop leak if safe to do so. IF INHALED: Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing. Immediately call a POISON CENTER or physician. IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or physician. Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. IF ON SKIN (or hair ... Purchase answer to see full attachment