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Question 1 InstructionsJigsaw puzzles use strategies that develop problem-solving skills and boost logical reasoning. People complete jigsaw puzzles individually and in groups. In groups, cooperative learning is used to help each other solve the puzzle and build comprehension. Individually, it helps build critical thinking. Online, it is difficult to solve the puzzle and build comprehension or even critical thinking; however, take one piece of the jigsaw puzzle, and discuss the one piece as to what it is; when it activates; where it is used; as well as how and why it is used. Have you ever seen a sprinkler head activated? Where? Did it control or extinguish the fire? Your journal entry must be at least 200 words. No references or citations are necessary. Question 2InstructionsPart 5: Scenario-Based Case Study For this assignment, you will submit Part 5 of the scenario-based case study course project, which is due in Unit VIII. You should evaluate and revise the recommendations as needed during the process for each previous unit as you learn more during the progression of this course. Please continue to draw upon your imagination to think creatively on potential concerns with fire and explosive hazards, fire controls, and fire and emergency management. Look at fire protection technology in a holistic way that is significantly different from what was previously designed by thinking in isolation. You will evaluate and develop recommendations to resolve potential fires in the future. Section I As you make suggestions to improve the water-based fire sprinkler system, refer back to the background information, if needed, to provide you with the necessary material to identify the basic components common to fire protection for the City of Washington Distribution Warehouse. In addition, review the Points to Ponder Scenario in the Unit V Lesson for additional information. This assignment is not looking for compliance with building codes nor expecting you to be a fire protection system designer. However, the purpose of this assignment is for you to apply the concepts and knowledge you learned in this unit as you begin writing your final project covering protection systems that will detect, contain, control, and extinguish a fire. This assignment provides you with the opportunity to use your skills, expertise, and experience to enrich your response. Prepare a well-organized narrative that addresses foam and water-based fire sprinkler systems and includes your recommendations after reviewing the background information and the information above. Your discussion will consist of your evaluation of the previous water-based sprinkler system, based on information from the textbook and any additional research needed for your recommendations for the rebuild of the warehouse. Discuss the importance of water pressure, and determine the pressure for seven sprinkler heads discharging 157.5 gallons of water per minute. Section II As we saw in the Points to Ponder Scenario in the unit lesson, hot work is capable of generating a spark or heat from welding, cutting, grinding, burning, melting, or brazing, which can lead to a fire. Based on the scenario in the lesson, describe designated work areas. Discuss if hot work permits are required anytime hot work is performed in an undesignated area. Discuss the role of fire watch and if that individual has the authority to stop the hot work. For this assignment, you will write a two-page narrative (one page per section) supporting your position. You must have a title page and references page. An abstract is not required. You may use information from reputable, reliable journal articles, case studies, scholarly papers, and other sources that you feel are pertinent. You should use at least three sources, one of which must be your textbook. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations following proper APA style. Question 3InstructionsThe textbook suggests that there is some disagreement over the value of standpipe and hose systems as they may give false security to building occupants. Some believe having a standpipe hose may create the impression that occupants should fight fire even though a safer course would be to escape. What are your thoughts? Have you ever lived in an apartment, worked in a building, or attended a school that had a standpipe hose system? Do you believe occupants should fight fire? Do you believe they should escape? Why, or why not? Your journal entry must be at least 200 words. No references or citations are necessary.Question 4InstructionsPart 6: Scenario-Based Case Study For this assignment, you will submit Part 6 of the scenario-based case study course project, which is due in Unit VIII. You should evaluate and revise the recommendations as needed during the process for each previous unit as you learn more during the progression of this course. Please continue to draw upon your imagination to think creatively on potential concerns with fire and explosive hazards, fire controls, and fire and emergency management. Look at fire protection technology in a holistic way that is significantly different from what was previously designed by thinking in isolation. You will evaluate and develop recommendations to resolve potential fires in the future. Section I As you make suggestions to improve the standpipe and hose systems, refer back to the background information, if needed, to provide you with the necessary material to identify the basic components common to fire protection for the City of Washington Distribution Warehouse. In addition, review the Points to Ponder Scenario in the Unit VI Lesson for additional information. This assignment is not looking for compliance with building codes nor expecting you to be a fire protection system designer. However, the purpose of this assignment is for you to apply the concepts and knowledge you learned in this unit as you begin writing your final project covering protection systems, which will detect, contain, control, and extinguish a fire. This assignment provides you with the opportunity to use your skills, expertise, and experience to enrich your response. Prepare a well-organized narrative addressing the standpipe and hose systems and your recommendations after reviewing the background information and information above. Your discussion will consist of your evaluation of the previous standpipe and hose system, including classification and components, using information from the textbook and any additional research needed for your recommendations for the rebuild of the warehouse, including any impairments to standpipe and hose systems. Section II Read the Points to Ponder Scenario in the unit lesson before responding to this section. What are the various factors surrounding the ignition of cooking oil fires involving intermediate bulk container totes? What is the most effective extinguishing method for cooking oil fires? Consider the fire dynamics of cooking oil on the design of fire protection. For this assignment, you will write a two-page narrative (one page per section) supporting your position. You must have a title page and references page. An abstract is not required. You may use information from reputable, reliable journal articles, case studies, scholarly papers, and other sources that you feel are pertinent. You should use at least three sources, one of which must be your textbook. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations following proper APA style. question_1_and_2_announcement.docx study_guide_questions_1_and_2.pdf questions_3_and_4_announcement.docx questions_3_and_4_study_guide.pdf question_1.docx Unformatted Attachment Preview Question 1 Unit V Announcement Students: This unit begins to look at other means of fire protection. Hot work permits limit the areas in which hot work is permitted, how long a fire watch has to be maintained after completion of work, and what manual fire protection measures must be taken such as a fire extinguisher or charges hose line immediately available for use. This is called an administrative control that is regulated by a policy or guideline. Administrative controls help limit, but cannot remove, human error. A fixed suppression system is an engineered control that operates regardless of human interaction. Unit IV Summary: This unit delves into fire protection systems in your community. Interactions between public and private water systems, fire protection engineers, and construction managers that must come in on budget. What external pressures are placed on the fire officer from city management and elected officials to get a project approved and built? What economic incentives are at stake for the builder and the city when a project is held up due to a failed fire protection system test? How does your organization interface with an industrial fire brigade during a response? These are just a few issues that a fire officer can face. Thoughts for you to ponder: • What are the key differences between an administrative and engineered control? Which is preferred and why? • What are the different types of fire protection controls and how are they implemented? • How does ISO and NFPA standards factor into our personnel training programs in relation to hot work permits and other type administrative controls? These points to ponder are critical for you as a leader to identify and prepare strategically as all of these challenges can potentially affect your agency or you. Here is a link for you to research: SafetyVideos.com.(2019). Hot Work Permit Training Video. SafetyVideos YouTube Channel https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DLDfb94Z0pg Project Requirements: To clarify the writing of project responses please note the following in order to achieve the highest possible score per essay response: All responses must have properly formatted in-text and reference citations. If you paraphrase than give proper citations. Failure to do so will result in a poor grade and possible violation of the CSU Plagiarism Policy. All responses must have a minimum of 200 words which does not include in-text citations; anything less is not solid college level work. This means you will need to add content. You are not to just copy from the text with a citation to answer the questions. I have already read the textbook. I want you to add to the experience of the question. UNIT V STUDY GUIDE Water-Based Fire Suppression System Course Learning Outcomes for Unit V Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to: 4. Recommend appropriate procedures for applying different types of foam systems. 4.1 Consider foam-based fire suppression systems. 4.2 Discuss installation of foam-based fire suppression systems. 5. Examine emerging technologies related to fire protection. 5.1 Discuss the design concepts behind automatic fire sprinkler systems and the different components of water-based sprinkler systems. 5.2 Determine the flow rate of wet-based fire sprinkler systems. 5.3 Explain designated hot work (welding, cutting, brazing areas) and the hazards. Course/Unit Learning Outcomes 4.1 4.2 5.1 5.2 5.3 Learning Activity Unit V Lesson Chapter 4 Unit V Course Project Unit V Lesson Chapter 4 Unit V Course Project Unit V Lesson Chapter 4 Unit V Course Project Unit V Lesson Chapter 4 Unit V Course Project Unit V Lesson Chapter 4 Report: Structure Fires Started by Hot Work Unit V Course Project Reading Assignment Chapter 4: Water-Based Fire Suppression Systems In order to access the following resource, click the link below. Ahrens, M. (2019). Structure fires started by hot work (NFPA No. PKG 27). Retrieved from https://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/News-and-Research/Fire-statistics/Appliances-andequipment/osHotWork.ashx MOS 5301, Fire Protection Technology 1 Unit Lesson UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title Water-Based Fire Suppression System Originally, sprinkler systems were designed to suppress or control fires in order to protect property in commercial and industrial structures. Some may believe the primary purpose is life safety; however, the main focus was property conservation and protection. The primary design was not to extinguish fires but to keep the fire under control until manual intervention could take place. Many times, sprinkler systems completely extinguish the fire by removing the heat while they are only able to reduce the heat at other times. Heat from a combustible must reach the predetermined activation temperature of the fusible link or heat-sensing element to melt or break it. This then will allow water to flow out of the orifice of the sprinkler head. There are several types of sprinkler systems: wet pipe, dry pipe, pre-action, and deluge systems (Brakhage, Abrams, & Fortney, 2016). In addition, there are special water-based systems, such as water mist and foam fire suppression systems. As seen in Unit II, there are myths and realities associated with water-based fire sprinkler systems. The standards for water-based sprinkler systems are found in the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 13: Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems. Points to Ponder Scenario The warehouse storage was a light hazard when originally opened and later changed to Group A commodities. Combustibles in the warehouse were ignited when hot work was being performed by arch welders repairing the main support damaged by a forklift. There was no one monitoring the hot work operation when cardboard under the work ignited. The workers performing the hot work utilized a makeshift platform on a forklift to reach the area needing repair. The forklift operator left to assist another employee in the main office. After realizing the fire below, the workers had to climb down to evacuate the structure. There was no fire-extinguishing equipment within 100 feet of the hot work. Many of the products in the warehouse were easily ignited and supported rapid fire spread below the reach of the sprinkler heads. The sprinkler system was a wet system with 8K-type heads, 2860 upright rough brass, and 1,550 F rating with a half-inch orifice. Within the first 10 minutes of the fire, seven heads were flowing in a 1,500 square feet area of high-pile rack storage. The distribution pipe is 2 inches in diameter, and the spacing per head is 15 feet between heads. Each head protected an area of 225 square feet, and each head is spaced uniformly. The last inspection for the entire system indicated the static pressure was 40, flowing 1,002 gallons per minute (gpm) with a residual pressure of 20 psi. The fire alarm control units (FACUs) did not sense the presence of the products of combustion and smoke conditions. The sprinkler system protecting the storage of aerosol cans that contained combustible contents, large amounts of cooking oil, plastic bags of coffee products, and cleaning products was at a minimum. These sprinklers were operating above the fire that was involving rack storage. This meant the sprinklers only controlled the fire above, allowing the fire to spread horizontally from rack to rack. Fire spread was assumed to be contributed to surface flame spread from rack to rack due to the large amount of fuel that quickly grew and spread across the ceiling. After the fusible link (heat-sensing element) reached its predetermined activation temperature, water was released and hit the sprinkler head deflectors; however, the pressure was too low to effectively absorb the heat being produced by the combustible products. In addition, the fire growth was intense, and within seconds, multiple sprinkler heads activated. MOS 5301, Fire Protection Technology 2 UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title Sprinkler heads Was the change in products that were stored in the warehouse critical to fire protection? Did the change in products make the system inadequate for fire protection? Should the entire sprinkler system have been changed with the addition of square footage? Did the change in storage height have an outcome on the effectiveness of the system on suppression? Components of an Automatic Fire Sprinkler System Components of an automatic fire sprinkler system can vary from distribution pipe, fittings, sprinkler heads, pipe supports, and valves (Brakhage et al., 2016). The components need to be tested and have Underwriters Laboratories (UL) certifications stating they meet or exceed performance standards listed in NFPA 13. Wet pipe: One of the most inexpensive types of sprinkler systems is the wet pipe. This type of system means what the name states in that water is always in the distribution pipes. This type of system is also one of the most reliable systems. A disadvantage to wet pipe systems is that in low temperatures, the water will freeze. Wet pipe systems should only be installed in areas that maintain 40 degrees F, and the sprinkler head operating temperatures are normally 135 degrees F and 170 degrees F (Brakhage et al., 2016). Dry pipe: Dry pipe systems are similar to a wet pipe with distribution pipes and sprinkler heads. Dry pipe systems utilize compressed air or nitrogen under pressure. Once the sprinkler head activates, the compressed air or nitrogen is released, allowing a valve to open to discharge water. Dry pipe systems are installed in areas that are subject to freezing temperatures (Brakhage et al., 2016). Pre-action: The distribution piping in a pre-action sprinkler system is dry and uses fire detectors to activate the system. These systems are used in areas that need to remain dry, and any release of water from leakage or a broken pipe would do significant damage to equipment and products. Deluge systems: Like the pre-action system, the deluge sprinkler system responds to fires in a similar manner. These systems use fire detector activation or manual pull stations to activate the system in order for water to flow. The deluge sprinkler heads are opened. When the deluge system is operating, all the heads are flowing water, and the system requires a large volume of water and adequate pressure to be effective. This type of system is used when the fire growth is rapid or when other systems may not effectively extinguish the fire. Water mist: Water mist systems are very similar to wet sprinkler systems, except for the fine spray mist of water droplets discharging from nozzles instead of sprinkler heads. The droplet size must be 1,000 microns or less. Droplets extinguish by displacing oxygen and cooling or blocking the radiant heat. Foam Fire Suppression Foam systems are specialty protection systems that are designed to protect flammable and combustible liquid hazards when water will not extinguish the fire. These systems form a blanket of foam over the flammable or combustible liquids, eliminating the oxygen and containing any flammable vapors. Foam also has a cooling effect and separates the fire from the fuel (Brakhage et al., 2016). MOS 5301, Fire Protection Technology 3 Sprinkler Head Discharge UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title In the scenario, the sprinkler heads are spaced uniformly at 15 square feet. When sprinkler heads are equally spaced, then the flow rate for a single head can be calculated using the density times the remote area covered. The K factors range between 5.5 and 5.75 for a nominal half-inch orifice. NFPA 13 standards advocate that sprinkler heads flow at least 0.10 gpm/square foot in the remote area of coverage. NFPA 13 states that the remote area is considered the piping farthest from the water supply. A rough rule for determining the amount of water needed is to multiply 0.10 gpm/square foot by 1,500 square feet of the remote area in the scenario. This method is considered to be less accurate and only an estimate. The NFPA 13 flow requirement of at least 0.10 gpm/square foot over the entire remote area of 15 feet by 15 feet in the scenario is the amount of water needed per sprinkler head. To determine the gpm per head, multiply 15 feet by 15 feet for 225 square feet. Then, multiply 225 square feet by 0.10 gpm/square foot for a total of 22.5 gpm per head. To determine the total number of sprinkler heads needed in the area of 1,500 square feet, you divide 225 square feet (15 x 15) into 1,500 square feet, which equals 6.66 heads. This is rounded up to 7 heads. Then, the total amount of water needed is 22.5 gpm per head, times the 7 heads for a total of 157.5 gpm. To determine the pressure needed for each sprinkler head to provide 22.5 gpm per head flow, the equation of Q = flow, K = coefficient of sprinkler orifice, and P = pressure is used. Sprinkler system coverage for 15 x 15 area MOS 5301, Fire Protection Technology 4 Hot Work (Welding, Cutting, Brazing) UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title Hot work is anything capable of generating a spark or heat from welding, cutting, grinding, burning, melting, or brazing that can lead to a fire. Several authors suggest that hot work has contributed to several major fires recently and involve inherent fire risks and hazards (Ahrens, 2016; Oyewole, Parasram, Shroff, & Banks, 2017). There are several NFPA standards and codes that deal with hot work, from NFPA 51B: Fire Prevention During Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work through NFPA 326: Safeguarding of Tanks and Containers for Entry, Cleaning, or Repair. For more information, visit the NFPA.org website to view the codes and standards. In addition, OSHA outlines adequate controls in place for hot work in CFR 1910.252-255. Should the arch welders in the scenario have followed any standard or code? Was keeping the warehouse in operation more important than stopping and taking time to follow the standards and codes? Should someone have ordered a stop work? If so, who had the authority in the scenario? NFPA standards state that fire watch should be provided by anyone designated by a supervisor to monitor the hot work. These individuals only function is to watch for any fire development or hazardous condition that may occur (Colonna, 2016). The standard continues to state that the individuals must be trained to recognize fire hazards in the work area and understand fire development and behavior and how heat is transmitted through conduction, radiation, or convection. They should also have authority to stop any operation, no matter who may be pushing to have the work completed (Colonna, 2016). The individuals on fire watch must have been trained on how to use fire extinguishers and have them close and ready to operate. Lastly, they must be familiar with any procedures and be able to activate the alarm if a fire would occur. The fire watch must know the location of the nearest emergency pull station and telephone to report an emergency. The individuals should also be knowledgeable about the process of binding metal using high voltage or compressed gases, which can be hazardous. Conclusion Sprinkler systems have been used to control and extinguish fires. Originally designed to protect property, today several types of sprinkler systems are used to provide life safety, property conservation, and protection. NFPA 13 standards provide requirements of installation, maintenance, and testing. In addition, hot work has specific requirements, standards, and codes that must be adhered to for life safety and the protection of property. References Ahrens, M. (2016). Structure fires started by hot work (NFPA No. PKG 27). Retrieved from https://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/News-and-Research/Fire-statistics/Appliances-andequipment/osHotWork.ashx Brakhage, C., Abrams, A., & Fortney, J. (Eds.). (2016). Fire protection, detection, and suppression systems (5th ed.). Stillwater, OK: Fire Protection Publications. Colonna, G. (2017, May/June). 5 hot work misconceptions. NFPA Journal. Retrieved from https://www.nfpa.org/News-and-Research/Publications/NFPA-Journal/2017/May-June2017/Features/Hot-Work Oyewole, S. A., Parasram, V., Shroff, R., & Banks, J. (2017, May/June). Hot work, safe work: Key lessons from the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board investigations of hot work incidents. NFPA Journal. Retrieved from https://www.nfpa.org/News-and-Research/Publications/NFPAJournal/2017/May-June-2017/Features/Hot-Work MOS 5301, Fire Protection Technology 5 Suggested Reading UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title In order to access the following resource, click the link below. You are encouraged to read how hot work is an important part of repair, renovation, construction, and demolition activities, and when precautions are not followed, fires, serious injury or death, and damage to property can occur. Oyewole, S. A., Parasram, V., Shroff, R., & Banks, J. (2017, May/June). Hot work, safe work: Key lessons from the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board investigations of hot work incidents. NFPA Journal. Retrieved from https://www.nfpa.org/News-and-Research/Publications/NFPAJournal/2017/May-June-2017/Features/Hot-Work MOS 5301, Fire Protection Technology 6 Unit VI Announcement Students: This unit looks at built in fire suppression systems that include standpipes and hose systems. I can remember the rolled up fire hose attached to columns in the old cotton mills in the south. The workers would use them to fight the fire prior to our arrival. These systems typically were pipe thread and were not compatible with our fire hose that utilized National Hose Thread. We had to carry adapters to make them work. We recently reviewed new fully sprinklered high school plans that included 600 feet hallways. The length of the hallways prohibit the use of our 200 ft. pre-connects, so we required 2.5” standpipes to be installed in the hallways to facilitate our high-rise packs. Built in fire protection comes in many forms and must be practical to the facility and your fire department operations. Unit V Summary: This unit begins to look at other means of fire protection. Hot work permits limit the areas in which hot work is permitted, how long a fire watch has to be maintained after completion of work, and what manual fire protection measures must be taken such as a fire extinguisher or charges hose line immediately available for use. This is called an administrative control that is regulated by a policy or guideline. Administrative controls help limit, but cannot remove, human error. A fixed suppression system is an engineered control that operates regardless of human interaction. Thoughts for you to ponder: • • • What is the “correct” response to alternate built-in suppression means by the fire service? What is the appropriate level of training and resource for fire service personnel on use of the alternate means of built-in fire suppression? Should NFPA 13 training be mandatory for all firefighters nationwide? These points to ponder are critical for you as a leader to identify and prepare strategically as all of these challenges can potentially affect your agency or you. Here is a link for you to research: Norman, J. (2010). Fire Officers Handbook of Tactics with John Norman DVD 7 Standpipe Operations. Fire Engineering YouTube Channel https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FV2PsaYZdCs Important Notices: Project Requirements: To clarify the writing of project responses please note the following in order to achieve the highest possible score per essay response: All responses must have properly formatted in-text and reference citations. If you paraphrase than give proper citations. Failure to do so will result in a poor grade and possible violation of the CSU Plagiarism Policy. All responses must have a minimum of 200 words which does not include in-text citations; anything less is not solid college level work. This means you will need to add content. You are not to ... 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